F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 26 1997 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
KEVIN BRADLEY and CHERYLE BRADLEY, Husband and Wife,
Plaintiffs-Appellees, No. 96-8073 v. (D.C. No. 94-CV-168) (District of Wyoming) GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge; PORFILIO, Circuit Judge; and TACHA, Circuit Judge.
Kevin Bradley was a passenger in a 1986 Chevrolet C/K pickup owned by the
Highway Department of the State of Wyoming when the truck collided with a bridge and
spun out on a slippery road, projectiling him onto the roadway. A jury found General
Motors Corporation negligent and awarded Kevin and Cheryle Bradley $4.8 million in
damages for the injuries Mr. Bradley sustained. On appeal, GM contends the judgment is
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. based upon an inconsistent verdict because the jury, having found against plaintiffs on
their strict liability claim, could not conclude GM was nevertheless negligent. We agree
that the verdict is irreconcilably inconsistent and reverse for a new trial.
On November 7, 1991, Mr. Bradley and Mark Wallace, Wyoming Highway
Department employees, were en route to an assignment with Wallace driving. It had
recently snowed, and the highway was wet and slippery. Driving at about 55 mph as he
crested a hill passing another vehicle, Wallace was unable to slow the pickup which
began skidding downhill onto a bridge, hitting a guardrail. The truck then traveled
perpendicularly to the guardrail, the front end sliding along the right guardrail until its
right fender snagged a post, spinning the truck counterclockwise. Sometime during this
slide and the impact of the right rear corner against the guardrail, Mr. Bradley was ejected
from the passenger seat. He suffered multiple injuries as a consequence.
The Bradleys brought this action against GM on theories of strict liability and
negligence, claiming the GM manufactured seat belt buckle and passenger side door latch
were defectively designed and that GM failed to properly warn of the “defective and
hazardous condition.” At trial, plaintiffs attempted to establish that despite the mild,
“glancing blow” when the pickup hit the guardrail, traveling at not more than 11 mph,
Mr. Bradley’s door latch failed; the door unlocked and flew open; and he was thrown
from the vehicle. Plaintiffs’ experts theorized the seat belt failed because of “inertial
unlatch”; that is, the sudden deceleration of the collision caused the “pawl,” the part of
-2- the buckle that holds it closed, to spring open. They also maintained the detent lever
which holds the door latch closed became unbalanced and inertially unlatched.
GM attempted to reconstruct the accident relying on statements of the driver, Mark
Wallace, and Wyoming State Trooper, Joseph Arzy. Following the collision, both had
initially stated Mr. Bradley was not wearing his seat belt. Officer Arzy ultimately
vacillated on the point, however, testifying he could not be sure whether Mr. Bradley was
wearing his seat belt. He also stated he saw a locking bar mark and an imprint on the belt
from the patch near the end of the webbing, which he said was consistent with belt use.
Although not certain, Mr. Wallace stated he “might” have said in an earlier statement that
upon impact, Mr. Bradley’s hand was on the door handle unlatching the door, causing
him to fall out.
GM offered Highway Department testimony about the inadequacy of the tires on
the pickup; Officer Arzy’s opinion of the road conditions and the State’s failure to send
out plows; and Mr. Wallace’s speed from the observations of the driver of the car he had
passed. All agreed the Highway Department vehicle was equipped with hand-me-down
tires from State Highway Patrol cars. The tires, representing the State’s effort to save
money, were too small for the truck and “played a significant role” in the accident.
GM’s experts generally testified to soundness of the seat belt and latch designs,
explaining that while inertial unlatch is possible, it only occurs when the absolute right
forces coincide. Essentially, they argued plaintiffs’ effort to demonstrate the phenomenon
-3- was a “parlor trick,” which involved swinging the buckled belt around and hitting its back
hard against the hip to unlatch it. To accomplish that result in this collision, GM argued
the seat belt could not have been worn and the buckle could not have been fastened.
Expert testimony was offered to establish - given the unlikelihood of an inertial unlatch -
with the slow speed of the impact and Mr. Bradley’s weight against a fastened belt, the
belt was least likely to unlatch. Instead, GM contended Mr. Bradley did not wear his seat
belt, as witnesses initially stated, and his hand, resting on the door handle, accidentally
opened the door.
Similarly, GM sought to disprove plaintiffs’ evidence the door latch was defective.
