Thomas, J.
There is no subject, perhaps, on which there has been more apparent conflict of opinion than upon the effect to be given to the contracts of infants. Especially is this so upon the questions what contracts are obligatory, what voidable, what absolutely void, and how far the execution of the contract and the enjoyment of its benefits by the infant affect his power to rescind and recover back the'consideration paid, in cases where he is unable or does not offer to restore what he has received or its equivalent, or where from the nature of the case such restoration is impracticable.
[457]*457This case however does not involve the discussion, in which Holmes v. Blogg, 8 Taunt. 508, and 1 Moore, 466, Corpe v. Overton, 10 Bing. 252, and 3 Moore & Scott, 738, McCoy v. Huffman, 8 Cow. 84, Weeks v. Leighton, 5 N. H. 343, Harney v. Owen, 4 Blackf. 337, and Medbury v. Watrous, 7 Hill, 110, are the leading cases, how far money paid by an infant, without having enjoyed the consideration, or upon an inadequate consideration, or by way of penalty, may be recovered back ; as the jury must have found, under the instructions of the court, that the consideration upon which the gold dust was remitted to the defendants was not only adequate, but beneficial to the plaintiff.
But what was the contract ? In substance and effect, it was that the defendants should furnish the outfit, and that the plaintiff should furnish his labor and time, and that of the fruits of the enterprise the plaintiff should have two thirds and the defendants one third. The amount of the outfit furnished does not appear, but it does appear that the contract was reasonable and beneficial to the infant. No time was prescribed for the plaintiff to be absent. He was in fact absent nine months. The contract was fully executed; the defendants received their share of the fruits of the enterprise, the plaintiff retained his.
The case has been argued as if the gold dust were the result of the plaintiff’s labor alone; whereas it was the result of the union of the labor of the plaintiff and the capital of the defendants.
The offer of the plaintiff to deduct, from the sum to be recovered, the amount paid for his outfit and expenses, would not place the parties in statu quo. The defendants took the risk of the life, health, and good fortune of the plaintiff. If the enterprise had wholly failed, they would have had no claim upon the plaintiff for remuneration, and the capital advanced would have been wholly lost. To make the defendants whole, they must be compensated for the risk assumed, and under all the circumstances of the case the sum advanced was deemed a reasonable consideration for a third part of the proceeds of the plaintiff’s labor. The measure of compensation is to be deter* [458]*458mined, not by the result, but by the circumstances existing when the agreement was made.
It may be suggested that this construction of the agreement makes the contract of the parties one of partnership, and that by a contract of partnership an infant cannot be bound. So long as the contract remains executory, this is true. After the plaintiff had received the defendants’ money for his outfit and voyage, he could not have been compelled to perform the contract and go to California. Upon his arrival there, he might have elected to rescind the contract. He might at his own pleasure have terminated the agreement. But he chose to do none of these, but to proceed and perform his agreement, and to pay over to the defendants their just proportion of the proceeds of the business. And we know of no ground, upon which, after arriving at full age, he can change the entire character of a contract so made and executed, treat the money so advanced by the defendants as a simple loan, and claim for himself all the fruits of an enterprise in which their money and his labor were the common stock, and this when the contract as originally made is found to have been fair, reasonable, and even beneficial to the plaintiff.
The ground upon which the plaintiff has put his case is, that the contract, not being for necessaries, was voidable, and that, though executed, he might rescind it, upon placing the defendants in statu quo, and that this he offered to do.
In the view of the case already stated, it is not necessary to determine whether the outfit furnished to the plaintiff would be included within the necessaries, for which a binding contract might be made by an infant. It is by no means however to be assumed that it would not. It would be difficult to lay down any general rule upon this subject, and to say what would or would not be necessaries. It is a flexible, and not an absolute term, having relation to the infant’s condition in' life, to the habits and pursuits of the place in which, and the people among whom he lives, and to the changes in those habits and pursuits occurring in the progress of society. Lord Ellenborough carried the doctrine so far as to hold that an infant might be charged [459]*459for regimentals sold him as a member of a voluntary corps, saying that in those perilous times (1804), when young men had enrolled themselves for the defence of the country, he should hold that clothes, so furnished, were necessaries. Coates v. Wilson, 5 Esp. R. 152. We suppose an infant, who had learned the trade of a carpenter, might be charged with a chest of tools necessary to do his labor as a journeyman; or a laborer with his pickaxe and spade. If the going to California to labor was, in view of the plaintiff’s situation and condition in life, a reasonable and prudent step, it would be difficult to say that he might not be charged with the expenses of the outfit.
