Filed 7/16/14 Unmodified opinion attached
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
ILAN BRAND, G048880 Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. 30-2012-00541006) v. ORDER DENYING REHEARING HYUNDAI MOTOR AMERICA et al., AND MODIFYING OPINION; NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT Defendants and Respondents.
Respondent’s rehearing petition is DENIED. The opinion filed June 17, 2014 is MODIFIED as follows:
On page 6, in the first new paragraph, in that paragraph’s last sentence ending “. . . whether there were other similar flaws in the sunroof wiring, or whether the problem might reoccur,” add a new footnote at the end of the sentence as follows: 1 Brand acknowledged in his testimony that a service technician told him “probably” on the day he attempted to rescind his purchase that the sunroof problem had been fixed. But of course that did not establish the problem had been fixed, nor that it was “easily fixable” as Hyundai now claims. Hyundai previously had told Brand several times the problem had been fixed. Renumber the ensuing footnote on page 12 as footnote number 2.
The modification effects no change in the judgment.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.
IKOLA, J.
2 Filed 6/17/14 Unmodified opinion
ILAN BRAND, G048880 Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. 30-2012-00541006) v. OPINION HYUNDAI MOTOR AMERICA et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Robert J.
Moss, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
Hutchens & Hutchens, Lawrence J. Hutchens and Kalman A. Hutchens for
Plaintiff and Appellant. Horvitz & Levy, Peder K. Batalden and John A. Taylor; Beatty & Myers,
Sean D. Beatty, John W. Myers and Soheyl Tahsildoost for Defendants and Respondents.
* * * Ilan Brand appeals from the trial court’s entry of judgment in favor of
defendants Hyundai Motor America and Allen Used Cars, LLC (dba Allen Hyundai;
collectively hereafter Hyundai) after granting Hyundai’s nonsuit motion on Brand’s
breach of implied warranty of merchantability lawsuit. (Civ. Code, § 1792; all
subsequent statutory references are to this code unless noted.) Brand argues the trial
court erred in granting the motion on grounds that no reasonable jury could conclude a
new vehicle sunroof that spontaneously opens and closes while driving constitutes a
safety hazard in violation of the implied warranty. As we explain, Brand is correct and
we therefore reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Brand leased a new Hyundai Genesis sedan from Allen Hyundai on
January 2, 2012. Brand, a tax accountant, returned home in his old vehicle that day
because he planned to sell it in Las Vegas, where he commuted regularly to the other
office in his practice, especially during tax season between January and April. A dealer
salesman drove the new Hyundai about 20 miles to Brand’s home in Irvine the next day, Brand drove the salesman back to the dealership, and then continued without incident
another 10 miles to his office, where he parked for the remainder of the day.
On his drive home on the 5 freeway, however, the Hyundai sunroof
spontaneously and repeatedly began opening and closing. It moved “back and forth”
without Brand pushing any buttons, and he was powerless to stop it. The odd,
uncontrollable movement of the sunroof was itself distracting, but the inrush of wind also
caused tax returns and other documents to suddenly swirl about the cabin. Brand tried to
2 close the sunroof to no avail and while trying to catch and tamp down the various
documents, he exited the freeway. He immediately returned the vehicle to the Hyundai
dealership.
The next day the Hyundai dealership informed Brand it had diagnosed the
problem as a defective sunroof switch assembly.
The following day the dealership informed Brand the switch assembly it
had in stock was not suitable to make the repair, but it would order a new one, and his
vehicle would be ready in 24 hours.
The next day, a Friday, the vehicle was not ready and Brand was referred to
the dealership’s general manager when he expressed frustration at Hyundai’s inability to
resolve the problem. The general manager assured him the vehicle would be ready on
Monday.
Brand drove his old vehicle to his office in Las Vegas the next day, and
arranged to have the car sold there.
On Monday, January 9, a week after he leased the new Hyundai, he
received a call from the dealership informing him his vehicle was “ready to be picked
up.” Later that day, however, the dealership called to inform him the car was not ready. The dealership’s attempt to repair the sunroof with a different switch assembly had failed.
