SECOND DIVISION RICKMAN, C. J., MILLER, P. J., and PIPKIN, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 24, 2022
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A22A0473. JONES v. THE STATE.
PIPKIN, Judge.
Appellant Brenton Jones was found guilty of aggravated battery and cruelty to
children in the first degree and sentenced to ten years, with the first year to be served
in confinement and the balance probated. He appeals following the denial of his
motion for new trial, as amended, contending that the evidence was insufficient, that
his trial counsel was ineffective, that the trial court erred by admitting irrelevant
evidence, and that the cumulative effect of these errors denied him a fair trial. As
more fully set forth below, we now affirm. Construed to support the jury’s verdict,1 the evidence shows that in July 2016,
the 21-month-old victim2 was living in Clarke County, Georgia with his mother, Ariel
Jackson; Appellant, who was Jackson’s boyfriend; Appellant’s and Jackson’s
newborn daughter; and, at times, Appellant’s four-year-old son, A. J. Appellant was
helping potty-train the victim, and had been alone with him while Jackson was
feeding their daughter in another room. Jackson’s sister, Shamona Brown, and
another woman stopped by, and, according to Brown,3 the victim was sitting on a
potty-chair without a shirt when they arrived. She said Appellant came into the room
and rushed to put a shirt on the victim, but they noticed marks on the victim’s back,
which Brown described as big and purple; Brown also testified it looked like the
marks “just happened.” Jackson and her sister argued about how the victim got the
marks, and according to Jackson, Appellant was defensive and denied responsibility.
Jackson convinced herself at that time that the victim had fallen off the bed.
1 Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). 2 The victim was born on November 2, 2014. 3 Brown also testified that the victim was a happy child, but that when Appellant was around him, the victim would put his head down and run to one of the other adults.
2 Jackson testified that she had a doctor’s appointment on the morning of August
22, 2016, and that she took both her newborn daughter and the victim with her. The
victim became cranky and was crying inconsolably. Jackson was frustrated and called
her mother to talk to the victim in an attempt to help him stop crying. She also sent
Appellant a text message stating, “I can’t wait to leave this office. [The victim]
getting his ass [tore] up.” Jones responded “Lol, I’m about to take a nap. Okay, Babe,
get his ass.” Jackson explained at trial that she was frustrated and said she never
intended to, and did not in fact, physically discipline the victim that day.
Jackson testified that the victim fell asleep when they arrived back home but
that she woke him 30 to 45 minutes later because she had to pick up A. J. from
school. Jackson said A. J. was delayed coming out of school, and the victim started
crying again when they were waiting in the car; Jackson said she assumed he was
hungry since the victim had not eaten the snack she had prepared for him, so when
they arrived back home, she gave him something to eat.
Appellant was at home between his two jobs, and Jackson left the three
children – the victim, A. J., and their newborn daughter – at home with Appellant
while she ran an errand. She said that the victim was happy when she left, noting that
he was eating chicken nuggets, dancing, and playing on the bed with A. J.
3 Jackson testified that, when she returned home about an hour later, Appellant
and A. J. were playing a video game in the living room, and Appellant told her the
victim was in the bedroom sleeping. Appellant left to go to his second job a short time
later. A. J. went into the bedroom where the victim was supposedly sleeping and told
Jackson that something was wrong. Jackson said she ran into the room and heard the
victim making a noise she had never heard before, which she mimicked at trial. She
said that she tried to get the victim to talk to her, but he was limp and unresponsive
to both her voice and touch.
Jackson called Appellant, who had only been gone two or three minutes and
was still en route to his second job, and he came home to take the victim to the
hospital. They called 911 while they were en route and were met by an ambulance at
a McDonald’s. The victim was taken to Athens Regional Hospital, where he was
examined by an emergency room doctor and a neurosurgeon, both of whom testified
at trial.
When he arrived at the hospital, the victim was unresponsive, intermittently
crying and moaning, and flailing around; as he was being prepared for a CAT scan,
he had a seizure. The CAT scan of the victim’s brain revealed bleeding in the
subdural area of the brain, which had caused a significant “mid-line shift,” or
4 movement of the brain to one side. The neurosurgeon, Dr. Bryan Barnes, testified that
the bleeding was significant and that there was also a significant amount of pressure
on the brain stem, which controls breathing and respiration. Dr. Barnes testified that
he performed an emergency hemicraniectomy – which involved cutting out part of the
skull to relieve the pressure and stop the bleeding – in order to save the victim’s life.
