IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-08-00191-CR
BRIAN LEROY GEORGE, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 413th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. F41845
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Appellant Brian George guilty on three counts: (1) possession, with
intent to deliver, of a controlled substance (cocaine) in an amount of four grams or more
but less than 200 grams; (2) possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) in
an amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams; and (3) possession of
marijuana in an amount of four ounces or more but not more than five pounds. George
pled guilty to Count Three. The trial court sentenced George to prison for fifty, twenty
and two years, respectively, and fined him $10,000 on count one. Raising three issues, George appeals. We will affirm.
George, his then-girlfriend Laura Collier, and Collier’s two teenage daughters
were driving through Johnson County in Collier’s vehicle on their way to Missouri after
a trip to San Antonio and South Padre Island. George, who did not have a driver’s
license and had sat in the front passenger seat for most of the trip, was driving for
Collier, who had started feeling ill. An Alvarado police officer pulled over George for
speeding (82 mph in a 65 mph zone). When the officer learned that George did not
have a driver’s license, he asked George to get out of the vehicle. The officer smelled
marijuana odor on George and learned from George that Collier owned the vehicle.
The officer approached Collier and learned from her that there might be
methamphetamine as well as needles in a bag on the passenger-side floor board and
that the needles had been used to inject cocaine. Another officer arrived, and a search
yielded 10.27 grams of cocaine and 1.37 grams of methamphetamine that were
discovered in containers on the passenger side. The officers discovered approximately
132 grams of marijuana inside a duffel bag that contained men’s clothing. Also found
were drug paraphernalia, three marijuana joints, and approximately $1,000 in cash in a
wallet.
In his first issue, George complains of the trial court’s admission of a DVD video
and exclusion of letters that Collier had sent to George. We review a trial court’s
evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005). “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is so clearly
wrong as to lie outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.”
George v. State Page 2 Moreno v. State, 858 S.W.2d 453, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
George claims that the DVD should have been excluded because it was not
authenticated. An item is authenticated by evidence “sufficient to support a finding
that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” TEX. R. EVID. 901(a).
Examples of authentication include testimony of a witness with knowledge that a
matter is what it is claimed to be and opinion testimony identifying a recorded voice.
Id. 902(b)(1), (5).
The video depicts (1) George sleeping in his mobile home, (2) a coffee table or its
drawer with a spoon containing a white powdery substance and a plastic baggie with
Batman emblems, and (3) a background conversation that included George’s voice. The
record shows that the DVD was found in George’s duffel bag retrieved from the
searched vehicle. Collier was familiar with the inside of George’s home (George said
she was living with him) and identified George’s voice and recognized the coffee-table
drawer as the one in George’s home. Because Collier had personal knowledge of the
things depicted in the video, she could authenticate them. She is not required to have
been present when the video was made to be able to authenticate it. See, e.g., Skidmore v.
State, 838 S.W.2d 748, 753 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, pet. ref’d). The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in finding that the video was authenticated by Collier.
George also claims that the DVD video should have been excluded because its
prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value.
In its seminal decision in Montgomery v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals identified four non-exclusive factors to be considered in determining whether evidence should be excluded under Rule 403. Those
George v. State Page 3 factors were: (1) the probative value of the evidence; (2) the potential to impress the jury in some irrational, yet indelible, way; (3) the time needed to develop the evidence; and, (4) the proponent’s need for the evidence.
More recently, the Court has looked to the language of Rule 403 and restated the pertinent factors.
[A] trial court, when undertaking a Rule 403 analysis, must balance (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted. Of course, these factors may well blend together in practice.
Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641-42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (footnotes omitted).
Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 315, 319 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, pet. ref’d) (footnote and
citations omitted).
Probative force of the evidence: The State asserts that the video is probative because
it links George with narcotics paraphernalia. We agree. This factor weighs in favor of
admissibility.
Proponent’s need for that evidence: The trial court could have reasonably concluded
that the State had a need for the video because: (1) George did not own the vehicle and
the drugs were found under the front passenger seat where Collier was sitting at the
time of the stop; (2) Collier was an accomplice witness who said the drugs were
George’s, and George testified that the drugs were Collier’s; and (3) items in the video
George v. State Page 4 (a spoon with a white powdery substance and a baggie with Batman emblems) were
similar to items found in the vehicle. This factor weighs in favor of admissibility.
Tendency of evidence to suggest a decision on an improper basis: Collier could not
identify the white substance, and George’s counsel adequately cross-examined her
about the video. Thus, the video had limited potential to impress the jury in an
irrational way. This factor does not weigh in favor of exclusion of the evidence.
Jury confusion or distraction, undue weight, and amount of time or repetition: These
factors concern whether presentation of the evidence consumed an inordinate amount
of time or was repetitious, and the evidence’s tendency to confuse or distract the jury or
to cause the jury to place undue weight on its probative value. See Gigliobianco, 210
S.W.3d at 641-42; Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 320. The video lasts only 79 seconds. Collier’s
testimony about the video was approximately twenty hard-copy pages. The video was
not repetitious, and we do not believe that it could cause jury confusion or distraction
or cause the jury to give it undue weight. All of these factors favor admission.
