By the court, Foster, J.
The action was brought to recover several penalties under chapter 361, of the laws of 1865, for bringing watered milk to a cheese factory, to be manufactured into cheese.
The first count of the complaint alleged, that during the months of May, June, July, August, September and October, 1865, the plaintiff and a large number of other persons, more than seven in all, including the defendant, were associated together for the purpose of manufacturing and selling cheese, at Frankfort, in Herkimer county. That the name of the association was “ The Frankfort Cheese Factory.” That during all that time all the persons belonging to the association brought their milk to the factory, and all the milk was mingled together and manufactured into cheese. That the cheese was then cured and prepared for market. That the factory was managed and the cheese sold by a committee or agents, chosen or appointed by the members of the association.. That after the cheese was sold, from time to time, the expenses of making, curing and preparing the [294]*294cheese for market, were first deducted from the proceeds of the sales, and the balance was divided among, and paid to the members of the association, in proportion to the quantities brought by each of them.
That the plaintiff was the treasurer of the association, and that he commenced the action for, and in behalf, and for the benefit of the said association. It then alleged that in the month of Hay,. 1865, the defendant knowingly brought to the factory to be manufactured into cheese, a large quantity of milk diluted and mixed with water, which was mingled with the other milk brought to the factory; all of which was done by the defendant in violation of chapter 361, of the laws of this state, passed April 10, 1865, and claimed to recover a penalty of $100, for the benefit of the association.
There were six other similar counts in the complaint charging the same facts, except that the second count charged the defendant with the commission of a like offense, but at different times, within the months aforesaid, and claimed a distinct penalty of $100 for each offense charged.
The answer contained a general denial, and also three other separate answers ; the first of which specially denied the existence of any such association as was alleged in the complaint. The second denied that, the plaintiff sustained any representative capacity to the alleged association or partners of the cheese factory, and insisted that the plaintiff had not the capacity to maintain or prosecute the action, and that he should not be allowed to proceed therein; and the last of which alleged that divers other persons besides the plaintiff, brought milk to the cheese factory, at all the several times mentioned, and mingled the same with the milk of the plaintiff and of the defendant; that they are all interested in the allged cause of action; that they are within the jurisdiction of the court, and claimed that they were necessary parties to the action, and that the plaintiff should not be allowed to proceed without their being joined as parties.
On the trial, the plaintiff called Sidney A. Farington as a witness, who testified as follow's : I had charge of the [295]*295Frankfort Cheese Factory in the years 1864 and 1865; the first year we received and manufactured the milk from about four hundred and fifty cows, and the second year from about eight hundred cows; the plaintiff. John W. Bridenbecker, was the treasurer both years ; there were about eighty members of the association in the year 1864, and about eighty in the year 1865 ; there were no written articles of association, nor was there any written agreement signed by any of the members, or any written proceedings or by-laws, for the organization or conducting the business of the association; the following was the system upon which the association was organized and conducted: each member brought to the factory the milk of his cows, and the milk was weighed and an account kept of the weight, and the milk was- all mingled together and manufactured into cheese; I had the charge of the factory, and fora consideration to be paid to me manufactured the cheese, and took care of the same until it was sold; 1 was paid so much per hundred pounds of cheese ; there was a committee appointed by the members, whose duty it was to sell the cheese and pay over the proceeds to treasurer, and then the treasurer would first pay me, and deduct all expenses, and divide and pay the balance to all the members, in proportion to the quantity of milk by them respectively brought to the factory ; John W. Bridenbecker, the plaintiff, William Bridenbecker, Alexander Bridenbecker, John W. Davison, Hiram Joslin, Warner Borfy, John Thomas, the defendant Hoard, and others, were the members ; they varied and changed from time to time, during the season of 1865, but I don’t recollect of any instance of any being taken out until in the fall, when the milk began to grow short to make cheese ; members could join or withdraw at pleasure ; the association was called and known by the name of the Frankfort Cheese Factory; all the proceeds of the cheese sold in the year 1865, has been divided and paid over to the members, and the members now hold no joint property except the sum of $200 collected of another member for bringing watered milk to the factory, and this claim in suit against Hoard.