Its experts testified there was no way - absent a direct blow which the parties agreed was
not present here - that this impact could have caused the door to unlatch. GM’s experts
opined only “actuation” of the inside handle would, under these circumstances, open the
door.
GM sought to introduce the settlement the Bradleys reached with the State of
Wyoming and Wallace, an agreement providing, GM argued, a powerful incentive for
Wallace and Arzy to tailor their testimony, permitting the State to recoup its payment of
Mr. Bradley’s medical expenses. GM also sought to have the jury apportion the liability
of the State and Wallace, but the court refused on the ground that while these actors may
have been responsible for part of the initial accident, this was a second impact case.
-4- In response to interrogatories propounded by the court, on plaintiffs’ strict liability
claims the jury found neither the seat belt nor the door latch was defectively
manufactured. Despite that conclusion, however, the jury also found GM was negligent
“in a manner which caused Plaintiff Kevin Bradley’s injuries.”
As this appeal unfolds, the first question before us is not whether the evidence is
sufficient to sustain the verdicts, but whether these verdicts are irreconcilably inconsistent
as a matter of law. Although the parties devote considerable effort to presenting their
views of the evidence, we are only concerned whether the verdict represents a proper and
consistent resolution of the factual questions or a confusion of the issues in the minds of
the jury.1
“A verdict that resolves separate and distinct causes of action in favor of both
parties is not inconsistent on its face.” Harris Mkt. Research v. Marshall Mktg. &
Communications, Inc., 948 F.2d 1518, 1522 (10th Cir. 1991). However, when “several
causes of action are identical and defended on the same ground, a verdict for the plaintiff
on one cause of action and for the defendant on another is inconsistent.” Diamond
Shamrock Corp. v.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 26 1997 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
KEVIN BRADLEY and CHERYLE BRADLEY, Husband and Wife,
Plaintiffs-Appellees, No. 96-8073 v. (D.C. No. 94-CV-168) (District of Wyoming) GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge; PORFILIO, Circuit Judge; and TACHA, Circuit Judge.
Kevin Bradley was a passenger in a 1986 Chevrolet C/K pickup owned by the
Highway Department of the State of Wyoming when the truck collided with a bridge and
spun out on a slippery road, projectiling him onto the roadway. A jury found General
Motors Corporation negligent and awarded Kevin and Cheryle Bradley $4.8 million in
damages for the injuries Mr. Bradley sustained. On appeal, GM contends the judgment is
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. based upon an inconsistent verdict because the jury, having found against plaintiffs on
their strict liability claim, could not conclude GM was nevertheless negligent. We agree
that the verdict is irreconcilably inconsistent and reverse for a new trial.
On November 7, 1991, Mr. Bradley and Mark Wallace, Wyoming Highway
Department employees, were en route to an assignment with Wallace driving. It had
recently snowed, and the highway was wet and slippery. Driving at about 55 mph as he
crested a hill passing another vehicle, Wallace was unable to slow the pickup which
began skidding downhill onto a bridge, hitting a guardrail. The truck then traveled
perpendicularly to the guardrail, the front end sliding along the right guardrail until its
right fender snagged a post, spinning the truck counterclockwise. Sometime during this
slide and the impact of the right rear corner against the guardrail, Mr. Bradley was ejected
from the passenger seat. He suffered multiple injuries as a consequence.
The Bradleys brought this action against GM on theories of strict liability and
negligence, claiming the GM manufactured seat belt buckle and passenger side door latch
were defectively designed and that GM failed to properly warn of the “defective and
hazardous condition.” At trial, plaintiffs attempted to establish that despite the mild,
“glancing blow” when the pickup hit the guardrail, traveling at not more than 11 mph,
Mr. Bradley’s door latch failed; the door unlocked and flew open; and he was thrown
from the vehicle. Plaintiffs’ experts theorized the seat belt failed because of “inertial
unlatch”; that is, the sudden deceleration of the collision caused the “pawl,” the part of
-2- the buckle that holds it closed, to spring open. They also maintained the detent lever
which holds the door latch closed became unbalanced and inertially unlatched.
GM attempted to reconstruct the accident relying on statements of the driver, Mark
Wallace, and Wyoming State Trooper, Joseph Arzy. Following the collision, both had
initially stated Mr. Bradley was not wearing his seat belt. Officer Arzy ultimately
vacillated on the point, however, testifying he could not be sure whether Mr. Bradley was
wearing his seat belt. He also stated he saw a locking bar mark and an imprint on the belt
from the patch near the end of the webbing, which he said was consistent with belt use.
