ACHESON, Circuit Judge.
Under and in conformity with the terms of articles of agreement dated January 9, 1891, between the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company and the Scranton Steel Company, corporations of the state of Pennsylvania engaged in the manufacture of steel at the city of Scranton, the business interests and plants of the two companies were consolidated, and transferred to a new corporation, styled the Lackawanna Iron & Steel Company. Contemporaneously with the execution of the preliminary agreement for this consolidation, a written agreement, hearing date January 9, 1891, between the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, party of the first part, and William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton, parties of the second part, was executed, whereby it was agreed between these parties:
“First. That upon the complete execution of said contract between the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company and the Scranton Steel Company the party of the first part -will assign, transfer, and deliver to the parties of the second part $350,000.00 of the mortgage bonds of the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, described and provided for In said contract. Second. And in consideration thereof (lie said parties of the second part agree that they will not, nor will either of them, engage, directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of steel in any new competing works, not now existing in any of the northern states of the United States, including Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, for a term of ten years from and after the complete execution of said contract; that they will at once procure and deliver to said iron company the assent of the Scranton Gas and Water Company to the assignment of the contracts with that company, specified and described in said contract between the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company and the Scranton Steel Company.” *
William W. and Walter Scranton are brothers. From the organization of the Scranton Steel Company, in 1881, they were directors of that corporation; and the former was the president, and the latter the vice president, of the company. The negotiations for the consolidation of the Scranton Steel Company with the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company were conducted on the part of the former* company by them, but principally by William. At the time of the consolidation, William held 1,815 shares of the stock of the Scranton Steel Company, and Walter held 920 shares.
This is a hill by Louis H. Bristol and others, stockholders of the Scranton Steel Company, holding 1,575 shares out of the total capital stock of 7,500 shares, against William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton and the Scranton Steel Company, praying that William W. and Walter Scranton may he decreed to account for and pay over to the Scranton Steel Company the f350,000 of [72]*72bonds which they received from the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company under the agreement last above recited, or the proceeds'or value thereof. The hill charges that, in the year 1890, William W. and Walter Scranton devised and attempted to carry out a scheme to sell the stock owned hy them and some of their immediate relatives and dependents, constituting a majority interest in the stock of the Scranton Steel Company, to rival concerns, so as to leave the stock of the plaintiffs and others a minority interest, subject to the control of such majority interest, in the hands of hostile competitors, and that accordingly they offered to sell 4,000 shares of stock for $1,000,000, and that this scheme and attempt were kept secret and hid from the plaintiffs. But this charge is not sustained by the proofs. It appears that an overture for the purchase of a controlling interest of the stock of Scranton Steel Company was made to the Scrantons hy persons connected with the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, but the answer of the Scrantons thereto was on behalf of the whole body of stockholders of the Scranton Steel Company, and in the interest of all 'alike, according to their several holdings.
With reference to the proofs, the material allegations of the bill are as follows:
“And your orators further show that as part and parcel of the said arrangement hy which the consolidation of the business interests and plants of said two corporations was to he effected, and the plant of said Scranton Steel Company was to he transferred to a new and single corporation, known as the Lackawanna Iron & Steel Company, said William Walker Scranton and Waiter Scranton, while acting in said negotiations for and in behalf of said Scranton Steel Company, and as the directors and agents thereof, in violation of the duty which, as said directors and agents, they owed to said Scranton Steel Company, and to the stockholders thereof, including ' your orators, conspiring and confederating together to receive for themselves large sums of money or securities or bonds through and by means of the sale, conveyance, and transfer of, substantially, all the plant and property of said Scranton Steel Company to said proposed new corporation, secretly, and without the knowledge, assent, or concurrence of the other stockholders of said Scranton Steel Company, or any of them, stipulated that the sum of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in bonds of said new company, secured upon the property oí said new company, should, upon the consummation of said consolidation, be paid to them, personally and individually, and for their own personal use and benefit, by the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, which stipulation and agreement was in the mean time agreed to be kept secret by such officers of said Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, at the instance and request of said William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton.”
After reciting the consummation of the consolidation, and the delivery hy the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company to the Scrantons of said bonds, the hill proceeds:
“And your orators allege that the obtaining and procurement of said bonds by- the said William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton, for their personal use, benefit, and behoof, was in fraud of the rights of said Scranton Steel Company and of your orators, as stockholders thereof, and that in truth .and in fact said bonds were, in substance, part and parcel of the consideration paid hy the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company for the transfer to said new company of the manufacturing x>lant of said Scranton Steel Company, pursuant to the terms of said written agreement, and that said bonds be[73]*73long, in equity and good conscience, not to said William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton, but to the said Scranton Steel Company and to the stockholders thereof, ratably, in proportion to their several holdings of the stock of ihat company.”
