1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 DEBORAH ANN BRADLEY, individually, Case No. 2:19-CV-01413-KJD-BNW 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS COOL AIR REFRIGERATION, INC.’S 9 v. AND TOTAL FACILITY, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY 10 TOTAL FACILITY, INC., a corporation; COOL JUDGMENT AIR REFRIGERATION, INC. a California 11 Corporation; DOES 1-20 and ROE BUSINESS ENTITIES 1-20, inclusive, 12 Defendants. 13 14 Before the Court are Defendant Cool Air Refrigeration, Inc.’s and Defendant Total 15 Facility, Inc.’s Motions for Summary Judgment (#34/35). Plaintiff responded (#41/42) and 16 17 Defendants replied (#43/44). Due to the similarities in the motions, and the identical facts and 18 legal arguments, both will be addressed together. Defendants ask the Court to find that 19 Plaintiff’s amended complaint does not relate back to the original complaint and grant their 20 motions for summary judgment due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. Concluding 21 that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the relation-back requirements, the Court grants the motions. 22 23 I. Background 24 On July 31, 2016, Plaintiff Deborah Ann Bradley (“Bradley”) suffered an injury at her 25 place of work. (#34 at 2). The ceiling tile collapsed onto her, causing physical harm. Id. On 26 December 29, 2017, Bradley filed this action, naming three defendants and multiple Doe/Roe 27 defendants in the complaint. Id. The named defendants were Alorica Customer Care, Inc. 28 1 (“Alorica”), Expert Global Solutions, Inc. (“Expert”), and C-2 Development, LLC (“C-2”). Id. 2 Alorica and Expert employed Bradley and C-2 owned the building. Id. 3 Throughout discovery, Plaintiff struggled to determine if Alorica and Expert were proper 4 parties due to their status as employers. Id. at 3. On May 14, 2018, Bradley agreed to dismiss 5 6 Alorica and Expert and limit their liability to the remedies included in the Nevada Workers’ 7 Compensation statute. Id. However, C-2 refused to sign the stipulation dismissing Alorica and 8 Expert and they were not dismissed. Id. Defendants Alorica and Expert filed a Motion to Dismiss 9 on September 20, 2018 claiming immunity from suit as employers. (#41, at 5). The motion 10 included a note from the workers’ compensation carrier, dated August 6, 2016 that stated that the 11 12 “air conditioning system was leaking from ceiling which caused the tile to fall on Ms. Bradley.” 13 (#34, at 4). Bradley agreed to dismiss the employer defendants from the suit on November 27, 14 2018. Id. On December 14, 2018, after focusing the entire discovery period on whether the 15 employers were immune, Plaintiff and C-2 agreed to extend discovery. Id. at 6. 16 On February 11, 2019, Bradley sent interrogatories to C-2, in what appears to be her first 17 18 attempt to identify the HVAC unit service provider. Id. In response to the interrogatories, C-2 19 stated they had no knowledge of the maintenance or installation of the HVAC unit and that it 20 was controlled by Alorica and Expert. (#41 ex. 7, at 5). On April 25, 2019, the parties appeared 21 in state court for a Rule 16 Discovery Conference. (#41, at 8). The judge told the parties to 22 determine who was responsible for the installation and maintenance of the HVAC unit. Id. at 8. 23 24 Bradley then served a subpoena to former defendant Expert on May 1, 2019, requesting all 25 documents pertaining to the HVAC unit repair and maintenance. Id. 26 Equipped with the documents from Expert, Bradley filed a Supplement to NRCP 16.1 27 Mandatory Disclosure Statement on June 10, 2019. Id. at 9. The document alleged that Total 28 1 Facility, Inc. (“Total Facility”) had performed services on the HVAC unit two weeks prior to the 2 incident. Id. On June 21, 2019, Bradley filed a Stipulation and Order to Amend Ms. Bradley’s 3 Complaint to name Total Facility, Inc. as a defendant. Id. Five days later, Bradley filed her first 4 Amended Complaint, which included Total Facility. Id. Total Facility answered the complaint 5 6 and filed a Third Party Complaint against, Cool Air Refrigeration, Inc. (“Cool Air”), who they 7 hired to perform seasonal maintenance on the HVAC unit. Id. On August 16, 2019, Total Facility 8 removed the case to federal court. Id. Bradley filed a Second Amended Complaint on August 22, 9 2019, naming Cool Air as one of the Doe defendants. Id. 10 On November 11, 2019, defendants Total Facility and Cool Air filed Motions for 11 12 Summary Judgment. (#34, 35). Both parties claim that NRCP Rule 10, which permits