Although not certain, Mr. Wallace stated he “might” have said in an earlier statement that
upon impact, Mr. Bradley’s hand was on the door handle unlatching the door, causing
him to fall out.
GM offered Highway Department testimony about the inadequacy of the tires on
the pickup; Officer Arzy’s opinion of the road conditions and the State’s failure to send
out plows; and Mr. Wallace’s speed from the observations of the driver of the car he had
passed. All agreed the Highway Department vehicle was equipped with hand-me-down
tires from State Highway Patrol cars. The tires, representing the State’s effort to save
money, were too small for the truck and “played a significant role” in the accident.
GM’s experts generally testified to soundness of the seat belt and latch designs,
explaining that while inertial unlatch is possible, it only occurs when the absolute right
forces coincide. Essentially, they argued plaintiffs’ effort to demonstrate the phenomenon
-3- was a “parlor trick,” which involved swinging the buckled belt around and hitting its back
hard against the hip to unlatch it. To accomplish that result in this collision, GM argued
the seat belt could not have been worn and the buckle could not have been fastened.
Expert testimony was offered to establish - given the unlikelihood of an inertial unlatch -
with the slow speed of the impact and Mr. Bradley’s weight against a fastened belt, the
belt was least likely to unlatch. Instead, GM contended Mr. Bradley did not wear his seat
belt, as witnesses initially stated, and his hand, resting on the door handle, accidentally
opened the door.
Similarly, GM sought to disprove plaintiffs’ evidence the door latch was defective.
Its experts testified there was no way - absent a direct blow which the parties agreed was
not present here - that this impact could have caused the door to unlatch. GM’s experts
opined only “actuation” of the inside handle would, under these circumstances, open the
door.
GM sought to introduce the settlement the Bradleys reached with the State of
Wyoming and Wallace, an agreement providing, GM argued, a powerful incentive for
Wallace and Arzy to tailor their testimony, permitting the State to recoup its payment of
Mr. Bradley’s medical expenses. GM also sought to have the jury apportion the liability
of the State and Wallace, but the court refused on the ground that while these actors may
have been responsible for part of the initial accident, this was a second impact case.
-4- In response to interrogatories propounded by the court, on plaintiffs’ strict liability
claims the jury found neither the seat belt nor the door latch was defectively
manufactured. Despite that conclusion, however, the jury also found GM was negligent
“in a manner which caused Plaintiff Kevin Bradley’s injuries.”
As this appeal unfolds, the first question before us is not whether the evidence is
sufficient to sustain the verdicts, but whether these verdicts are irreconcilably inconsistent
as a matter of law. Although the parties devote considerable effort to presenting their
views of the evidence, we are only concerned whether the verdict represents a proper and
consistent resolution of the factual questions or a confusion of the issues in the minds of
the jury.1
“A verdict that resolves separate and distinct causes of action in favor of both
parties is not inconsistent on its face.” Harris Mkt. Research v. Marshall Mktg. &
Communications, Inc., 948 F.2d 1518, 1522 (10th Cir. 1991). However, when “several
causes of action are identical and defended on the same ground, a verdict for the plaintiff
on one cause of action and for the defendant on another is inconsistent.” Diamond
Shamrock Corp. v. Zinke & Trumbo Ltd., 791 F.2d 1416, 1425 (10th Cir. 1986).
1 Plaintiffs seek to avoid this issue by claiming GM waived it by failure to object before the jury was discharged. Because the jury answered questions of fact pertaining to the issues in controversy, it returned a special verdict as provided in Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a), and the objection was not required. Consequently, the issue was not waived. Bonin v. Tour West, Inc., 896 F.2d 1260, 1262-63 (10th Cir. 1990).
-5- In this case, the jury found GM’s product --the pickup truck including its seat belt
and door latch-- was not defective. That finding notwithstanding, it also found GM was
negligent. GM maintains these are irreconcilably inconsistent findings because if a
product is found to be non-defective, building it consistent with its design cannot
constitute negligence.
Plaintiffs counter by reminding if there is a way to render a jury’s answers in a
special verdict internally consistent, it is the duty of the court to do so. See Palmer v.
City of Monticello, 31 F.3d 1499, 1505 (10th Cir. 1994). They then postulate GM’s
position is the product of a mischaracterization of the applicable law, contending GM
misinterprets McLaughlin v. Michelin, 788 P.2d 59 (Wyo. 1989), the key Wyoming case.