Then, after stating- that the plaintiffs are informed that the Scrantons allege that said securities were delivered to and received by them in consideration, upon their part, not to engage in business individually, or as officers of any other corporation, in competition with the purchaser, the bill declares:
'Tint; your orators charge and aver that because and by virtue of the relation which the defendants then held to said Scranton Steel Company, of which they were then officers and agents, they were disqualified and prevented from taking or holding such personal benefit or advantage, and that the securities and bonds so received did in fact constitute a part of an entire consideration for the prox>erty and assets of said Scranton Steel Company, conveyed as aforesaid, and it was the duty of the defendants to turn over and account for the same, and that in fact said securities were given to and received by the defendants because they were officers and agents, as aforesaid, of said Scranton Steel Company.” ;
In their answer, William Walker Scranton and Walter Scranton specifically deny every charge and averment of fraud or bad faith contained in the bill, and they allege that the bonds in question were paid to and received by them in good faith, in consideration of a personal covenant upon their part, whereby they hound themselves not to engage in the manufacture of steel in any new competing works, not then existing in any of the northern states of the United States, including Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, for a term of 10 years; that this covenant was demanded from them by the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, as a condition precedent to (he consolidation, in the interest of the stockholders of that company, and also for the benefit of the new consolidated company; that the amount paid them was in no sense a bonus, hut was a fair equivalent for their covenant; that the bonds which they received were altogether the property of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company; that they were no part of the consideration payable to the Scranton Steel Company for the consolidation, and the payment thereof to the Scrantons took nothing from that company; that the consolidation agreement and the agreement between the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company and the Scrantons were two distó net, contracts, independent of each other, except in this: that without the personal covenant of the Scrantons, which the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company exacted, the consolidation could not have been effected; that the individual contract with the Scr-mtons was not secretly made, or the fact concealed; and that the same was explained to the stockholders of the Scranton Steel Company at the meeting held on February 6, 1891, which ratified the consolidation agreement.
It appears from the pleadings and proofs that at a meeting of the stockholders of the Scranton Steel Company on May 18, 1891, convened, at the instance of the plaintiff's, or some of them, to determine the course of action with respect to this matter, 4,818 shares of stock voted against bringing suit against the Scrantons [74]*74to recover the bonds, and 2,320 shares voted in favor of bringing such a suit. This majority of the stock vote, however, included the shares of William W. and Walter Scranton, amounting, together, to 2,765 shares.
At the outset of this discussion, it is to be noted that we regard it as a matter of no moment that the personal covenant of the Scrantons was taken to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, instead of to the consolidated company, as the covenant is undoubtedly enforceable, and inures to the benefit of the new company. Hor, in view of the circumstances connected with the preparation and execution of the paper containing that covenant, do we attach any significance to its preamble or recitals. That contract was drafted by the counsel of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company in the city of New York, and was accepted by the Scrantons as written. The clause touching the assent of the Scranton Gas & Water Company to the assignment of certain contracts was wholly unnecessary, for the Scrantons had already procured that assent. Under the evidence, it is entirely clear that the real and only consideration for the bonds the Scrantons received was their individual covenant not to engage in new competing steel works within the named territory for the period of 10 years.
Upon the part of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, the negotiations for the consolidation were ■ conducted by E. T. Hatfield, the president, and Benjamin G. Clarke, the vice president, of that company. The plaintiffs called and examined Clarke. He testifies •explicitly that the proposition to exclude the Scrantons, individually, from entering into competing business originated altogether with those representing the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, •and¡was insisted on by that company as a condition of the consolidation. In the course of his examination in chief, speaking of the amount paid the Scrantons, he states:
“They at first asked a larger sum tlian was finally agreed upon, in consideration of titre fact that we insisted on their staying out of business for a term of ten years, which he (William) thought was rather a hard thing, but he finally consented, in accordance with that agreement.”
All this accords with the testimony on the part of the defendants; so that, upon the uncontradicted proofs, it must be accepted as a fact that the individual contract with the Scrantons was not sought or suggested by them, but originated with the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, and was insisted on by that company as a condition precedent to the proposed consolidation.