The dealership informed him it would attempt the repair with a new sunroof motor
assembly. Brand was still in Las Vegas, with plans to return on a flight the next day and
pick up his car.
The next day he received a call in the morning from the dealership
informing him the new Hyundai was not ready. The dealership assured him a Hyundai
factory technician specializing in sunroofs would be at the dealership that day to fix his
3 vehicle. Brand flew back from Las Vegas and his wife drove him directly to the
dealership in the evening. His car was not ready because the Hyundai technician had not
shown up. The dealership assured him the technician would be there the next morning.
The general manager promised to call him by 10:00 a.m.
The next day, Wednesday, January 11th, the dealership did not call by
10:00 a.m. Brand waited an hour. The dealership did not call by 11:00 a.m., and when
Brand had not received a call by noon, he decided he wanted to return the defective
Hyundai. He wrote the general manager the following e-mail, in pertinent part: “As you
know, I delivered the car back to you on Tuesday January 3, after I had it for only a
couple of hours since finalizing the transaction the prior day. The moonroof kept
opening and closing on its own. [¶] Since then I have been informed by Steve Vargas,
your service manager, that the problem was in the defective switch assembly. The part
was ordered and installed but that did not solve the problem so a new motor assembly
was ordered and installed. On Monday Jan[uary] 9[,] Mr. Vargas called to say the car
was ready to be picked [up] only to call back the following morning to inform [me] that
the moonroof was acting up again and that his technician was trying to resolve the
problem, to no avail as of today. [¶] At this point I would like to rescind the contract and demand that you refund my $6000 deposit.” Brand noted in another e-mail later that day
to the general manager: “I must tell[] you that I have lost my faith in the Hyundai brand
after this bad experience.”
Brand also called Hyundai’s corporate toll-free customer service number to
report his dissatisfaction and demand rescission. In an e-mail to the dealership’s general
manager the next day, January 12th, Brand noted that the service department “left a voice
mail at 7:37 am saying that corporate is willing to pay my first lease payment due
4 February 1. He also said that he would check with his manager to find out the status of
the car. In other words, the problem has not been solved yet after 9 days! [¶] You called
me at 10:14 am saying that the matter is now up to corporate . . . .” Two weeks later, on
January 25, Brand received a letter from Hyundai’s corporate office offering to waive his
first two lease payments of approximately $450 each, but rejecting his rescission request.
Brand then filed this action, alleging the defective sunroof constituted a
breach of the manufacturer’s and retailer’s implied warranty of merchantability. After
discovery that included two inspections of the vehicle and numerous depositions,
Hyundai moved for summary judgment, which the trial court denied. The trial court
explained that “there is evidence that . . . the Genesis purchased was not of the same
quality as those generally accepted in the trade as testified to by Mr. Brewster [sic;
according to Brand, the witness was an Allen Hyundai service manager, Stephen
Blacker].” The trial court concluded: “[T]he defective sunroof is sufficient to establish
triable issues as to the breach of the implied warranty of merchantability.”
At trial in May 2013, Brand testified to the events and chronology
recounted above. He also noted that while he never picked up the defective Hyundai and
instead continued to drive his old vehicle, he faithfully made the Hyundai lease payments and maintained insurance on the vehicle because he did not want his credit to be
adversely affected.
Brand also called Blacker, Allen Hyundai’s service manager, as a witness
under Evidence Code section 776 during his case-in-chief. (See Miller v. Dussault
(1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 311, 318 [“Although received during plaintiff's case, evidence
elicited from an adverse party under section 776 is not treated as the plaintiff’s
evidence”]; see also Ashcraft v. King (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 604, 611 [in determining
5 motion for nonsuit, testimony favorable to plaintiff adduced from an adverse witness
under Evidence Code, § 776 must be taken as true and unfavorable portions
disregarded].) Blacker testified the dealership never duplicated Brand’s claim in his
testimony that the sunroof closed by itself. He also testified that none of the dealership’s
service records reflected a problem in which the sunroof closed by itself.
