Askren, J.
This appeal is from a judgment entered upon a verdict of a jury for personal injuries sustained when plaintiff was struck by defendants’ automobile. The facts in the case are substantially as follows: On
February 23, 1924, at about 10 o’clock in the evening, plaintiff was waiting at the corner of Twenty-fourth and Pacific avenue, in the city of Tacoma, for a street car to take him to bis home. Seeing one approaching, be stepped out into the street and walked to the usual stopping place to board street cars. At that time be saw the lights of an approaching automobile, which subsequently proved to be the defendants’ car, about 150 feet away. As the street car was about to stop, be took out bis pass, ready to board the car, and at that time was within two or three feet of the street car. At the same moment be was struck by defendants’ automobile and knocked unconscious.
The appellant contends, first, that the court erred in giving an instruction to the jury which assumed that the street car was standing still at the time of the accident. The instruction given by the court is undoubtedly subject to this criticism; but the facts in the case clearly show that no prejudice could arise therefrom. An ordinance of the city of Tacoma, No. 7454, § 43 provides as follows:
“No vehicle shall pass along the right band side of any street car which is being brought to- a stop for the purpose of taking on or unloading passengers, or which is standing in any street taking on or unloading passengers, without first coming to a complete stop, after which it may proceed past said car at a speed not greater than ten miles an hour and at a distance of not less than six feet from the running board or lower step of such car; and in no case shall the driver of any vehicle drive the same into a crowd of people waiting to board any car or unloading therefrom. ’ ’
It will thus be seen that the question as to whether the street ear bad come to a stop at the time respondent was struck, or whether it was about to come to a stop, is immaterial so far as this action is concerned. Under either state of facts the ordinance required ap
proaching automobiles to come to a stop. There was no evidence in the case that would change the right of recovery based upon the question of whether or not the car had actually stopped. The undisputed evidence shows that respondent was at the proper place for passengers who were waiting to board street cars; that he had reached that point before appellants’ automobile struck him, and that this was at a street intersection where pedestrians have the right of way. The street was well lighted, and the only defense offered for striking respondent was that the driver of the car did not see him. This, it is apparent under the facts, was no defense. The instruction complained of, therefore, assumed a fact which was immaterial.
Nunn v. Jordan,
31 Wash. 506, 72 Pac. 124.
Secondly, it is contended that the court erred in instructing the jury upon the question of contributory negligence, as follows:
“Contributory negligence is the want of ordinary care on the part of plaintiff who is seeking to recover from a defendant for injury or loss and must be such negligence as contributes to the happening of the injury or loss, and it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence.”
It is claimed that the latter part of the instruction, “it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence,” means that where the appellant pleaded contributory negligence as an affirmative defense, he would be required to produce the evidence of contributory negligence by his own witnesses, instead of allowing the jury to find contributory negligence from the evidence of any witnesses in the case, including those of plaintiff. But we think this contention is too technical. The court, in its previous instruction, No. 9, advised the jury as follows:
“The right of the plaintiff to recover in this case rests upon the allegations. of negligence in his com
plaint charged against the defendant; and the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish by a fair preponderance of the evidence all the material allegations of the complaint; but as to the charge of contributory negligence contained in the answer, the burden is upon the defendant to prove the allegations of the affirmative defense, by a fair preponderance of the evidence.”
These two instructions, under the repeated holdings of this court, must be read together, and it is apparent therefrom that it was not the intention of the court to instruct the jury that negligence could only be established by the testimony offered on behalf of the defendant ; but merely that it must be shown by the evidence in the case, and that the preponderance of that evidence must be with the one' alleging it. Appellant relies on
Atwood v. Washington Water Power Co.,
71 Wash. 518, 128 Pac. 1065, where the court instructed the jury as follows:
‘ ‘ ‘
The defendant having alleged the defense of contributory negligence the burden rests upon the defendant to establish that defense by a preponderance of the evidence, and the court instructs the jury that there is no evidence in this case offered or introduced by the defendant to establish such a defense’.”