the naming 13 of Doe defendants was not satisfied and that the amended complaints do not relate back to the 14 original complaint. Without relating back, Bradley’s claims against these defendants fall outside 15 the two-year statute of limitations.1 16 II. Legal Standard 17 18 Summary judgment may be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to 19 interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no 20 genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 21 matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 22 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of 23 24 material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to 25 26 27 28 1 See NEV. REV. STAT. § 11.190(4)(e) (2017). Plaintiff does not make any argument that the statute of limitations should be tolled; therefore, the statute of limitations expired on July 31, 2018. 1 set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine factual issue for trial. See Matsushita Elec. 2 Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). 3 All justifiable inferences must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 4 party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. However, the nonmoving party may not rest upon the 5 6 mere allegations or denials of his or her pleadings, but he or she must produce specific facts, by 7 affidavit or other evidentiary materials as provided by Rule 56(e), showing there is a genuine 8 issue for trial. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986). 9 III. Analysis 10 Neither party contends that there are genuine issues as to material facts. Bradley changed 11 12 the name of unknown parties from her original complaint. Defendants claim the amended 13 complaints do not relate back to the original and fall outside the statute of limitations. When a 14 question regarding the statute of limitations period “derives from state law, Rule 15(c)(1) 15 requires [the Court] to consider both federal and state law to employ whichever affords the ‘more 16 permissive’ relation back standard.” Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 17 18 1201 (9th Cir. 2014). To determine the more permissive rule, the Court analyzes both. 19 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(C) 20 In the federal courts, relation back is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 15(c)(1) and permits relation back in three instances. First, when “the law that provides the 22 applicable statute of limitations allows relation back.” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(A).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 DEBORAH ANN BRADLEY, individually, Case No. 2:19-CV-01413-KJD-BNW 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS COOL AIR REFRIGERATION, INC.’S 9 v. AND TOTAL FACILITY, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY 10 TOTAL FACILITY, INC., a corporation; COOL JUDGMENT AIR REFRIGERATION, INC. a California 11 Corporation; DOES 1-20 and ROE BUSINESS ENTITIES 1-20, inclusive, 12 Defendants. 13 14 Before the Court are Defendant Cool Air Refrigeration, Inc.’s and Defendant Total 15 Facility, Inc.’s Motions for Summary Judgment (#34/35). Plaintiff responded (#41/42) and 16 17 Defendants replied (#43/44). Due to the similarities in the motions, and the identical facts and 18 legal arguments, both will be addressed together. Defendants ask the Court to find that 19 Plaintiff’s amended complaint does not relate back to the original complaint and grant their 20 motions for summary judgment due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. Concluding 21 that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the relation-back requirements, the Court grants the motions. 22 23 I. Background 24 On July 31, 2016, Plaintiff Deborah Ann Bradley (“Bradley”) suffered an injury at her 25 place of work. (#34 at 2). The ceiling tile collapsed onto her, causing physical harm. Id. On 26 December 29, 2017, Bradley filed this action, naming three defendants and multiple Doe/Roe 27 defendants in the complaint. Id. The named defendants were Alorica Customer Care, Inc. 28 1 (“Alorica”), Expert Global Solutions, Inc. (“Expert”), and C-2 Development, LLC (“C-2”). Id. 2 Alorica and Expert employed Bradley and C-2 owned the building. Id. 3 Throughout discovery, Plaintiff struggled to determine if Alorica and Expert were proper 4 parties due to their status as employers. Id. at 3. On May 14, 2018, Bradley agreed to dismiss 5 6 Alorica and Expert and limit their liability to the remedies included in the Nevada Workers’ 7 Compensation statute. Id. However, C-2 refused to sign the stipulation dismissing Alorica and 8 Expert and they were not dismissed. Id. Defendants Alorica and Expert filed a Motion to Dismiss 9 on September 20, 2018 claiming immunity from suit as employers. (#41, at 5). The motion 10 included a note from the workers’ compensation carrier, dated August 6, 2016 that stated that the 11 12 “air conditioning system was leaking from ceiling which caused the tile to fall on Ms. Bradley.” 