Blacker acknowledged, however, that a vehicle should not “be sold with a
short in [the] wiring of the sunroof.” He and his service department personnel had
examined more than 50 new 2012 Hyundai Genesis sedans and none of them had an
electrical short in the sunroof or other sunroof malfunction. According to Blacker, the
dealership determined the problem in Brand’s sunroof was caused by an electrical short,
repaired the problem, and notified Brand of the repair on January 11th, the day he
notified Hyundai of his intent to rescind. Blacker explained, “There[] was a very small
break in [the] insulation of a wire about the size of a head of a ballpoint pen, as it ran
from the sunroof down through the body, and it would intermittently touch causing the
sunroof to open.” Blacker did not identify what caused the “nick” in the electrical wiring
that caused the short, or whether there were other similar flaws in the sunroof wiring, or
whether the problem might reoccur. When Brand’s counsel asked Blacker whether “a 2012 Hyundai Genesis
[should] have a problem at delivery with a sunroof where it randomly opens and closes,”
Hyundai’s attorney objected that the question was argumentative. The trial court noted,
“I think it is argumentative,” but continued: “Of course not. It’s a defect in the vehicle.
It shouldn’t have happened.”
When Brand rested his case-in-chief after he and Blacker testified, Hyundai
moved for a nonsuit, which the trial court granted. The court reasoned: “Well, I don’t
6 agree with the defense argument that the minimum standard is just getting from point ‘A’
to point ‘B’. [¶] There has to be — the standard is higher than that. . . . [¶] However,
the law of implied warranty does not require that a vehicle be defect free when it’s
delivered to a customer. [¶] There can be problems. There are often problems, and in
my assessment this is a case where there really is no factual dispute. [¶] We all know
what happened, what repair attempts were made, and in my assessment the
malfunctioning of the sunroof does not rise to the level of a breach of the implied
warranty of merchantability. [¶] So for that reason, I am going to grant the motion for
non-suit. That’s my ruling.”
II
DISCUSSION
We review a grant of nonsuit de novo, applying the same standard
governing the trial court. (Saunders v. Taylor (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1541-1542.)
As the Supreme Court has explained, “A defendant is entitled to a nonsuit if the trial
court determines that, as a matter of law, the evidence presented by plaintiff is
insufficient to permit a jury to find in his favor. [Citation.] ‘In determining whether
plaintiff’s evidence is sufficient, the court may not weigh the evidence or consider the credibility of witnesses. Instead, the evidence most favorable to plaintiff must be
accepted as true and conflicting evidence must be disregarded.’” (Nally v. Grace
Community Church (1988) 47 Cal.3d 278, 291 (Nally).) Consequently, the reviewing
court “will not sustain the judgment ‘“unless interpreting the evidence most favorably to
plaintiff's case and most strongly against the defendant and resolving all presumptions,
inferences and doubts in favor of the plaintiff, a judgment for the defendant is required as
a matter of law.”’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
7 The trial court concluded in granting the nonsuit that no reasonable jury
could determine Hyundai breached the implied warranty of merchantability under the
Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (§ 1790 et seq.). The act “is a remedial measure
intended for the protection of consumers and should be given a construction consistent
with that purpose.” (Oregel v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1094,
1103; Murillo v. Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. (1998) 17 Cal.4th 985, 990 [“the Song-
Beverly Act is strongly pro-consumer”].) The act provides for both express and implied
warranties, and while under a manufacturer’s express warranty the buyer must allow for a
reasonable number of repair attempts within 30 days before seeking rescission (§ 1793.2,
subds. (b),(d)), that is not the case for the implied warranty of merchantability’s bulwark
against fundamental defects. (Mocek v. Alfa Leisure, Inc. (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 402,
406-408 (Mocek).)
Under the implied merchantability warranty, “every sale of consumer goods
that are sold at retail in this state shall be accompanied by the manufacturer’s and the
retail seller’s implied warranty that the goods are merchantable.” (§ 1792.) The warranty
“‘arises by operation of law’” and therefore applies despite its omission from a purchase
contract. (Mega RV Corp. v. HWH Corp. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1318, 1330; American Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Superior Court (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 1291, 1295 (American
Suzuki).) Merchantability, as pertinent here, means that the goods “[p]ass without
objection in the trade under the contract description,” and are “fit for the ordinary
purposes for which such goods are used.” (§ 1791.1, subd. (a).) “When there has been a
breach of the implied warranty of merchantability, a buyer ‘may bring an action for the
recovery of damages and other legal and equitable relief.’ (§ 1794, subd. (a).)” (Mocek,
supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 406 [buyer’s options include rescission].)