The victim was then transported by helicopter to Children’s Healthcare of
Atlanta (“CHOA”). Jackson and Appellant went home to pack before they left for the
hospital, and Jackson’s mother and brother were already at CHOA by the time they
arrived. Jackson said that her mother was angry because “she had found out through
the doctor that somebody intentionally did that to [the victim]. It wasn’t an accident.”
Jackson said she questioned the doctor, and he told her that “it was more like an adult
who had struck him in the head intentionally.” She testified her initial reaction was
she thought the doctors were wrong.
Dr. Stephen Messner, a child abuse pediatrician and medical director of the
child protection team at CHOA, testified that he observed a bruise behind the victim’s
ear, as well as markings on the victim’s back, including buckle marks, consistent with
5 the victim having been struck with a looped-over belt.4 Dr. Messner also observed
multiple retinal hemorrhages, and an MRI revealed that the victim’s brain had
continued to swell so that it had expanded outside the skull, that blood remained
around parts of the victim’s brain, and that areas of brain tissue had started to die;
additionally, swelling between the vertebrae of the neck indicated a whiplash-type
injury. Dr. Messner testified that the marks on the victim’s back and the injury to his
brain, which indicated that significant force had been applied to the victim’s head and
neck, could not have been “self-inflicted,” meaning that the victim could not have
sustained the injuries from jumping or falling off a bed. Further, Dr. Messner said that
in the absence of any history of a motor vehicle crash or other high velocity accident
such as falling from a height of several stories, his expert opinion was that the
victim’s head injuries were the result of non-accidental “inflicted” trauma.5 Dr.
Messner also testified that the effects of the injuries would have been immediately
observable, noting that the victim would have become unresponsive and limp and that
his breathing would have been altered or even ceased. Dr. Messner also told the jury
4 Photographs of the victim’s external injuries were introduced into evidence at trial. 5 Dr. Barnes gave a similar opinion as to the cause of the injuries. Dr. Messner also testified that a four-year-old playmate could not have caused these injuries.
6 that, in his experience, triggers for child abuse include incessant crying and
frustration from unrealistic expectations such as expecting a 21-month-old child,
particularly a boy, to become potty trained.
The victim was released from the hospital on October 5, 2016. Multiple
witnesses, including the victim’s regular pediatrician, testified that the victim was a
happy child before he was injured, that he was walking and beginning to talk, and that
he had no mental or physical developmental issues. However, after the brain injury,
he could not walk or talk, he was partially paralyzed on his right side, and he required
seizure medication. By the time of trial, and after years of intensive speech, physical,
and occupational therapy, the victim had improved, but a recent CAT scan showed
that areas of the victim’s brain were permanently damaged.
After police learned that A. J. was present in the home on the day of the
incident, he was interviewed by an expert trained to interview children; this interview
was recorded and played for the jury at trial. When he was asked what happened to
the victim, A. J. said that the victim could not open his eyes and was not responding.
A. J. told the interviewer multiple times that Appellant “whupped” the victim with a
belt because he was crying, that Appellant told the victim to stop crying, and that he
also hit the victim multiple times in the head or face with a ball. When the interviewer
7 asked A. J. why Appellant “whupped” the victim, A. J. called the victim a crybaby,
which is a term that other witnesses said the Appellant called the victim, and said that
he cried all the time. At one point during the video, A. J. hit a doll in the head and
said “stop that crying.” A. J. also told the interviewer that the ambulance met them
at the “chicken nugget place.” The interviewer, who had conducted over 1300
forensic interviews, testified that her interview with A. J. was unique in the sense that
“you can physically watch him try to process the information. You can see him doing
direct recall of things that you know that, based on the words that he uses and the
hand gestures that he uses and things, you can see him almost like rewatching that,
trying to understand.”