[296]*296The plaintiff then offered’ to show all the facts alleged in the complaint seriatim,, and particularly that the defendant brought watered milk to the factory, as alleged in the complaint, and upon all the occasions mentioned in the complaint.
To this evidence defendant’s counsel objected, on the ground that the plaintiff in his character or capacity as treasurer, could not maintain this action against the defendant, for and on behalf of the alleged association or associates.
The court sustained the objection and excluded the evidence, and held and decided that the plaintiff as treasurer, had not legal capacity to maintain the action.
That an action in behalf of the association, for the penalties claimed herein, could not be maintained in the name of the plaintiff as its treasurer. That the plaintiff, as treasurer of the association, could, not sue the defendant, who was a member, for the penalty.
To which rulings and decisions, the plaintiff duly excepted.
The plaintiff then rested, and the court on the motion of defendant’s counsel, non-suited the plaintiff; to which ruling and decision the plaintiff also duly excepted.
Judgment of non-suit was accordingly entered, and the plaintiff brought his appeal.
It seems to be clear that the act of 1849, chapter 258, ■ authorized actions to be brought .in the name of the president or treasurer of joint stock companies or associations, only when such joint stock companies or associations were organized under some statute of the state; and that when organized without such authority, by whatever name they were called, they were really but copartnerships, and subject to the application of such rules in regard to suing and being sued, as apply in the case of copartners. (Wells agt. Gates, 18 Barb. 554; Tibbitts agt. Blood, 21 Barb. 650, 654-5.)
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By the court, Foster, J.
The action was brought to recover several penalties under chapter 361, of the laws of 1865, for bringing watered milk to a cheese factory, to be manufactured into cheese.
The first count of the complaint alleged, that during the months of May, June, July, August, September and October, 1865, the plaintiff and a large number of other persons, more than seven in all, including the defendant, were associated together for the purpose of manufacturing and selling cheese, at Frankfort, in Herkimer county. That the name of the association was “ The Frankfort Cheese Factory.” That during all that time all the persons belonging to the association brought their milk to the factory, and all the milk was mingled together and manufactured into cheese. That the cheese was then cured and prepared for market. That the factory was managed and the cheese sold by a committee or agents, chosen or appointed by the members of the association.. That after the cheese was sold, from time to time, the expenses of making, curing and preparing the [294]*294cheese for market, were first deducted from the proceeds of the sales, and the balance was divided among, and paid to the members of the association, in proportion to the quantities brought by each of them.
That the plaintiff was the treasurer of the association, and that he commenced the action for, and in behalf, and for the benefit of the said association. It then alleged that in the month of Hay,. 1865, the defendant knowingly brought to the factory to be manufactured into cheese, a large quantity of milk diluted and mixed with water, which was mingled with the other milk brought to the factory; all of which was done by the defendant in violation of chapter 361, of the laws of this state, passed April 10, 1865, and claimed to recover a penalty of $100, for the benefit of the association.
There were six other similar counts in the complaint charging the same facts, except that the second count charged the defendant with the commission of a like offense, but at different times, within the months aforesaid, and claimed a distinct penalty of $100 for each offense charged.
The answer contained a general denial, and also three other separate answers ; the first of which specially denied the existence of any such association as was alleged in the complaint. The second denied that, the plaintiff sustained any representative capacity to the alleged association or partners of the cheese factory, and insisted that the plaintiff had not the capacity to maintain or prosecute the action, and that he should not be allowed to proceed therein; and the last of which alleged that divers other persons besides the plaintiff, brought milk to the cheese factory, at all the several times mentioned, and mingled the same with the milk of the plaintiff and of the defendant; that they are all interested in the allged cause of action; that they are within the jurisdiction of the court, and claimed that they were necessary parties to the action, and that the plaintiff should not be allowed to proceed without their being joined as parties.
