Bradley Cooley v. Shelly Cooley

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 14, 2023
• Docket: 22A-DN-01202
• Status: Published

Opinion

FILED Apr 14 2023, 9:29 am

CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Glen E. Koch, II Michael A. Ksenak Boren, Oliver & Coffey, LLP Ksenak Law Firm Martinsville, Indiana Martinsville, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Bradley Cooley, April 14, 2023 Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No. 22A-DN-1202 v. Appeal from the Morgan Superior Court Shelly Cooley, The Honorable Sara A. Dungan, Appellee-Petitioner Judge Trial Court Cause No. 55D03-2108-DN-1213

Opinion by Judge Mathias Judges Bradford and Kenworthy concur.

Mathias, Judge.

[1] Bradley Cooley (“Husband”) appeals the Morgan Superior Court’s decree of

dissolution of his marriage to Shelly Cooley (“Wife”). Husband presents two

issues for our review:

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 1 of 8 I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered Husband to obtain and subsidize a life insurance policy as security for his equalization payment, to be made in installments, to Wife.

II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it did not consider the potential tax consequences to him of giving Wife one-half of his future pension distributions.

[2] We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.

Facts and Procedural History [3] Husband and Wife married in November 1995 and have no children together.

They separated in August 2021, and Wife filed a petition for dissolution of the

marriage. Following the final hearing, the trial court issued its decree of

dissolution. In the decree, the court valued the marital estate at $1,257,934.96

and divided it equally between the parties.

[4] Husband is employed by the Morgan County Sheriff’s Department and the trial

court valued his present interest in his pension at $1,101,110.82. Husband’s

pension is not subject to a qualified domestic relations order (“QDRO”).1

Accordingly, the court awarded the pension to Husband and ordered him to

pay to Wife an equalization payment in the amount of $475,043.29.

1 Under federal law, government pensions are not subject to a QDRO. See Kendrick v. Kendrick, 44 N.E.3d 721, 725 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 2 of 8 [5] Husband does not have liquid assets sufficient to pay Wife the equalization

payment, and he testified that it was “possible” that he would ignore a court

order that he pay Wife one-half of his future retirement benefits to satisfy the

equalization payment. Tr. p. 76. Accordingly, the trial court ordered that

Husband pay Wife, over time, as follows:

15. Should Husband die prior to receiving any of his pension, Wife would have no way to obtain a significant portion of her share of the marital property or estate. In order to provide some assurance the Wife will receive her share of the marital estate, within five (5) days of the issuance of the Decree, Husband shall contact Billy Guy at Farm Bureau insurance and apply for a life insurance policy with an initial death value of $475,000.00, with Wife to be the owner and beneficiary of said policy. Wife shall pay the premiums required for said policy and said premiums paid by Wife shall be added to the equalization payment set forth in the Court’s Distribution of Marital Estate (attached). Husband shall provide Wife with documentation of his application for such and a copy of the policy once written. This life insurance policy shall remain in full force and effect until Wife has received the full amount of the equalization balance. On an annual basis or as allowed by the life insurance company, the death value of the policy may be reduced to reflect the current revised equalization balance due after crediting Husband with the monthly cash equalization payments made by Husband to Wife as ordered below;

16. Husband shall make monthly equalization payments to Wife in the amount of $400 per month, beginning no later than 30 days following issuance of the Decree and continuing until he retires. Upon retirement, Husband shall make payments to Wife in the sum of $1,684.38 per month (50% of the monthly benefit to be paid to Husband for his accrued and vested benefit calculated through the date of filing August 11, 2021; Exhibit 2). Said Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 3 of 8 monthly payments would cease once Wife has received the equalization balance due to her;

17. If Husband should pass away prior to Wife receiving her equalization share and the life insurance benefits received by Wife as explained above exceeds what is owed to her, then Wife shall pay to Husband’s estate the amount of life insurance proceeds received in excess of the equalization balance due to her[.]

Appellant’s App. Vol. 2, pp. 37-38 (emphasis added). This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision Standard of Review

[6] Husband appeals the trial court’s decree of dissolution. Dissolution actions

invoke the inherent equitable and discretionary authority of our trial courts,

and, as such, we review their decisions with “substantial deference.” See, e.g.,

R.W. v. M.D. (In re Visitation of L-A.D.W.), 38 N.E.3d 993, 998 (Ind. 2015).