In that case we held that the instruction was erroneous, but it will be seen that, after the court instructed the jury that the burden rested on the defendant to establish the defense of contributory negligence, it went further and instructed them that the defendant had offered or introduced “no evidence to establish such a defense.” We think there is a marked difference between instructing a jury that one must “offer or introduce evidence to establish the defense,” and instructing them that “it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence.” It may be true that the instruction complained of could have been
couched in language that would be entirely free from the construction placed on it by the appellant, but it must be remembered that the trial court cannot always choose the words contained in an instruction with the same degree of precision and nicety that is accorded to counsel in preparing the case for the appellate court. It is sufficient if the instruction fairly states the law and it be. apparent that the jury could not be misled thereby.
Cheichi v. Northern Pacific R. Co.,
66 Wash. 36, 118 Pac. 916;
Johnson v. Smith,
118 Wash. 146, 203 Pac. 56.
Lastly, it is contended that the verdict of the jury was excessive. The evidence shows that respondent was knocked unconscious; that the neck of the humerus near the shoulder joint was broken; that he suffered much pain and was confined in a hospital for approximately three weeks; that he was kept from his work for two months; his face hurt in four or five places; that his arm was kept in a cast for several months; that he could not use the arm without pain; that the pain caused loss of sleep, and that the cords were sore.
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Askren, J.
This appeal is from a judgment entered upon a verdict of a jury for personal injuries sustained when plaintiff was struck by defendants’ automobile. The facts in the case are substantially as follows: On
February 23, 1924, at about 10 o’clock in the evening, plaintiff was waiting at the corner of Twenty-fourth and Pacific avenue, in the city of Tacoma, for a street car to take him to bis home. Seeing one approaching, be stepped out into the street and walked to the usual stopping place to board street cars. At that time be saw the lights of an approaching automobile, which subsequently proved to be the defendants’ car, about 150 feet away. As the street car was about to stop, be took out bis pass, ready to board the car, and at that time was within two or three feet of the street car. At the same moment be was struck by defendants’ automobile and knocked unconscious.
The appellant contends, first, that the court erred in giving an instruction to the jury which assumed that the street car was standing still at the time of the accident. The instruction given by the court is undoubtedly subject to this criticism; but the facts in the case clearly show that no prejudice could arise therefrom. An ordinance of the city of Tacoma, No. 7454, § 43 provides as follows:
“No vehicle shall pass along the right band side of any street car which is being brought to- a stop for the purpose of taking on or unloading passengers, or which is standing in any street taking on or unloading passengers, without first coming to a complete stop, after which it may proceed past said car at a speed not greater than ten miles an hour and at a distance of not less than six feet from the running board or lower step of such car; and in no case shall the driver of any vehicle drive the same into a crowd of people waiting to board any car or unloading therefrom. ’ ’
It will thus be seen that the question as to whether the street ear bad come to a stop at the time respondent was struck, or whether it was about to come to a stop, is immaterial so far as this action is concerned. Under either state of facts the ordinance required ap
proaching automobiles to come to a stop. There was no evidence in the case that would change the right of recovery based upon the question of whether or not the car had actually stopped. The undisputed evidence shows that respondent was at the proper place for passengers who were waiting to board street cars; that he had reached that point before appellants’ automobile struck him, and that this was at a street intersection where pedestrians have the right of way. The street was well lighted, and the only defense offered for striking respondent was that the driver of the car did not see him. This, it is apparent under the facts, was no defense. The instruction complained of, therefore, assumed a fact which was immaterial.
Nunn v. Jordan,
31 Wash. 506, 72 Pac. 124.
Secondly, it is contended that the court erred in instructing the jury upon the question of contributory negligence, as follows:
“Contributory negligence is the want of ordinary care on the part of plaintiff who is seeking to recover from a defendant for injury or loss and must be such negligence as contributes to the happening of the injury or loss, and it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence.”