Appellant testified in his own defense at trial. He testified about his multiple
jobs and said that Jackson was the primary caregiver for the children, although they
would sometimes stay with his mother while Jackson worked part-time. Further,
Appellant testified about the text message he received from Jackson when the victim
would not stop crying while she was at the doctor. He also told the jury about
Jackson’s struggles caring for the children and indicated that she suffered from
depression and had attempted suicide while pregnant with their daughter and
threatened to kill the victim.
8 Appellant also testified about the timeline of events the day of the incident, in
particular the timeframe when he was alone with the children. According to
Appellant, he was in the living room with his daughter, watching television, while A.
J. and the victim were playing in their bedroom; Appellant claimed that when he
checked on them, the victim was laughing. He testified that he went back to the other
room with his daughter and then heard a loud boom. Because, according to Appellant,
the victim sometimes kicked or threw a ball at the wall, Appellant stayed where he
was and did not check on the children. Appellant testified that A. J. then came into
the room and said that the victim was asleep, so he went to check on him. Appellant
testified that the victim appeared to be sleeping normally and he put a cover over the
victim and then went to the other room. Appellant said that Jackson came home and
that he left for his second job about ten minutes later; before he left, he did not see the
victim again and did not see Jackson check on the victim. According to Appellant,
Jackson called him about ten minutes later and he went back home to take the victim
to the hospital. Appellant denied that the victim had been fussy or whining while he
was alone with the victim that day, and he denied ever hitting the victim with a belt
or physically disciplining him in any way.
9 1.Appellant first argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of
cruelty to children in the first degree.6 Under OCGA § 16-5-70, a person commits the
crime of cruelty to children in the first degree when he “maliciously causes a child
under the age of 18 cruel or excessive physical or mental pain.” Appellant admits that
the evidence showing that the victim suffered physical or mental pain is
overwhelming, but argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he caused
the pain or acted maliciously. In support of this contention, Appellant argues that the
circumstantial evidence presented at trial did not rule out the possibility that Jackson
caused the victim’s brain injury and that the evidence was conflicting and unclear.
As an initial matter, it is important to point out that the evidence here is not
entirely circumstantial – A. J.’s forensic interview, during which he described what
Appellant did to the victim on the day in question and which was played for the jury
in its entirety, was direct evidence of Appellant’s guilt. See Curgil v. State, 363 Ga.
App. 355, 358 & n.3 (871 SE2d 322) (2022). Further, as our appellate courts have
6 Jones was charged with two counts of cruelty to children in the first degree – Count 2 based on the victim’s head injury and Count 3 based on the acts of hitting the victim with a belt. He was found not guilty of Count 3, so here we consider only Count 2. Moreover, although Appellant does not mention the aggravated battery conviction in his enumeration or arguments challenging sufficiency, we find the evidence sufficient on that count as well.
10 explained numerous times, it is for the trier of fact – here the jury – to resolve
conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence, to determine the credibility of witnesses,
and to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial. See, e.g.,
Smith v. State, 308 Ga. 81, 84 (1) (839 SE2d 630) (2020). Having examined the
entirety of the record, including the evidence set out above as well as other evidence
presented at trial, we find the evidence more than sufficient to authorize any rational
trier of fact to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes of which
he was convicted. Accordingly, this enumeration presents no basis for reversal.
2. Appellant also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective. To prevail on
this claim, Appellant must show both that his counsel performed deficiently and that
he was prejudiced as a result of the deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). To prove deficient
performance, Appellant must show that his counsel acted or failed to act in an
objectively unreasonable way, considering all the circumstances and in light of
prevailing professional norms. Id. at 687-690 (III) (A). “This is no easy showing, as
the law recognizes a ‘strong presumption’ that counsel performed reasonably,” and
to overcome that presumption, Appellant “must show that no reasonable lawyer
would have done what his lawyer did, nor would have failed to do what his lawyer
11 did not.” (Citation omitted.) Davis v. State, 299 Ga. 180, 183 (2) (787 SE2d 221)
(2016). To establish prejudice, Appellant must demonstrate that there is “a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U. S. at 694 (III) (B). “This
burden is a heavy one[.]” Jordan v. State, 307 Ga. 450, 454 (3) (836 SE2d 86) (2019).