Plaintiffs take the position Michelin really involves two different kinds of product
“defects.” They argue Wyoming recognizes a distinction between a “defect in fact” and a
“defective condition unreasonably dangerous.” The distinction they draw, however,
seems tenuous.
The Wyoming Supreme Court’s own distinction between strict liability and
negligence in the field of products liability is that under a claim of strict liability “the
focus is on the product itself,” whereas in a claim of negligent manufacture of design,
“the conduct of the maker . . . is in question.” Michelin, 778 P.2d at 64 (emphasis
added). The court then explained, despite the distinctions between the various theories of
recovery,
-6- “[t]he requirement of showing a defect is one element common to every products liability case, whether it is brought on a theory of negligence, breach of an express or implied warranty, strict tort liability, or a combination of theories.”
Id. (quoting W. Kimble & R. Lesher, Products Liability § 53, at 69 (1979)). The court
added, “[t]he burden under this rule is upon the plaintiff to demonstrate a defect in fact,
i.e., that the product failed.” Id. (emphasis added). Plaintiffs seize upon this last phrase
to create a distinction between the defect in a product which will support a claim for strict
liability and a defect that will support a claim for negligence. We can see no such
distinction.
We read Michelin to say if a plaintiff cannot prove a product is defective, he
cannot prove a claim of negligence. Notwithstanding the focus of a negligence claim on
the conduct of the manufacturer, if a defective product does not result from that conduct,
the manufacturer has no liability.
Also instructive is Garrett v. Hamilton Standard Controls, Inc., 850 F.2d 253 (5th
Cir. 1988), where the court held the failure to give a negligence instruction was not
reversible error, the jury having found the product was not defective. The court stated,
[A] manufacturer logically cannot be held liable for failing to exercise ordinary care when producing a product that is not defective because: (1) if a product is not unreasonably dangerous because of the way it was manufactured, it was not negligent to manufacture it that way and (2) even if the manufacturer was somehow negligent in the design or production of the product, that negligence cannot have caused the plaintiff’s injury because the negligence did not render the product unreasonably dangerous.
-7- Id. at 257. In that case, the jury found the electric blankets that caught fire were not
defective.
We have reached a similar disposition in Oja v. Howmedica, Inc., 111 F.3d 782
(10th Cir. 1997). Construing Colorado products liability law, we stated:
[A]s with all tort claims, the plaintiff must prove the elements of causation and damages. More importantly, “[o]ne critical area of overlap is that, ‘[r]egardless of whether a product liability action is grounded in negligence or strict liability, a plaintiff must prove that the product was defective.’ ”
Id. at 791 (quoting Perlmutter v. United States Gypsum Co., 54 F.3d 659, 663 (10th
Cir.1995) (quoting Mile Hi Concrete, Inc. v. Matz, 842 P.2d 198, 205 (Colo. 1992)).
Consequently, because the jury here found the defendant’s product without defect,
it could not find it liable for negligence of any form with respect to that product. The
verdict which reached that conclusion is, thus, irreconcilably inconsistent by definition.
In fairness to the district court, it anticipated the possibility of just this result and
suggested the plaintiffs choose which theory they wanted to pursue. They should have
done so. Now, the only avenue through which this inconsistency can be resolved is by
retrial.
Having reached this conclusion, we believe it is necessary to address only those
remaining issues that are likely to arise on retrial. The first of these is the issue of Mr.
Bradley’s comparative fault. We would simply observe because comparative fault arises
only in consideration of the defendant’s negligence, and there is no negligence
component of strict liability, a jury cannot make findings of comparative fault on such a
-8- claim. Here, if the plaintiffs had elected to proceed only on their theory of negligence, no
inconsistency would exist with the findings of comparative fault. Thus, on retrial, if
plaintiffs insist upon proceeding upon both theories, not only will the district court have
to carefully outline the distinctions between the two claims, but also, it will have to
demark the claims against which comparative negligence will be considered.
Finally, the district court found the evidence did not justify giving the jury the
question of the comparative negligence of the non-parties. Given the outcome of this
appeal, we will not directly respond to the issue at this time. We do, however, call the
district court’s attention to Cleveland v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 890 F.2d 1540, 1546-51
(10th Cir. 1989).
The judgment is VACATED, and the cause is REMANDED for a new trial.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
John C. Porfilio Circuit Judge
-9-