On the trial, the plaintiff called Sidney A. Farington as a witness, who testified as follow's : I had charge of the [295]*295Frankfort Cheese Factory in the years 1864 and 1865; the first year we received and manufactured the milk from about four hundred and fifty cows, and the second year from about eight hundred cows; the plaintiff. John W. Bridenbecker, was the treasurer both years ; there were about eighty members of the association in the year 1864, and about eighty in the year 1865 ; there were no written articles of association, nor was there any written agreement signed by any of the members, or any written proceedings or by-laws, for the organization or conducting the business of the association; the following was the system upon which the association was organized and conducted: each member brought to the factory the milk of his cows, and the milk was weighed and an account kept of the weight, and the milk was- all mingled together and manufactured into cheese; I had the charge of the factory, and fora consideration to be paid to me manufactured the cheese, and took care of the same until it was sold; 1 was paid so much per hundred pounds of cheese ; there was a committee appointed by the members, whose duty it was to sell the cheese and pay over the proceeds to treasurer, and then the treasurer would first pay me, and deduct all expenses, and divide and pay the balance to all the members, in proportion to the quantity of milk by them respectively brought to the factory ; John W. Bridenbecker, the plaintiff, William Bridenbecker, Alexander Bridenbecker, John W. Davison, Hiram Joslin, Warner Borfy, John Thomas, the defendant Hoard, and others, were the members ; they varied and changed from time to time, during the season of 1865, but I don’t recollect of any instance of any being taken out until in the fall, when the milk began to grow short to make cheese ; members could join or withdraw at pleasure ; the association was called and known by the name of the Frankfort Cheese Factory; all the proceeds of the cheese sold in the year 1865, has been divided and paid over to the members, and the members now hold no joint property except the sum of $200 collected of another member for bringing watered milk to the factory, and this claim in suit against Hoard.
[296]*296The plaintiff then offered’ to show all the facts alleged in the complaint seriatim,, and particularly that the defendant brought watered milk to the factory, as alleged in the complaint, and upon all the occasions mentioned in the complaint.
To this evidence defendant’s counsel objected, on the ground that the plaintiff in his character or capacity as treasurer, could not maintain this action against the defendant, for and on behalf of the alleged association or associates.
The court sustained the objection and excluded the evidence, and held and decided that the plaintiff as treasurer, had not legal capacity to maintain the action.
That an action in behalf of the association, for the penalties claimed herein, could not be maintained in the name of the plaintiff as its treasurer. That the plaintiff, as treasurer of the association, could, not sue the defendant, who was a member, for the penalty.
To which rulings and decisions, the plaintiff duly excepted.
The plaintiff then rested, and the court on the motion of defendant’s counsel, non-suited the plaintiff; to which ruling and decision the plaintiff also duly excepted.
Judgment of non-suit was accordingly entered, and the plaintiff brought his appeal.
It seems to be clear that the act of 1849, chapter 258, ■ authorized actions to be brought .in the name of the president or treasurer of joint stock companies or associations, only when such joint stock companies or associations were organized under some statute of the state; and that when organized without such authority, by whatever name they were called, they were really but copartnerships, and subject to the application of such rules in regard to suing and being sued, as apply in the case of copartners. (Wells agt. Gates, 18 Barb. 554; Tibbitts agt. Blood, 21 Barb. 650, 654-5.)
The act of 1851, chapter 455, as clearly appears, as well from its enacting clause as by the language of its first section, was intended to extend the right to sue by the president or treasurer to other classes of companies or associations than such as were embraced in the act of 1849; and in [297]*297unmistakable language “ extended ” the act of 1849 “to any company or association composed of not less than seven persons, who are owners of, or have an interest in, any property, right of action, or demand, jointly or in common, or who may be liable to any action on account of such ownership or interest.”
And this court has repeatedly held that the act of 1851 did extend the right to sue to other companies and associations than such as were organized in pursuance of some statute, or such as were quasi corporations. (Tibbitts agt. Blood, supra ; Corning agt. Greene, 23 Barb., 33; and De Witt agt. Chandler, 11 Abb. Pr. R., 459, 470.) The only case cited to the contrary is that of Austin agt. Searing (2 Smith, N. Y. R. 113, 117 and 125), where Mr. Justice Shanklazto, in his opinion, comes to the conclusion that the act of 1851, as well as that of 1849, relates only to the case of such quasi corporations; this is of no weight as authority, for it appears from the case that the determination of that question was not involved in the decision, that it was decided upon another ground, and that all the other members of the court declined to express any opinion upon that question, or to concur with him.