■ It is also a fact that the Scranton Steel Company had no beneficial interest in the $350,000 of bonds paid to the Scrantons. Those bonds were part of an issue of $600,000 by the consolidated company to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company. By the terms of thé consolidation agreement the new ' company was to take the plant of the Scranton Steel Company incumbered by a mortgage for $600,000 and assume its payment, and for the purpose of equalisation the new company was to issue, bonds to the same amount to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, secured by a mortgage [75]*75on its plant, and accordingly ¡.Ids was done. It is, then, plain that the bonds the Scrantons received for their personal covenant belonged exclusively to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, which was free to dispose of them as it deemed best for the interest of its stockholders.
Mr. Clarke, testifying on behalf of the plaintiffs, states that what the Scranton Steel Company received, and the amount paid to (lie Scrantons, were two entirely separate considerations. All the positive evidence in the case is to the same effect,. Having regard, then, to the direct proofs, together with all the collateral facts, and circumstances, the fair conclusion, we think, is that the only connection between the two agreements was 'that the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company made the personal covenant of the Scrantons a sine qua non to the consolidation.
Kor does it appear to us that the consideration to the Scranton Steel Company for the consolidation was diminished aught by reason of the other contract. It is, indeed, said that arrangements advantageous to that company were discarded because of the personal demands of the Scrantons. Hut, upon the most attentive reading and study of the proofs, we fail to discover a justification for such assertion. The basis for consolidation first discussed was the net earnings, of the two companies for the previous four years, and. this proposal came from William Walker Scranton. It was then, after he had made that proposal, that Hatfield first announced to him (hat his company would not consider any terms of consolidation unless the Scrantons, individually, would hind themselves to keep cut of any new competing concern for a period of 10 years. William thereupon spoke of the hardship such a, stipulation would impose upon him and his. brother Walter, stating that he himself could not afford to go out of business for 10 years, which practically meant for life, as, fares he was concerned, unless they would capitalize a fair salary at 5 per cent., and named as a compensation for each the sum of •$24.0,000, which Hatfield said lie thought was fair. Two or three days later, Mr. Hatfield reported to Mr. Scranton that his company was not willing -to consolidate upon the basis of earnings, hut no other objection was mentioned. Then Hatfield proposed a consolidation upon the basis of both companies putting in all their properties, the stock of tiie new company to be apportioned as follows: To the Scranton Steel Company, §750,000 of stock, and to the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company $3,750,000 of stock. But no change was suggested as to the individual contract. With that proposition, Mr. Scranton expressed his satisfaction. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Hatfield stated to Mr. Scranton that his people wanted the Scranton Steel Company to retain its hills receivable, and discharge its hills payable. This modification was really favorable to the Scranton Steel Company, and Mr. Scranton promptly acceded to it. He then proposed that Messrs. Kingsbury, Wehrum. and McKinney, cld employes of the Scranton Steel Company, should he retained in the service of the new company, which Mr. Hatfield [76]*76thought was reasonable. No change with respect to the personal contract was yet suggested. Two days later, Mr. Hatfield reported to Mr. Scranton that his board had met, and that the whole thing was off, the points of objection, as he stated, being to the price named for the plant of the Scranton Steel Company, the dictation as to employes, and the sum asked by the Scrantons for their individual covenant. To obviate these objections thé Scrantons offered to withdraw the suggestion as to employes, and to reduce their personal compensation to $125,000 each, but without avail. The negotiations for the time being were broken off, but upon the renewal thereof the terms of consolidation were settled eventually as expressed in the articles of agreement between the two companies. The sums to be paid for the individual covenant of the Scrantons were ultimately fixed at $200,000 for William, and $150,-000 for Walter. The reason for the reduction in Walters case was that the new consolidated company employed him as its sales agent Sn the city of New York for the period of five years at a yearly salary of $12,000. It is perfectly clear from the evidence that Walter was so employed only because he was esteemed a valuable man, and the netw company wanted his services.