It is claimed that the latter part of the instruction, “it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence,” means that where the appellant pleaded contributory negligence as an affirmative defense, he would be required to produce the evidence of contributory negligence by his own witnesses, instead of allowing the jury to find contributory negligence from the evidence of any witnesses in the case, including those of plaintiff. But we think this contention is too technical. The court, in its previous instruction, No. 9, advised the jury as follows:
“The right of the plaintiff to recover in this case rests upon the allegations. of negligence in his com
plaint charged against the defendant; and the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish by a fair preponderance of the evidence all the material allegations of the complaint; but as to the charge of contributory negligence contained in the answer, the burden is upon the defendant to prove the allegations of the affirmative defense, by a fair preponderance of the evidence.”
These two instructions, under the repeated holdings of this court, must be read together, and it is apparent therefrom that it was not the intention of the court to instruct the jury that negligence could only be established by the testimony offered on behalf of the defendant ; but merely that it must be shown by the evidence in the case, and that the preponderance of that evidence must be with the one' alleging it. Appellant relies on
Atwood v. Washington Water Power Co.,
71 Wash. 518, 128 Pac. 1065, where the court instructed the jury as follows:
‘ ‘ ‘
The defendant having alleged the defense of contributory negligence the burden rests upon the defendant to establish that defense by a preponderance of the evidence, and the court instructs the jury that there is no evidence in this case offered or introduced by the defendant to establish such a defense’.”
In that case we held that the instruction was erroneous, but it will be seen that, after the court instructed the jury that the burden rested on the defendant to establish the defense of contributory negligence, it went further and instructed them that the defendant had offered or introduced “no evidence to establish such a defense.” We think there is a marked difference between instructing a jury that one must “offer or introduce evidence to establish the defense,” and instructing them that “it must be proved by the one alleging contributory negligence.” It may be true that the instruction complained of could have been
couched in language that would be entirely free from the construction placed on it by the appellant, but it must be remembered that the trial court cannot always choose the words contained in an instruction with the same degree of precision and nicety that is accorded to counsel in preparing the case for the appellate court. It is sufficient if the instruction fairly states the law and it be. apparent that the jury could not be misled thereby.
Cheichi v. Northern Pacific R. Co.,
66 Wash. 36, 118 Pac. 916;
Johnson v. Smith,
118 Wash. 146, 203 Pac. 56.
Lastly, it is contended that the verdict of the jury was excessive. The evidence shows that respondent was knocked unconscious; that the neck of the humerus near the shoulder joint was broken; that he suffered much pain and was confined in a hospital for approximately three weeks; that he was kept from his work for two months; his face hurt in four or five places; that his arm was kept in a cast for several months; that he could not use the arm without pain; that the pain caused loss of sleep, and that the cords were sore. At the time of the trial, four and a half months after the injury, he was still unable to do his work satisfactorily, but being employed in a clerical position by the city of Tacoma, he was permitted to return to work, being assisted in the performance thereof by his co-employees. Prior to the trial, the court appointed physicians to examine respondent, and they testified that, within six months from the date of the trial, respondent should have full use of his arm. Respondent’s doctor, however, testified that it would be nine months or a year before it would be known whether there was a complete recovery. The evidence shows that respondent’s damage from loss of time, hospital and doctor bills, etc., was $625. The jury awarded a verdict for $5,000. The trial court had the benefit of
seeing the witnesses and hearing their testimony, and the motion for a new trial upon the ground of excessive damages was addressed to its discretion. It did not deem the amount too large. There is nothing in the record from which we can infer passion and prejudice, nor anything to sustain the claim that the damages are excessive unless it be found in the amount thereof. It must be borne in mind that, under the rule adopted by this court in such cases, what might have appeared to be a large or excessive verdict years ago cannot be so considered now. We have had occasion to advert to the fact that the purchasing power of the dollar has changed greatly in the past decade, and in
McCreedy v. Fournier,
113 Wash. 351, 194 Pac. 398, said: “It is necessary to take into consideration factors and standards greatly differing from those prevailing only a few years ago.” See, also,
Allison v. Bartelt,
121 Wash. 418, 209 Pac. 863.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Tolman, C. J., Main, Bridges, and Parker, JJ., concur.