13 (#34, at 4). Bradley agreed to dismiss the employer defendants from the suit on November 27, 14 2018. Id. On December 14, 2018, after focusing the entire discovery period on whether the 15 employers were immune, Plaintiff and C-2 agreed to extend discovery. Id. at 6. 16 On February 11, 2019, Bradley sent interrogatories to C-2, in what appears to be her first 17 18 attempt to identify the HVAC unit service provider. Id. In response to the interrogatories, C-2 19 stated they had no knowledge of the maintenance or installation of the HVAC unit and that it 20 was controlled by Alorica and Expert. (#41 ex. 7, at 5). On April 25, 2019, the parties appeared 21 in state court for a Rule 16 Discovery Conference. (#41, at 8). The judge told the parties to 22 determine who was responsible for the installation and maintenance of the HVAC unit. Id. at 8. 23 24 Bradley then served a subpoena to former defendant Expert on May 1, 2019, requesting all 25 documents pertaining to the HVAC unit repair and maintenance. Id. 26 Equipped with the documents from Expert, Bradley filed a Supplement to NRCP 16.1 27 Mandatory Disclosure Statement on June 10, 2019. Id. at 9. The document alleged that Total 28 1 Facility, Inc. (“Total Facility”) had performed services on the HVAC unit two weeks prior to the 2 incident. Id. On June 21, 2019, Bradley filed a Stipulation and Order to Amend Ms. Bradley’s 3 Complaint to name Total Facility, Inc. as a defendant. Id. Five days later, Bradley filed her first 4 Amended Complaint, which included Total Facility. Id. Total Facility answered the complaint 5 6 and filed a Third Party Complaint against, Cool Air Refrigeration, Inc. (“Cool Air”), who they 7 hired to perform seasonal maintenance on the HVAC unit. Id. On August 16, 2019, Total Facility 8 removed the case to federal court. Id. Bradley filed a Second Amended Complaint on August 22, 9 2019, naming Cool Air as one of the Doe defendants. Id. 10 On November 11, 2019, defendants Total Facility and Cool Air filed Motions for 11 12 Summary Judgment. (#34, 35). Both parties claim that NRCP Rule 10, which permits the naming 13 of Doe defendants was not satisfied and that the amended complaints do not relate back to the 14 original complaint. Without relating back, Bradley’s claims against these defendants fall outside 15 the two-year statute of limitations.1 16 II. Legal Standard 17 18 Summary judgment may be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to 19 interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no 20 genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 21 matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 22 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of 23 24 material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to 25 26 27 28 1 See NEV. REV. STAT. § 11.190(4)(e) (2017). Plaintiff does not make any argument that the statute of limitations should be tolled; therefore, the statute of limitations expired on July 31, 2018. 1 set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine factual issue for trial. See Matsushita Elec. 2 Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). 3 All justifiable inferences must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 4 party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. However, the nonmoving party may not rest upon the 5 6 mere allegations or denials of his or her pleadings, but he or she must produce specific facts, by 7 affidavit or other evidentiary materials as provided by Rule 56(e), showing there is a genuine 8 issue for trial. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986). 9 III. Analysis 10 Neither party contends that there are genuine issues as to material facts. Bradley changed 11 12 the name of unknown parties from her original complaint. Defendants claim the amended 13 complaints do not relate back to the original and fall outside the statute of limitations. When a 14 question regarding the statute of limitations period “derives from state law, Rule 15(c)(1) 15 requires [the Court] to consider both federal and state law to employ whichever affords the ‘more 16 permissive’ relation back standard.” Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 17 18 1201 (9th Cir. 2014). To determine the more permissive rule, the Court analyzes both. 19 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(C) 20 In the federal courts, relation back is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 15(c)(1) and permits relation back in three instances. First, when “the law that provides the 22 applicable statute of limitations allows relation back.” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(A). Second, when 23 24 “the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or 25 occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the original pleading.” Id. at 15(c)(1)(B). Or 26 third, when: 27 “the amendment changes the party or the naming of the party against whom a 28 claim is asserted, if Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within the period provided 1 by Rule 4(m) for serving the summons and complaint, the party to be brought in by amendment (i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced 2 in defending on the merits; and (ii) knew or should have known that the action 3 would have been brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity.” 4 Id. at 15(c)(1)(C). 5 6 The claim must arise out of the same conduct set out in the original pleading. The parties 7 do not dispute this as Bradley is attempting to insert Defendants’ names in place of the Doe 8 defendants. The next two requirements involve notice to the defendant that must be given within 9 the time limit laid out in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). Analysis of those steps is 10 unnecessary because the 4(m) requirement was not satisfied. The Ninth Circuit holds that “the 11 12 second and third requirements must have been fulfilled within 120 days after the original 13 complaint is filed, as prescribed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m).” Butler, 766 F.3d at 14 1202. Plaintiff filed her original complaint on December 29, 2017. Defendants Total Facility and 15 Cool Air were not notified of the suit until June 26, 2019 and August 2, 2019, respectively. This 16 is well after the 4(m) time period had expired. 17 18 Because the requirements were not fulfilled within the Rule 4(m) period, Bradley cannot 19 satisfy the relation back requirements of Rule 15(c)(1)(C). 20 B. Nevada Rule 10 21 The Nevada rule states that if the name of a defendant is unknown “the defendant may be 22 designated by any name” and once it’s discovered, “the pleader should promptly substitute the 23 24 actual defendant for a fictitious party.” NEV. R. CIV. P. 10(d). Case law provides a test for 25 relation back when a party attempts to name a previously labeled Doe defendant. The three-part 26 test requires: 27 (1) pleading fictitious or doe defendants in the caption of the complaint; (2) 28 pleading the basis for naming defendants by other than their true identity, and 1 clearly specifying the connection between the intended defendants and the conduct, activity, or omission upon which the cause of action is based; and (3) 2 exercising reasonable diligence in ascertaining the true identity of the intended 3 defendants and promptly moving to amend the complaint in order to substitute the actual for the fictional. 4 Nurenberger Hercules-Werke GMBH v. Virostek, 822 P.2d 1100, 1106 (Nev. 1991) (abrogated 5 6 on other grounds by Costello v. Casler, 254 P.3d 631 (Nev. 2011)). “Satisfaction of all three of 7 the aforementioned elements is necessary to the granting of an amendment that relates back to 8 the date of the filing of the original complaint.” Id. Bradley satisfied the first prong by naming 9 Doe Defendants and Roe Corporations in her initial complaint. However, she failed to satisfy the 10 second and third prongs of the test. 11 12 Bradley did not clearly specify the connection between the intended defendants and the 13 conduct upon which the cause of action was based. In her complaint, Bradley broadly states that 14 there is an agency relationship between the Doe and named defendants; that a Doe defendant 15 operated the floor, which was not relevant to Plaintiff’s injuries; that the Doe defendants 16 manufactured, operated, and installed something, without ever mentioning what was 17 18 manufactured, operated, or installed; and that the Doe defendants are responsible in “some 19 manner for the events,” without mentioning the HVAC system. This district has rejected 20 pleadings that attempt such generalized allegations. The plaintiff in Cruz v. Durbin pleaded that 21 the Roe Defendants were “responsible in some manner.” 