We are unable to perceive that in the course of the negotiations the Scrantons subordinated the interests of the Scranton Steel Company to their own private interests in any particular whatsoever. On the contrary, the evidence satisfies us that in “all things, both great and small,” William Walker Scranton firmly asserted the rights of that company, — in some instances almost to the verge of stubbornness, — and with uniform success. That the consolidation, as effected, was highly advantageous to the Scranton Steel ■ Company, is beyond contestation, under the proofs. The terms, as set forth in the written agreement, received the unanimous approval of the stockholders. Undoubtedly, consolidation upon those terms was greatly desired by the plaintiffs. Writing to William W. Scranton from New Haven, Conn., under date of January 22, 1891, Mr. Louis H. Bristol said: “I have explained, in more or less detail, the contemplated arrangement to our stockholders here, and they are all not only satisfied, but pleased.” Under date of February 23, 1891, he wrote: “Up here, we shall all be much disappointed if consolidation should now fall through.” Writing under date of March 11, 1891, he said: “I, as well as all the New Haven stockholders, am delighted to learn that the consolidation 1 is now likely to be an accomplished fact.” Nor has any stockholder of the Scranton Steel Company since objected to or regretted the consolidation as made. The truth is, the agreement which the Scrantons negotiated was a most favorable one for that company. Mr. Clarke, speaking from his subsequent knowledge, testifies that the Scranton Steel Company, unquestionably, was paid more than its plant was worth. There is no testimony to the contrary. It is possible that others might have done as well for the Scranton Steel Company as these defendants did, but it is entirely safe to say that none could have done better.
[77]*77The plaintiffs insist that the compensation paid the Scrantons was unreasonable. But, if the bargain was honest in fact, it was for the Lackawanna Iron & 'Coal Company to determine the ade quacy of the consideration which the Scrantons gave. It is, however, certain, from the evidence, that that company deemed it a matter of great pecuniary importance to its stockholders to gel rid of the individual competition of the two Scrantons in new stee' works. On the other hand, the Scrantons, and particularly Wil liam, — with whom it was a question of laying down his life work —regarded the covenant which was demanded of them as involving great personal sacrifice. How, Henry Belin, Jr., who was a stock holder and an active director of the Scranton Steel Company, test! lies that William W. Scranton informed him that 'Ms going out o' business was a condition of the negotiations,” ‘and advised with him as to “what he ought to get;” and Mr. Belin states; “I sug gested to him that the way to arrive at it was to capitalize his salary. That would give him the figure he ought to sell out at.” Mr. Belin seems to be a business man of large experience, and a thoroughly reliable witness. William had been receiving an annual salary, as manager of the Scranton Steel Company, of $7,500, with a small contingent additional percentage, based on net earnings. Walter was receiving from that company, as its sales agent, a yearly salary of $9,000, with a like arrangement as to net earnings. William had formerly received from the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company a yearly salary, as manager, of $10,000. The uncontra dieted evidence is that the ordinary yearly salaries for expers managers and salesmen of such steel works ranged from $12,001 to $20,000. Under the proofs, and in view of all the circumstances, we cannot declare that the sums paid to the Scrantons, respectively, for their covenant to keep out of competing business, were extravagant or unreasonable.
One other matter deserves mention here: The whole project of consolidation, including the personal contract, was distasteful to the Scrantons, especially to William, who down to the last mo ment. by the most determined efforts to secure the additional working capital the Scranton Steel Company so sorely needed, sought, to avert the union of his company with its old rival, the Lackawanna Iren & Coal Company.
The allegation of the bill as to an agreement, at the instance oí the Scrantons, that the individual contract with them should he kept secret, is not sustained by the proofs. If anything at all was said by the Scrantons upon the subject of secrecy, (which is denied,) Mr Clarke understood it only as a suggestion to withhold information from the public until the directors and stockholders of the respective companies had acted. In fact, previous to the meeting of February (>, 1891, William W. Scranton had freely mentioned the matter to at least the following named stockholders of the Scranton Steel Com pany, who have here so testified, viz.: Henry Belin, Jr., E. P. Kings bury, Henry Welirum, Janies A. Linen, John B. Smith, George B. Smith, and George L. Hickson; and it was known to, and openly dis [78]*78cussed by, business men ■ in tbe city of Scranton. Tbe minutes of the' meeting of the stockholders of the Scranton Steel Company held on February 6, 1891, at which.the consolidation agreement was ratified, contain this entry:
“Alter a full explanation and understanding of tlie contract, the condition and prospects of the steel rail trade in the east, and the announcement of the fact the Lackawanna Iron' and Coal Company had made it a condition of the .agreement that the president and vice president of this company. should agree not to engage in the manufacture of steel in any new competing works in the northern states for a period of ten years, for which they were to receive a compensation, the meeting proceeded, in due form, to vote upon the question.”