8 Although uncommon in everyday use, the phrase “pass without objection in
the trade under the contract description” is also used in section 2-314 of the Uniform
Commercial Code (UCC) concerning merchantability. (See, e.g., Cal. U. Com. Code,
§ 2314, subd. (2)(a).) A leading commentary on the UCC notes that the requirement that
the goods “pass without objection in the trade under the contract description” is “more or
less a synonym of ‘fit for ordinary purposes,’” but focuses more precisely on trade usage,
similar goods, and the seller’s conduct. (1 White & Summers, Uniform Commercial
Code (4th ed.1995) § 9-8, p. 523.) The dual statutory requirements in section 1791 of
passing without objection in the trade and ordinary fitness therefore overlap to some
degree.
Accordingly, a “‘“core test of merchantability is fitness for the ordinary
purpose for which such goods are used.”’” (Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co., Inc. (2009)
174 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1303 (Mexia).) “Such fitness is shown if the product ‘is “in safe
condition and substantially free of defects” . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.; American Suzuki,
supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 1296 [implied warranty does not promise to fulfill buyer’s
expectations, but provides instead for minimum level of quality].) Thus, a new car need
not “be perfect in every detail”; rather, its implied merchantability “requires only that a vehicle be reasonably suited for ordinary use.” (Keegan v. American Honda Motor Co.,
Inc. (C.D.Cal. 2012) 838 F.Supp.2d 929, 945.)
Relying on American Suzuki, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 1296, Hyundai
suggests “the implied warranty of merchantability can be breached only if the vehicle
manifests a defect that is so basic it renders the vehicle unfit for its ordinary purpose of
providing transportation.” As the trial court correctly recognized, however, a
9 merchantable vehicle under the statute requires more than the mere capability of “just
getting from point ‘A’ to point ‘B.’”
The court in Isip v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 19,
25 (Isip), aptly explained that “[t]he above-quoted language in American Suzuki was from
a much different context . . . . The issue in American Suzuki was whether the trial court
had properly certified for class treatment the plaintiffs’ claims that vehicles they had
purchased were prone to rolling over and therefore breached the implied warranty of
merchantability. [Citation.] However, because the majority of the plaintiffs’ vehicles
had not rolled over, the claim was too speculative to warrant class certification. It was in
the context of discussing cases in which no damage had been suffered that the court
wrote that a vehicle violates the implied warranty of merchantability only if the vehicle is
unfit for its ordinary purpose of providing transportation. [Citation.]”
Consequently, the court in Isip rejected the defendant’s suggestion there
that a vehicle “necessarily does not violate the implied warranty of merchantability” if it
can simply “provide[] transportation from point A to point B.” (Isip, supra,
155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 27, italics added.) We agree this notion misstates the law.
Hyundai next relies on Isip to suggest a plethora of defects is required before a seller violates the implied warranty of merchantability. Hyundai also suggests it
is entitled under Isip to multiple repair attempts over an extended period of time before a
buyer may rescind under the merchantability warranty. Hyundai summarizes Isip
narrowly, as follows: “Despite six repair attempts, the car continued to have ‘malodorous
air-conditioning, a leaking transmission, transmission hesitation, and [a] clanking brake
problem.’ [Citation.] ‘A vehicle that smells, lurches, clanks, and emits smoke over an
extended period of time is not fit for its intended purpose.’ [Citation.]” (Hyundai’s
10 italics.) Relying on Isip, Hyundai insists that “the single, minor problem with Brand’s
sunroof, which was easily fixable, was insufficient to support a finding of liability on a
breach of implied warranty theory.” (Italics added.)