The plaintiff was desirous of engaging in this new field of labor. He had the assent of his father, to whom his services were due. To carry out this purpose, certain necessary expenses of outfit and voyage must be incurred. Not having means of his own, he enters into an arrangement with the defendants to furnish them, upon a special agreement, indeed, but reasonable and beneficial in its terms. Viewing the contract in this light, or as an agreement for the services of the plaintiff for a limited time, to be repaid by the advancement and by retaining also two thirds of the fruits of his labor, it would, if fairly made and fully executed, be within the principles, if not within the direct authority, of Stone v. Dennison, 13 Pick. 1.
In that case, the plaintiff, an infant over fourteen years of age, made an agreement with the defendant, his guardian assenting, by which he was to continue in the service of the defendant till he should arrive at the age of twenty one, for his board, lodging and education ; and it was held, that the plaintiff not having been overreached in the contract, and the contract not being so unreasonable in itself as to raise a suspicion of fraud, and having been fully executed on both sides, the plaintiff could not notwithstanding such agreement maintain a quantum meruit for his services, by showing that in the event, as it happened, his services were worth more than the stipulated compensation. Indeed, to say that an infant could make no contract for his labor, howe ver reasonable and beneficial to himself, by which he should be bound, even when fully executed on both sides, instead of [460]*460serving as a protection to the infant, would have the effect only to prevent his being employed.
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Thomas, J.
There is no subject, perhaps, on which there has been more apparent conflict of opinion than upon the effect to be given to the contracts of infants. Especially is this so upon the questions what contracts are obligatory, what voidable, what absolutely void, and how far the execution of the contract and the enjoyment of its benefits by the infant affect his power to rescind and recover back the'consideration paid, in cases where he is unable or does not offer to restore what he has received or its equivalent, or where from the nature of the case such restoration is impracticable.
[457]*457This case however does not involve the discussion, in which Holmes v. Blogg, 8 Taunt. 508, and 1 Moore, 466, Corpe v. Overton, 10 Bing. 252, and 3 Moore & Scott, 738, McCoy v. Huffman, 8 Cow. 84, Weeks v. Leighton, 5 N. H. 343, Harney v. Owen, 4 Blackf. 337, and Medbury v. Watrous, 7 Hill, 110, are the leading cases, how far money paid by an infant, without having enjoyed the consideration, or upon an inadequate consideration, or by way of penalty, may be recovered back ; as the jury must have found, under the instructions of the court, that the consideration upon which the gold dust was remitted to the defendants was not only adequate, but beneficial to the plaintiff.
But what was the contract ? In substance and effect, it was that the defendants should furnish the outfit, and that the plaintiff should furnish his labor and time, and that of the fruits of the enterprise the plaintiff should have two thirds and the defendants one third. The amount of the outfit furnished does not appear, but it does appear that the contract was reasonable and beneficial to the infant. No time was prescribed for the plaintiff to be absent. He was in fact absent nine months. The contract was fully executed; the defendants received their share of the fruits of the enterprise, the plaintiff retained his.
The case has been argued as if the gold dust were the result of the plaintiff’s labor alone; whereas it was the result of the union of the labor of the plaintiff and the capital of the defendants.
The offer of the plaintiff to deduct, from the sum to be recovered, the amount paid for his outfit and expenses, would not place the parties in statu quo. The defendants took the risk of the life, health, and good fortune of the plaintiff. If the enterprise had wholly failed, they would have had no claim upon the plaintiff for remuneration, and the capital advanced would have been wholly lost. To make the defendants whole, they must be compensated for the risk assumed, and under all the circumstances of the case the sum advanced was deemed a reasonable consideration for a third part of the proceeds of the plaintiff’s labor. The measure of compensation is to be deter* [458]*458mined, not by the result, but by the circumstances existing when the agreement was made.
It may be suggested that this construction of the agreement makes the contract of the parties one of partnership, and that by a contract of partnership an infant cannot be bound. So long as the contract remains executory, this is true. After the plaintiff had received the defendants’ money for his outfit and voyage, he could not have been compelled to perform the contract and go to California. Upon his arrival there, he might have elected to rescind the contract. He might at his own pleasure have terminated the agreement. But he chose to do none of these, but to proceed and perform his agreement, and to pay over to the defendants their just proportion of the proceeds of the business. And we know of no ground, upon which, after arriving at full age, he can change the entire character of a contract so made and executed, treat the money so advanced by the defendants as a simple loan, and claim for himself all the fruits of an enterprise in which their money and his labor were the common stock, and this when the contract as originally made is found to have been fair, reasonable, and even beneficial to the plaintiff.