(a) Appellant first argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed
to object to what Appellant alleges is improper bolstering testimony. As to this issue,
the evidence shows that during the State’s cross-examination of Cheryl Barnett,
Appellant’s aunt who was called as a witness for the defense, the State played a
portion of A. J.’s forensic interview where A. J. stated that Appellant “whup[ped]”
the victim. The State immediately asked Barnett if she knew A. J., and when she
responded yes, then asked “Do you believe him to be a liar?” Barnett responded,
“No.”
Pretermitting whether this testimony was subject to objection, see OCGA § 24-
6-608 (a), the transcript from the hearing on Appellant’s motion for new trial shows
that while trial counsel was asked about other matters in relation to this witness, he
was never asked about his failure to object to this testimony. “Absent testimony
12 explaining trial counsel’s rationale on this point, an appellate court generally
presumes that trial counsel’s actions were strategic, and only when a strategic
decision is so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made it
do we find ineffective assistance of counsel.”Moreland v. State, 356 Ga. App. 452,
457 (2) (a) (iii) (847 SE2d 641) (2020). Given the fleeting nature of the testimony and
the way the question was phrased, coupled with the fact that the jury viewed A. J.’s
lengthy forensic interview and heard not just what A. J. said but also how he imparted
the information during the interview, it was not objectively unreasonable for counsel
to decide the better tactic was not to draw attention to the testimony even if was
objectionable. Accordingly, Appellant has failed to show that his trial counsel
performed deficiently by failing to object. See, e.g., Priester v. State, 350 Ga. App.
200, 205-206 (4) (828 SE2d 439) (2019) (“Georgia cases have recognized that the
failure to object to bolstering can also be part of a reasonable trial strategy.”).
(b) Appellant next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object when Jackson, referring to her arrival at CHOA, testified about her mother
being mad because the doctor told her mother that the victim’s injuries had been
intentionally inflicted. Appellant argues that his trial counsel should have objected
to this testimony on hearsay and bolstering grounds.
13 As was evident at trial and as trial counsel testified at the hearing on
Appellant’s motion for new trial, the main defense strategy was to show that others
had greater access to the victim and more opportunity to harm him, and, in particular,
on the day of the incident, Jackson was with the victim most of the day while
Appellant was alone with the victim only briefly – 40 minutes to an hour. It was not
objectively unreasonable for trial counsel to forego an objection to this testimony
since his strategy was not to focus on the intentionality of the act, about which the
evidence was overwhelming, but to show that Appellant was not the person who
injured the victim. Further, counsel knew that more extensive expert testimony would
be presented later in the trial dispelling any notion that the injuries were the result of
an accident, and an objection to Jackson’s passing reference to this evidence would
only serve to highlight it. Once again, trial counsel was not asked at the motion for
new trial hearing why he did not object to the complained-of testimony, and “counsel
is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant
decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Harris v. State, 310 Ga. 372, 386 (4) (b) (850 SE2d 77) (2020).
We thus agree with the trial court that trial counsel’s decision to forego a hearsay or
bolstering objection to this testimony did not constitute deficient performance.
14 (c) Appellant also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed
to object to testimony about conversations that Jackson had with her attorney
concerning charges that were brought against her relating to the incident. The record
shows that during cross-examination, trial counsel elicited testimony from Jackson
that she originally faced the same charges as Appellant but that the charges had been
dropped. On redirect, the State questioned Jackson about her testimony that the
charges against her were the same as the charges that had been brought against
Appellant, and she acknowledged the charges were not the same – that she was
charged with cruelty to children in the second degree, while Appellant had been
charged with cruelty to children in the first degree and aggravated battery. Jackson
indicated that she understood the differences between the charges, and she also
acknowledged that an attorney explained to her that the crime she was charged with
related to her allowing the victim to be injured, not perpetrating the injuries upon him.
On re-cross, trial counsel elicited testimony emphasizing that “either way,” all
charges against Jackson had been dismissed and she was now testifying for the State.
Appellant now argues that his trial counsel should have objected to this hearsay
testimony and that “hav[ing] these definitions [of the crimes] introduced through
hearsay by an unqualified witness was prejudicial.” Further, Appellant argues that
15 Jackson waived her attorney-client privilege by testifying about this conversation
with her attorney, and that once she did so, trial counsel should have cross-examined
her about all the conversations she had with her attorney.