Isip, however, provides just one example of a breach of the implied
warranty of merchantability, and does not purport to establish the only manner in which a
seller violates the warranty. To the contrary, an important consideration under the
implied warranty is consumer safety. (Mexia, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.) As
Isip explained, the implied warranty ensures not simply a product “‘substantially free of
defects,’” but in particular that “a vehicle . . . is ‘in safe condition.’” (Isip, supra,
155 Cal.App.4th at p. 27; Carlson v. General Motors Corp. (4th Cir. 1989) 883 F.2d 287,
297 [a merchantable vehicle is “‘substantially free of defects’” and “‘can provide safe,
reliable transportation,’” italics added].)
This minimum guarantee in the implied warranty of merchantability
protects not only the vehicle purchaser, but other motorists, passengers, pedestrians, and
the public generally. Here, a reasonable jury could conclude that a vehicle sunroof that
opens and closes on its own creates a substantial safety hazard. Brand described how on
the freeway the papers in his car suddenly swirled about in the passenger compartment without notice, creating a dangerous distraction. We must on appeal from a nonsuit
“‘“indulg[e] every legitimate inference which may be drawn from the evidence in
plaintiff[’s] favor.”’” (Nally, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 291.) A jury therefore reasonably
could infer a multitude of similar unsafe scenarios: a driver suddenly distracted,
buffeted, or even incapacitated by unexpected incoming rain, sleet, snow, dust, or
blinding sun, or endangered by objects shooting through or out of the cabin.
11 Hyundai contends Brand’s safety “argument is specious” because “[i]f open
sunroofs rendered cars unfit for their ordinary purpose, then no cars would have
sunroofs.” The contention is itself specious, however, because it ignores the element of
surprise and lack of control that differentiate a properly working sunroof and one that, as
Brand describes it, spontaneously creates a gaping, “intermittent hole in your . . . vehicle”
“as you are driving down the road.” In minimizing the sunroof problem, Hyundai
implicitly maintains that its vehicle remained roadworthy in its present condition without
any repairs. But a jury reasonably could agree Brand prudently turned the vehicle in
immediately because it was not safe for him to continue driving it.1
Hyundai suggested for the first time at oral argument that its assertedly
successful repair nullified Brand’s rescission demand because Hyundai fixed the sunroof
before Brand filed his lawsuit. As noted, however, we must view the record most
favorably to the plaintiff, and nothing in Brand’s evidence established the repair was
successful. Hyundai cites no authority that it is entitled to deny rescission and enjoy an
open-ended repair window until the plaintiff sues.
Hyundai insists it is entitled to at least 30 days to repair the vehicle,
consistent with the period allowed by statute under express warranties. (§ 1793.2, subd. (b).) But clearly established law “reject[s] the . . . argument” that express warranty
provisions “concerning replacement or repair of defective goods should be applied” to
implied warranty breaches. (Mocek, supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 407; Music Acceptance
Corp. v. Lofing (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 610, 620-621 (Music Acceptance).) The
Legislature drew the distinction between implied and express warranty remedies, and it is
1 That is not to say vehicle safety is the sole or dispositive criterion in implied warranty cases, which may turn on other facts.
12 not our province to change it. (In re Marriage of Tavares (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 620,
628 [“The Legislature declares state public policy, not the courts”].)
Simply put, for fundamental defects triggering the statutory implied
warranty, the buyer is not required to await a seller’s attempt to make repairs (Mocek,
supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at pp. 406-408), and this is particularly true where the seriousness
of the defect reasonably undermines the buyer’s confidence in the vehicle. (Cf. id. at
p. 405 [after trailer appliances and breaker panel malfunctioned with “sparks and smoke,”
buyer testified “‘there [was] no way that I would be comfortable that the thing was truly
repaired as if it were a brand[] new trailer’”].)
Notably, section 1791.1, subdivision (d), incorporates for a breach of the
implied warranty of merchantability the remedies provided in Chapters 6 and 7 of the
Commercial Code, but does not similarly incorporate Chapter 5, including Commercial
Code section 2508, which affords a seller the opportunity to cure its tender of
nonconforming goods in certain circumstances. This omission reinforces that it is the
buyer’s unilateral right to cancel the contract (§ 1794, subd. (b)(1), citing Com. Code,
§ 2711 [right to cancel and recover incidental damages, if any]) when a seller provides
goods breaching the implied warranty. (Mocek, supra, 114 Cal.App.4th at p. 407; Music Acceptance, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at pp. 620-621.)