Assuming that the testimony of Farrington was true, it cannot be doubted (if I am right as to the extension of the provisions of the act of 1849 and the provisions of the act of 1851), that, in a proper case of demand or claim of the association against a third person, it could sue, as was done in this case, in the name of its treasurer; for it appears from his testimony that from the time the milk of the several persons who constituted the association reached the factory they all had an interest in it, and in the proceeds of it, in common with each other ; and that when the net proceeds had been reached, each of them was entitled to receive from the association just such proportion thereof, as the quantity of milk delivered by him, bore to the whole amount furnished by all the associates.
Whether the act of 1851, authorizes the treasurer to bring an action against an individual member of the association [298]*298formed as this was, in any case, has not, so far as I am aware, been determined; and for the purposes of this case, I assume that it does not. And the question then arises, is such action conferred by the act of 1865, chapter 361 ? For if not, I am inclined to the opinion that the non-suit was right.
I have come to the conclusion above expressed, that when an action can be maintained at all by such company, it can be maintained in the name of the treasurer; but the more important question is, does the act of 1865 allow such action to be brought against one of the corporators ? The language of the act, so far as it applies to this action, is that “ whoever shall knowingly sell, supply, or bring to be manufactured to any cheese manufactory in this state, any milk diluted with water, &e., shall for each and every offense, forfeit and pay a sum not less than $25 nor more than $100, with costs of suit, to be sued for in any court of competent jurisdiction, for the benefit of the person pr persons, firm, or association or corporation, or their assigns, upon whom such fraud shall be committed.”
This language, “ whoever shall sell, supply or bring, &c., to any cheese manufactory in this state,” is comprehensive enough to include the case of one of the corporators who shall bring diluted milk ; and yet it does not necessarily follow that such is to be its construction, because we must be satisfied that the case of an offense committed by one of such associates, is within the language and the intention of the statute, before we can hold him liable for the penalty which it imposes. We are to ascertain, if we can, whether the legislature did intend to include such a case.
It is not claimed that such an action as this, could not be maintained by the treasurer of a quasi corporation, against one of the associates, for offenses against the act of 1865, nor can it be doubted—assuming the right of a treasurer to sue—that an association like the one in question, could maintain such action against any person who was not an associate. But how much more appropriate to denote an intention confined to these two classes of delinquents, would it have been to have used the words “ whoever shall sell, or [299]*299bring to be manufactured for himself,” &c., because one or the other of these ways would probably be adopted by one of the corporators, or by a stranger, who should take Ms milk to a cheese factory. For if a corporator, the milk would be the property of the corpóration, and he would be entitled to his pay therefor, as between him and the corporation ; he would not be one of the owners of the milk or cheese, but would be entitled to any dividends on the amount of stock which he held in the. corporation. And in the case of the stranger, he would either sell Ms milk, or have it manufactured for himself, and receive such quantity of cheese for a given quantity of milk, as should be agreed upon, irrespective of whether the association made or lost money in the business.
It appears to me from the language employed, that the legislature intended to include all cases of bringing diluted • milk to a cheese factory to be manufactured, whether the act complained of was done by a corporator or associate.
It is to be presumed that the legislature, when the act of 1865 was passed, was aware of the extent to which the business of manufacturing cheese was carried on in cheese factories, and of the various kinds of compames formed for that purpose; and it is a proper presumption for us, that when the act was passed, it was intended to reach all the miscMefs existing, and to extend a like remedy to every kind of association or partnersMp formed for the purpose of such manufacture, and to reach the violators of the provisions of the act, whether associates or not. And it being a matter of common notoriety, that a large proportion of all the cheese so manufactured, was made by such associations as the one in question, it is to be inferred that the legislature when it used the words “ any cheese manufactory in this state,” intended to embrace such cases. I have, therefore, come to the conclusion that tMs case was within the miscMefs sought to be remedied, and that it comes within the language and spirit of the statute.
I am also of opinion, that independent of the acts of 1849 and 1851, the act of 1865, wMch imposes the penalty, does [300]*300of itself give any of the associates the right to sue in his own name, for the benefit of all the members of the association ; and that although the plaintiff sues as treasurer, it does not defeat the action, but should be held to be merely a description of the person.
The evidence offered was erroneously excluded, and the judgment of non-suit should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
Judgment was unanimously ordered accordingly.