The ground upon which the plaintiff has put his case is, that the contract, not being for necessaries, was voidable, and that, though executed, he might rescind it, upon placing the defendants in statu quo, and that this he offered to do.
In the view of the case already stated, it is not necessary to determine whether the outfit furnished to the plaintiff would be included within the necessaries, for which a binding contract might be made by an infant. It is by no means however to be assumed that it would not. It would be difficult to lay down any general rule upon this subject, and to say what would or would not be necessaries. It is a flexible, and not an absolute term, having relation to the infant’s condition in' life, to the habits and pursuits of the place in which, and the people among whom he lives, and to the changes in those habits and pursuits occurring in the progress of society. Lord Ellenborough carried the doctrine so far as to hold that an infant might be charged [459]*459for regimentals sold him as a member of a voluntary corps, saying that in those perilous times (1804), when young men had enrolled themselves for the defence of the country, he should hold that clothes, so furnished, were necessaries. Coates v. Wilson, 5 Esp. R. 152. We suppose an infant, who had learned the trade of a carpenter, might be charged with a chest of tools necessary to do his labor as a journeyman; or a laborer with his pickaxe and spade. If the going to California to labor was, in view of the plaintiff’s situation and condition in life, a reasonable and prudent step, it would be difficult to say that he might not be charged with the expenses of the outfit.
The plaintiff was desirous of engaging in this new field of labor. He had the assent of his father, to whom his services were due. To carry out this purpose, certain necessary expenses of outfit and voyage must be incurred. Not having means of his own, he enters into an arrangement with the defendants to furnish them, upon a special agreement, indeed, but reasonable and beneficial in its terms. Viewing the contract in this light, or as an agreement for the services of the plaintiff for a limited time, to be repaid by the advancement and by retaining also two thirds of the fruits of his labor, it would, if fairly made and fully executed, be within the principles, if not within the direct authority, of Stone v. Dennison, 13 Pick. 1.
In that case, the plaintiff, an infant over fourteen years of age, made an agreement with the defendant, his guardian assenting, by which he was to continue in the service of the defendant till he should arrive at the age of twenty one, for his board, lodging and education ; and it was held, that the plaintiff not having been overreached in the contract, and the contract not being so unreasonable in itself as to raise a suspicion of fraud, and having been fully executed on both sides, the plaintiff could not notwithstanding such agreement maintain a quantum meruit for his services, by showing that in the event, as it happened, his services were worth more than the stipulated compensation. Indeed, to say that an infant could make no contract for his labor, howe ver reasonable and beneficial to himself, by which he should be bound, even when fully executed on both sides, instead of [460]*460serving as a protection to the infant, would have the effect only to prevent his being employed. Men of business want to know beforehand what they have got to pay, and also to know that when an agreement for labor, reasonable and just, has been justly made and fully executed, and the price paid, there is an end of the matter.
If the contract set up by the defendants could, even after being fully executed, be rescinded, it seems to be conceded this could only be by putting the defendants in statu quo. If this includes, as seems to be obviously just it should, a fair compensation for the risk they necessarily incurred, the result would be only to come back to the star-ting point, the jury having found the agreement, under all the circumstances, a reasonable one.
In the case of Moses v. Stevens, 2 Pick. 335, cited by the counsel for the plaintiff, the contract had not been executed. The only question was, whether the doctrine of Stark v. Parker, 2 Pick. 267, should be extended to the contracts of infants. In Stark v. Parker, it had been settled that where one had contracted to labor for a fixed period, and for a price covering the whole period, the contract was entire, and the performance a condition precedent to the recovery. In Moses v. Stevens, it was held that this rule did not apply to the contracts of infants, but that an infant might rescind such contract and recover upon a quantum meruit for work done; yet the force of the contract was so far recognized as to allow the employer to deduct from fair wages whatever damage was sustained by the violation of his agreement.
In the later case also of Vent v. Osgood, 19 Pick. 572, the agreement had not been executed, nor was the contract shown to have been beneficial to the infant. Had the latter element been added, and the contract fully executed, the plaintiff having received his lay or share of the catchings, the case would have been like that now under consideration, and so we think would have been the decision, upon the principles stated in Stone v. Dennison. If the case of Vent v. Osgood were again to arise, the grounds upon which its decision is based might need reconsideration. Exceptions overruled,