Under the Commercial Code, the buyer may reject the goods if they “fail in
any respect to conform to the contract,” (Com. Code, § 2601, italics added), provided the
buyer alerts the seller within a reasonable time (id., § 2602). While Hyundai noted below
there is no “cooling off” period in which to reconsider an automobile purchase, it remains
true that the buyer must have a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods upon delivery
(Com. Code, § 2606, subd. (1)(a)), and the same is true by incorporation under the
13 implied warranty of merchantability (§ 1791.1, subd. (d)). Here, Brand test drove at a
different dealership a different Genesis than the one Hyundai ultimately delivered to him.
A reasonable jury could conclude the randomly opening and closing sunroof he
discovered immediately after delivery was not a minor defect as Hyundai claims, but
instead constituted a safety hazard breaching the implied warranty. Even assuming as
Hyundai argues that an “easily fixable” problem is not covered by the implied warranty
of merchantability, a jury reasonably could conclude Allen’s repeated failures to correctly
diagnose and repair a safety problem justifiably undermined Brand’s confidence in the
vehicle, triggering the implied warranty and his right of rescission.
At argument, Hyundai complained of potential unfairness in the year-long
implied warranty term. (§ 1791.1, subd. (c); Atkinson v. Elk Corporation of Texas (2006)
142 Cal.App.4th 212, 229-231 [breach of implied warranty of merchantability need not
be present at delivery, but may occur any time within first year after the sale].) Again,
however, the Legislature has established this policy for consumer protection and Hyundai
may direct its concerns to that body. We note, in any event, that a buyer’s measure of
damages for a breach of warranty are calculated at the time the buyer learns of the
breach. (See § 1794, subd. (b)(1), citing Com. Code, § 2713.) Accordingly, a buyer seeking to repudiate a contract for an asserted warranty breach arising well after sale or
delivery is not likely entitled to a full refund and free use of the goods until that point, but
rather a damages remedy consistent with the severity of the problem and when it arose,
including perhaps a prorated return. These issues are not before us, however, given the
defect in Brand’s Hyundai was present at the outset and because damages are
quintessentially for a jury to resolve, rather than by nonsuit.
14 Hyundai is also mistaken in relying on Allen’s service records stating
Brand’s sunroof either would not open or sometimes opened randomly, but which noted
no complaint the sunroof closed spontaneously. On review, we must view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. (Nally, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 291.) Brand
testified the sunroof opened and closed, both “back and forth” and “without any input.”
Brand explained the service records inaccurately abbreviated the sunroof malfunction
description he gave when he returned the car. The testimony of a single witness is
sufficient proof of any fact (Evid. Code, § 411), and a jury therefore could credit Brand’s
testimony and reasonably infer the service records minimized the defect in his vehicle.
Finally, Hyundai observes that the dealer’s service manager, Blacker,
“never testified that Brand’s vehicle was of different quality as those generally acceptable
in the trade, much less that in the trade new vehicles are never sold without similar minor
defects.” To the extent Hyundai is suggesting nonsuit was proper because Brand did not
present evidence on the “passing in the trade” component of the implied warranty of
merchantability, the argument has no merit. First, Blacker did testify he examined 50
similar Hyundais, none had the sunroof problem, and he acknowledged a vehicle should
not be sold with an electrical short in the sunroof. In any event, as noted, the “passing in the trade” and “ordinary fitness” components of the warranty substantially overlap.
Moreover, the statutory language expressly states the dual requirements of ordinary
fitness and passing without objection in the trade “each” must be satisfied or the product
is not merchantable and fails the implied warranty. (§ 1791.1, subd. (a).) Thus, a vehicle
that fails to meet either requirement is not merchantable, and here a reasonable jury could
conclude a randomly opening and closing sunroof presented a dangerous safety flaw.
15 III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for proceedings
consistent with this opinion. Appellant is entitled to his costs on appeal.