2014 U.S. Dist. Lexis 151857, *14 22 (Dist. Nev. 2014). The court found that complaint too generalized to satisfy a Nurenberger 23 24 analysis, stating that the “generalized allegation is what Nurenberger precludes: precautionary 25 placeholders.” Id. Bradley’s use of broad language attempts to permanently leave the door open 26 to join defendants, regardless of the statute of limitations. That is not what Rule 10 intends and it 27 is not what Rule 10 permits. 28 1 Because the original complaint does not clearly specify the connection between the 2 conduct upon which the cause of action is based and the intended defendants, Plaintiff fails to 3 satisfy the second prong of the Nurenberger analysis. 4 Bradley also fails the third prong of the analysis. A plaintiff must exercise reasonable 5 6 diligence to ascertain the true identity of the intended defendants. See Nurenberger, 822 P.2d at 7 1106. Nevada courts apply factors from other jurisdictions to determine if a plaintiff has 8 exercised reasonable diligence. Those factors include “whether the party unreasonably delayed 9 amending the pleadings to reflect the true identity of a defendant once it became known; whether 10 the plaintiff utilized judicial mechanisms such as discovery to inquire into a defendant’s true 11 12 identity; and whether a defendant concealed its identity or otherwise obstructed the plaintiff’s 13 investigation.” Sparks v. Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, Inc., 255 P.3d 238, 243 (Nev. 2011) 14 (other citations omitted). The factors are not exhaustive, and all parties agree that Plaintiff 15 satisfied the first by promptly amending the pleadings after discovering Defendants’ identities. 16 There is no claim that either defendant concealed its identity or obstructed Bradley’s 17 18 investigation. However, Plaintiff did not use judicial mechanisms to identify the Doe defendants 19 for nearly fourteen months. 20 Bradley commenced this action in December 2017. Discovery continued throughout all 21 of 2018 and into 2019. Plaintiff did not use any of the discovery time in 2018 to ascertain the 22 identity of the Doe Defendants. It was not until February 2019 that Plaintiff first asked about the 23 24 HVAC system. Plaintiff did not identify the company hired to service the HVAC unit until after 25 a Rule 16 Discovery Conference on April 25, 2019, in which the judge explicitly instructed her 26 to do so. Plaintiff had to send a subpoena to a party that she previously dismissed from the case 27 to get the information. This could have been secured during earlier discovery, but Plaintiff’s 28 1 interrogatories did not as ask about the identity of the HVAC servicer, Plaintiff did not request 2 documents regarding the HVAC, and Plaintiff did not conduct any depositions. 3 Waiting one year and seven months to begin identifying Doe defendants has been 4 sufficient evidence of a lack of reasonable diligence. See Sparks, 255 P.3d at 244. Plaintiff 5 6 waited a similar amount of time—one year and nearly five months—to identify these parties. 7 Bradley should have known to investigate the HVAC issue and identify the Doe from the 8 beginning. Alorica’s and Expert’s motion to dismiss in September 2018 included a claim note 9 from the workers’ compensation carrier from August 2, 2016, just days after the incident, that 10 noted that the HVAC was the cause of the collapsed ceiling. Instead of using that information, 11 12 Plaintiff showed a lack of reasonable diligence by choosing not to identify the correct 13 defendants. A plaintiff “must proactively seek to identify unknown defendants.” Id. at 243 14 (emphasis added). There is no evidence that Plaintiff was proactive. Because Plaintiff did not 15 exercise reasonable diligence, she cannot satisfy the third prong of the Nurenberger analysis. 16 Plaintiff fails to meet the relation back standards under both the federal and state rules. 17 18 Therefore, her amended complaints do not relate back or satisfy the statute of limitations. 19 IV. Conclusion 20 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants Total Facility, Inc. and Cool 21 Air Refrigeration, Inc.’s Motions for Summary Judgment (#34/35) are GRANTED as to all 22 parties. 23 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court ENTER JUDGMENT for 2 Defendants Total Facility, Inc. and Cool Air Refrigeration, Inc. and against Plaintiff. 3 4 5 6 | Dated this 20th day of August, 2020. 7
9 KentJ.Dawson United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
_9-