First, as the trial court found, Jackson’s testimony did not touch on matters of
strategy or any other topic that would result in a waiver of the attorney-client
privilege, and trial counsel did not render deficient performance by failing to attempt
to elicit such testimony. Further, even assuming the testimony about what Jackson’s
attorney told her about the charges was inadmissible hearsay, such testimony was
rendered harmless when the lead investigator in the case testified that the warrant she
took out against Jackson was for cruelty to children in the second degree “for failing
to make a reasonable attempt to protect the victim.” (Emphasis supplied.) See Anglin
v. State, 302 Ga. 333, 336 (2) (806 SE2d 573) (2017) (“[T]he erroneous admission
of hearsay is harmless where substantial, cumulative, legally admissible evidence of
the same fact is introduced.”). Lastly, the jury was properly instructed about the
elements of the crimes Appellant was charged with having committed, and, even
assuming deficient performance, Appellant has failed to show prejudice. Accordingly,
this ineffective claim also fails.
16 (d) Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach
the victim’s maternal grandmother. Specifically, Appellant argues that a Facebook
post in which the grandmother allegedly made favorable comments about Appellant
should have been introduced to impeach her trial testimony that the victim seemed
scared of Appellant and that Appellant made derogatory remarks in reference to the
victim – such as calling him a crybaby – and did not treat the victim in the same
favorable manner that he treated his biological son.
The transcript shows that trial counsel did not attempt to cross-examine the
grandmother with the post during her testimony, and that he did not provide it to the
State until the evening before the last day of trial after the State had rested.7 Trial
counsel indicated he intended to introduce the post when the Appellant testified, and
the State objected on several grounds, including that it was hearsay and that
Appellant had not provided the evidence to the State in a timely manner. After
hearing argument from counsel, the trial court disallowed the evidence, indicating
that he did not believe the evidence could come in through Appellant’s testimony.
7 At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel expressed uncertainty about when he first learned about the post.
17 Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s ruling and instead argues only
that his trial counsel was ineffective because he did not attempt to introduce the post
when the grandmother testified rather than during Appellant’s testimony. However,
as the trial court found in its order denying Appellant’s motion for new trial, the
transcript does not contain a proffer of the Facebook post, and Appellant did not call
the grandmother to testify at the motion for new trial hearing concerning the content
of the post or the timing of the post relative to the grandmother’s testimony about her
observations of Appellant’s interactions with the victim. This is particularly important
because, at the hearing on the motion for new trial, there was confusion concerning
whether the post had been made by Jackson’s sister, and the descriptions of the
contents of the post at trial and at the motion for new trial hearing were markedly
different. Further, in his brief on appeal, Appellant now argues the post was “praising
[him] as a father to [the victim],” which is more specific than what was said at trial
or the motion for new trial hearing. Equally important, as the trial court found, the
timing of the post is unknown. In order to bolster his argument, Appellant now asserts
the post was made between the date of the incident and the date of the grandmother’s
testimony at trial. However, at trial, it was stated that the post was made on June 22,
2016, which was two months before the victim suffered the brain injury and about a
18 week before the events the grandmother described in her testimony that he sought to
impeach.8 Thus, Appellant has failed to show that the Facebook post would have been
admissible as a prior inconsistent statement, and he has failed to carry his burden to
show that trial counsel performed deficiently. Accordingly, this enumeration is
without merit.
3. Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by admitting irrelevant and
prejudicial evidence, namely pictures of firearms found during the search of the home
he shared with Jackson. The record shows that the police obtained a search warrant
for the home, and, at trial, the State introduced over 100 photographs of the home and
items found during the search, including pictures of two handguns and the
ammunition that was removed from the guns. Appellant objected on the basis that the
photographs placed his character in evidence, and the State countered that its intent
was to present the full evidence of what was recovered from the home, that there was
nothing illegal about owning handguns, that there was no evidence that Appellant had
used the handguns in an improper or violent manner, and that the State did not plan
to make any specific mention of the handguns other than when the pictures were
8 The grandmother testified that one of the occasions she observed Appellant’s negative behavior was when his daughter was born on July 29, 2016.