“Rule 403 ‘envisions exclusion of [relevant] evidence only when there is a ‘clear
disparity between the degree of prejudice of the offered evidence and its probative
value.’” Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 322-23 (quoting Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 568
(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We cannot say that there is a “clear disparity” between the
danger of unfair prejudice posed by the video and its probative value. Thus, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by overruling George’s Rule 403 objection.
As for George’s complaint about the trial court’s exclusion of letters that Collier
wrote to George, George asserts that those letters would have impeached Collier’s
George v. State Page 5 credibility. George, however, fails to explain how the letters would have impeached
Collier’s credibility, and on their face the letters do not evince relevance or
impeachment value. Nor does George offer a legal basis for their admissibility.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the letters. We
overrule issue one.
In George’s second issue, he asserts that the accomplice-witness testimony was
not sufficiently corroborated. “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an
accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant
with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows
the commission of the offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (Vernon 2005).
“This accomplice witness rule creates a statutorily imposed review and is not derived
from federal or state constitutional principles that define the legal and factual
sufficiency standards.” Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 498 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
“When evaluating the sufficiency of corroboration evidence under the
accomplice-witness rule, we ‘eliminate the accomplice testimony from consideration
and then examine the remaining portions of the record to see if there is any evidence
that tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime.’” Malone v. State,
253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (quoting Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 361
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). “There is no set amount of non-accomplice corroboration
evidence that is required for sufficiency purposes; ‘[e]ach case must be judged on its
own facts.’” Id. (quoting Gill v. State, 873 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). “While
the accused’s mere presence in the company of the accomplice before, during, and after
George v. State Page 6 the commission of the offense is insufficient by itself to corroborate accomplice
testimony, evidence of such presence, coupled with other suspicious circumstances,
may tend to connect the accused to the offense.” Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). “Even apparently insignificant incriminating circumstances
may sometimes afford satisfactory evidence of corroboration.” Id.
George argues that his mere presence in the vehicle, which Collier owned, is
insufficient to show his possession of the drugs, which were not found on his person.
But after eliminating Collier’s testimony, we find that the following evidence
sufficiently corroborated her testimony and tended to connect George to the contraband
under Counts One and Two:
The officer noted a marijuana odor on George.
George told the officer during the search that the drugs were all his and that the officer had found it all.
George admitted to prior cocaine and methamphetamine use.
George admitted to once owning a “Looney Tunes” tin container, and such a container was found under the front passenger seat. George said the he sat in the front passenger seat for most of the trip, and changed places with Collier to drive in Waco. Inside the container were 9.3 grams of cocaine and 1.37 grams of methamphetamine, two needles, one small spoon, four paper clips, and a small plastic baggie covered with “Batman” emblems.
A duffel bag containing men’s clothing was found in the rear of the vehicle. George was the only male in the vehicle. Inside the duffel bag’s pocket were six elastic bands, five unused needles, and a used needle. Also inside the bag were a black camera case and a large bag of marijuana. Inside the camera case were a small green plastic baggie with white powdery residue, a large clear plastic baggie, and a DVD.
The DVD depicts three scenes: (1) George sleeping in his mobile home, (2) a coffee table or its drawer with a spoon containing a white powdery substance
George v. State Page 7 and a plastic baggie with Batman emblems, and (3) a background conversation that included George’s voice.
Also found were a Harley-Davidson wallet with about $1,000 in cash and George’s business card with notes on the back of it. A narcotics task force officer testified that the notes were “dope notes” and indicated that the writer was dealing drugs. The officer also said that, given the large amount of drugs, the variety of drugs, the cash, and the trip to South Texas (where drugs are cheaper to buy), someone in the vehicle was a drug dealer.
In George’s letters to Collier during their pretrial incarceration, he asked Collier to claim the drugs, stated that he was “done shooting” and had no cravings since he was arrested, and suggested that they use the vacation as an explanation for the large amount of cash.
We overrule George’s second issue.
In his third issue, George asserts that the evidence is factually insufficient to
prove possession. In a factual sufficiency review, we ask whether a neutral review of all
the evidence, though legally sufficient, demonstrates either that the proof of guilt is so
weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the factfinder’s verdict clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d. 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). “The court reviews the
evidence weighed by the jury that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in
dispute and compares it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact.” Johnson, 23
S.W.3d at 7. The appellate court “does not indulge in inferences or confine its view to
evidence favoring one side of the case. Rather, it looks at all the evidence on both sides
and then makes a predominantly intuitive judgment. . . .” Id. (quoting William Powers
and Jack Ratliff, Another Look at “No Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence,” 69 TEXAS L.