The stockholders personally attending that meeting were W. W. Scranton, Henry Belin, Jr., Alfred Hand, C. L. Dickson, Arthur Scranton, E. P. Kingsbury, William T. Smith, and James A. Linen. None of the plaintiffs were personally present. Most of them had sent their proxies to William W. Scranton, who voted their stock. The votes cast in favor of the consolidation were 6,892, and none against it. Whether the amount of compensation was mentioned by William at that meeting is open to question, under the testimony; but "certainly he announced all that is recorded on the minutes, and the .particulars seem to have been already known to all who were there. It was unfortunate, and we think a mistake, that the Scrantons did not give the plaintiffs full information with respect to their individual contract before the stockholders’ meeting, but in "bur judgment they are not justly chargeable with intentional concealment. Looking at the whole transaction in the light of-all the evidence, our conclusion is that it was free from actual fraud: The contract between the Lackawanna Iron & Goal Company and the Scrantons, we are satisfied, was conceived, made, and carried but in perfect good faith.
But it is contended, and many authorities supposed to sustain the proposition are cited to show, that, aside altogether from the question: ".of positive fraud, and without regard to the actual motives or intentions of the parties, the personal contract here made is condemned by the policy of the law, which requires that the Scrantons should turn over to the Scranton Steel Company the bonds, or their proceeds. Is this position maintainable? TJndoubtedly, the rule is that one acting in a rejjresentative or fiduciary capacity is not allowed so to deal with the subject-matter of his agency or trust as. to benefit bimself privately, and an agent or trustee who thus .makes a profit out of his agency or trusteeship must account for the same to'his principal or cestui que trust; and it may be conceded that the rule applies, as a principle of public policy, without regard to the actual fairness of the transaction, or the' merits of the services rendered, Or the price paid in case of a sale or purchase. Sugden v. Crossland, 3 Smale & G. 192; Colly. Part’n, §§ 179, 186; McKay’s Case, 2 Ch. Div. 5; Pearson’s Case, 5 Ch. Div. 336; Parker v. McKenna, L. R. 10 Ch. App. 96; Iron Works Co. v. Grave, 12 Ch. Div. 738, 746; Railway Co. v. Blakie, 1 Macq. 461; Wardell v. Railroad Co., 103 U. S. 651, 658. But we think the rule [79]*79is not applicable to the present case. In no proper sense were the bonds in controversy a profit made out of the agency or fiduciary relationship which here existed. They were not a gratuity, nor were they paid to the Scrantons because of their fiduciary position. They were paid and received upon a valuable consideration moving wholly from the Scrantons individually. The Scranton Steel Company had no claim to the future services of the Scrantons. Their time belonged to themselves. The bonds were no part of the consideration to which the Scranton Steel Company was entitled. The two contracts were distinct in parties, subject-matter, and consideration. The bonds w'ere not paid to the Scrantons to influence their action adversely to their principal. Neither was the Scranton Steel Company injured by the individual contract. In very truth, the company was profited thereby, for without the personal covenant consolidation could not have been effected at all. In its facts this case differs essentially from every case relied on or cited by the plaintiffs. It is well exemplified by the hypothetical instance put by the defendants’ counsel, of an agent including Ms own property in a sale of his principal’s property. Would it be pretended that the principal could rightly maim the price of the agent’s property as well as the price of his own, if the two things were clearly separable, and the transaction bona fide? Yet wherein would that case differ from this? It might, indeed, in the supposed case, be good cause for rescission that the agent, by putting in property of Ms own without the consent or knowledge of his principal, had disqualified himself from acting, by reason of a possible conflict between his duty as agent and his self-interest. And so, here, if the plaintiffs were proceeding for a rescission of the consolidation agreement, they might have tenable ground. But the plaintiff's propose to hold onto the consolidation agreement. Bo electing, and actual fraud being eliminated from the case, can they take from the Scrantons the price of their personal covenant, without which the consolidation was unattainable? Surely, in a court of equity, the question admits of but one answer. The transaction being in fact honest, the consolidation itself unchallenged, and the Scrantons bound hand and foot by their personal covenant,' their title to the consideration paid to them by the covenantee is unimpeachable by the Scranton Steel Company, or the complaining stockholders of that company. This view malees it unnecessary to consider the effect of the action of the stockholders’ meeting of May 18, 1891.
Let a decree be drawn, dismissing the bill, with costs.
BUFFINGTON, District Judge.
After a thorough consideration of the case, I unreservedly concur in the conclusions of fact and law expressed in the foregoing opinion.