19 introduced and identified. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objection, and the
photographs of the handguns were introduced along with the other pictures showing
numerous, likewise irrelevant, items observed during the search. A detective who was
present during the search identified each of the pictures as they were shown to the
jury and explained without being prompted why there were multiple pictures of the
same handguns shown in different locations.9
After the jury viewed the photographs, the trial court reconsidered its ruling on
the admissibility of the pictures of the handguns. After a colloquy with counsel,
during which the State’s attorney elaborated that he did not want to redact the gun
photographs because he had previously been involved in cases where the jurors had
questioned the omission of certain pictures, the trial court decided that the best
remedy was to provide the jury with a curative instruction. The trial court then gave
the following instruction: “I’m going to direct that you’re not to consider the fact that
there are weapons in the house as to this issue for which [Appellant] is charged. It is
– those two weapons . . . – that were in the house are not material to the charges for
9 The witness testified that the guns were moved so identifying information could be photographed and also when the guns were unloaded.
20 which Appellant is standing trial for. So you are not to consider that in your
deliberation.” During its final charge, the trial court gave a similar instruction.
We agree with Appellant, and the State concedes, that the photographs of the
handguns were irrelevant and, accordingly, should not have been admitted. See
OCGA § 24-4-402 (“Evidence which is not relevant shall not be admissible.”); see
also Martinez-Arias v. State, 313 Ga. 276, 285 (3) (869 SE2d 501) (2022) (explaining
that there are no exceptions to the exclusion of irrelevant evidence under OCGA § 24-
4-402). But that does not mean that reversal is required; Appellant cannot show harm
here.
To begin with, the trial court twice plainly instructed the jury that the
photographs were not relevant and that the jury was not to consider them in deciding
Appellant’s guilt. The jury is presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions, Smith
v. State, 307 Ga. 263, 276 (3) (b) (834 SE2d 1) (2019), and “a new trial will not be
granted unless it clear that the trial court’s curative instruction failed to eliminate the
effect of the prejudicial [evidence].” Turner v. State, 299 Ga. 720, 723 (5) (791 SE2d
791) (2016).
Although Appellant argues that the trial court’s instructions were insufficient
to cure the “highly prejudicial effect” this evidence had on the jury because the court
21 did not explain why the guns had been moved, in doing so he omits or misstates key
testimony, namely the testimony of the detective who detailed standard procedure
when photographing weapons. Additionally, the State did not reference the guns at
any time other than when they were introduced, and the State never intimated or
sought to elicit testimony that Appellant illegally owned the guns or that any crimes
were associated with the guns. See Roberts v. State, 317 Ga. App. 385, 388 (2) (a)
(730 SE2d 753) (2012) (“[O]ur Supreme Court has held that gun ownership and the
custom of carrying a gun do not by themselves suggest bad character.”). In light of
these circumstances, and based on the record in this case, it is highly unlikely that the
erroneously admitted evidence contributed to the jury’s verdict, and a new trial is not
warranted. Martinez-Arias, 313 Ga. at 293 (4).
4. Lastly, Appellant argues that he is entitled to a new trial due to the
cumulative prejudicial effect of the trial court’s evidentiary error and trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness. “To establish cumulative error a defendant must show that (1) at least
two errors were committed in the course of the trial; and (2) considered together
along with the entire record, the multiple errors so infected the jury’s deliberation that
they denied the petitioner a fundamentally fair trial.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted.) State v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 21 (4) (838 SE2d 808) (2020). As set out above,
22 we have found one harmless evidentiary error – Division 3 – and one instance of
presumed deficient performance – Division 2 (c). Neither of these matters directly
touched on Appellant’s guilt for the crimes charged, and the presumed deficiency and
trial court error were on unrelated matters. Considered cumulatively in light of the
entire record, we have no hesitancy in concluding that these errors, even when taken
together, do not warrant a new trial. See, e.g., Stafford v. State, 312 Ga. 811, 824-825
(6) (865 SE2d 116) (2021).
Judgment affirmed. Rickman, C. J., and Miller, P. J., concur.