REV. 515, 519 (1991)). The nature of a factual sufficiency review authorizes an appellate
George v. State Page 8 court, although to a very limited degree, to act as the so-called “thirteenth juror” to
review the factfinder’s weighing of the evidence and disagree with the factfinder’s
determination. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 416-17.
George argues that the evidence is insufficient to link him to the contraband. The
State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused intentionally or
knowingly possessed the controlled substances, and to do so, the State had to establish:
(1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance, and (2) the
accused knew the matter possessed was contraband. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402,
405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial, “it must
establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection with the
drug was more than just fortuitous. . . .” Id. at 405-06 (quoting Brown v. State, 911
S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).
The rule is designed to protect the innocent bystander from conviction based
solely upon his fortuitous proximity to someone else’s drugs. Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at
406. The rule simply restates the commonsense notion that a person, such as a father,
son, spouse, roommate, or friend, may jointly possess property like a house but not
necessarily jointly possess the contraband found in that house. Id. Thus, “[w]hen the
accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where the substance is found, it
cannot be concluded that the accused had knowledge of and control over the
contraband unless there are additional independent facts and circumstances which
affirmatively link the accused to the contraband.” Id. (quoting Deshong v. State, 625
George v. State Page 9 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)).1
Some circumstances that may link a defendant to the controlled substance are:
(1) the defendant’s presence when the search was executed; (2) the contraband was in
plain view; (3) the proximity to and accessibility of the contraband; (4) the defendant
was under the influence of contraband; (5) the defendant’s possession of other
contraband when arrested; (6) incriminating statements by the defendant when
arrested; (7) attempted flight by the defendant; (8) furtive gestures by the defendant; (9)
there was an odor of the contraband; (10) the presence of other contraband or drug
paraphernalia not included in the charge; (11) the defendant’s ownership or right of
possession of the place where the controlled substance was found; (12) the drugs were
found in an enclosed place; (13) there was a significant amount of drugs; and (14) the
defendant possessed weapons or large amounts of cash. Stubblefield v. State, 79 S.W.3d
171, 174 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d); see also Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d
283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736,
740-41 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.); De La Garza v. State, 898 S.W.2d 376,
379 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, no pet.). The number of links present is not as
important as the degree to which they tend to link the defendant to the controlled
substance. Stubblefield, 79 S.W.3d at 174; Williams v. State, 906 S.W.2d 58, 65 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 1995, pet. ref’d).
1 Previously, this was referred to as the “affirmative links” rule. See Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has cautioned against use of the term “affirmative links” as suggesting “an independent test of legal sufficiency” and has chosen instead to use only the term “‘link’ so that it is clear that evidence of drug possession is judged by the same standard as all other evidence.” Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 n.9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
George v. State Page 10 The evidence shows that Collier invited George to accompany her and her
daughters to South Texas. They went in Collier’s vehicle, and George had full access to
it. The cocaine and methamphetamine were discovered in a Looney Tunes container
under the front passenger seat, which George occupied for most of the trip. When
George was driving, he still had access to the container.
The arresting officer noticed a marijuana odor on George, who admitted he had
smoked marijuana within an hour of being stopped. A large amount of marijuana was
in George’s duffel bag. Also in his duffel bag were unused hypodermic needles, which
are commonly associated with injecting methamphetamine and cocaine, and a baggie
containing a white powdery residue. During the search of the vehicle, George told the
officer that all of the drugs were his, though at trial George said he meant that all the
marijuana was his. And, when the officer asked if he had found all the drugs, George
told him that he had, which indicates that George knew where they were.
Collier testified that all the drugs were George’s and that he had brought them
on the trip initially without her knowledge. George used the methamphetamine and
she used the cocaine on the trip, and George had previously used methamphetamine in
Missouri. She also said that she had given George the Looney Tunes container in which
the drugs were found a few months before the trip. George testified that the marijuana
was his but that the methamphetamine and cocaine were not his and must have
belonged to Collier or her daughters.
Collier said that the DVD showed video inside of George’s home that included a
baggie with Batman emblems similar to those found in the vehicle. The video also
George v. State Page 11 showed a spoon with a white powdery substance. Drug notes were found on the back
of one of George’s business cards, and a letter from George to Collier during their
pretrial incarceration asked her to claim possession of the drugs. The letter also stated
that George was “done shooting” and was not having cravings.
By finding George guilty, the jury obviously disbelieved George, and the record
in this case warrants our deference to the jury’s credibility determination. As the sole
judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, the jury bore the burden of
accepting or rejecting George’s version. See Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). Therefore, considering all of the evidence in a neutral light, we find
that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the jury’s guilty findings on Counts
One and Two. The proof of guilt is not so weak nor the conflicting evidence so strong
as to render the jury’s verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. We overrule issue
three.
Having overruled George’s three issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
REX D. DAVIS Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Reyna, and Justice Davis Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed March 31, 2010 Do not publish [CRPM]
George v. State Page 12