Here, the trial court supported its exercise of that authority with findings of fact

and conclusions thereon following an evidentiary hearing. As our Supreme

Court has stated:

The trial court’s findings were entered pursuant to Ind. Trial Rule 52(A) which prohibits a reviewing court on appeal from setting aside the trial court’s judgment “unless clearly erroneous.” The court on appeal is further required to give “due regard . . . to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” When a trial court has made special findings of fact, as it did in this case, its judgment is clearly erroneous only if (i)

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 4 of 8 its findings of fact do not support its conclusions of law or (ii) its conclusions of law do not support its judgment. Estate of Reasor v. Putnam County, 635 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. 1994). Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference. Reasor, 635 N.E.2d at 158.

Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). Similarly, the trial court’s

division of the marital property “is highly fact sensitive and is subject to an

abuse of discretion standard” of review. Fobar v. Vonderahe, 771 N.E.2d 57, 59

(Ind. 2002). Under that standard, we consider only “the evidence in a light most

favorable to the judgment.” Id.

Issue One: Life Insurance Policy

[7] Husband first contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered

him to obtain and subsidize a life insurance policy naming Wife as the owner and

beneficiary. Husband presents an issue of first impression for our courts,

namely, whether a dissolution court has discretion to order a party to buy life

insurance as security for an equalization payment.

[8] Wife asserts that the trial court has that authority under Indiana Code section

31-15-7-8, which provides that, when it enters a dissolution decree, “the court

may provide for the security, bond, or other guarantee that is satisfactory to the

court to secure the division of property.” As this Court has stated, this

“‘statutory language obviously affords the court the broadest possible discretion

in requiring security.’” Birkhimer v. Birkhimer, 981 N.E.2d 111, 127 (Ind. Ct.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 5 of 8 App. 2012) (quoting In re Marriage of Davis, 395 N.E.2d 1254, 1259 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1979)); see also Crider v. Crider, 15 N.E.3d 1042, 1066 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)

(affirming trial court’s grant to Wife of security interest in Husband’s LLCs to

secure equalization judgment), trans. denied. We agree with Wife that, under the

circumstances here, Indiana Code section 31-15-7-8 gave the trial court

discretion to order Husband to secure Wife’s share of the marital estate by way

of obtaining a life insurance policy payable to Wife.

[9] However, whether the trial court may add the values of those future premium

payments to the equalization payment Husband owes Wife is another matter.

Again, the trial court ordered Wife to pay the life insurance premiums but also

ordered that “said premiums paid by Wife shall be added to the equalization

payment[.]” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2, p. 37. As Husband points out,

Indiana Code section 31–15–7–4 provides that the marital estate that the trial court must divide in a dissolution proceeding is comprised of the property owned or acquired by either party before the “final separation of the parties[,]” which is defined as “the date of filing of the petition for dissolution of marriage[.]” Ind. Code § 31–9–2–46. In other words, the marital estate is set at the time of the filing of the dissolution petition[.]

Helm v. Helm, 873 N.E.2d 83, 87 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Here, the trial court’s

decree increases the amount of the equalization payment to Wife with every

premium payment and thus, in effect, increases the value of the marital estate

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 6 of 8 and the share of the marital estate awarded to Wife beyond the date of the

parties’ final separation.

[10] Accordingly, we hold that portion of the decree violates Indiana Code section

31-15-7-4, and we reverse that part of the decree with respect to payment of the

life insurance premiums. On remand, the trial court shall determine, either by

agreement of the parties or by way of submissions or another hearing, the cost

of the life insurance premiums in light of Husband’s life expectancy. With those

factors determined, the trial court shall include the total projected cost of the life

insurance policy2 in the marital estate3 as a security for the marital asset of

Husband’s pension and recalculate the equalization payment to Wife so that

Wife and Husband share the cost of this security equally.

Issue Two: Tax Consequences

[11] Husband next contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it did not

consider the tax consequences he will incur when, at some point in the future,

he starts to draw on his pension and pays Wife one-half of those benefits. Wife

argues, however, that Husband did not present evidence to support an award

2 We note that a term life insurance policy in the amount of the equalization payment based on Wife’s life expectancy may be a less expensive alternative to other types of policies, and the trial court may, in its discretion, order that the parties purchase a term life insurance policy. 3 Because Husband has expressed disdain for the concept of sharing his pension with Wife, the trial court may determine on remand that Wife should pay the premiums, which can be listed as a liability assigned to Wife.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 7 of 8 based on his tax consequences and has invited any error. We must agree with

Wife.

[12] In Hardin v. Hardin, we held that, absent evidence, a trial court is not required to

consider the potential tax consequences that would result from the property

disposition of awarding to a party an individual retirement account in a

dissolution. 964 N.E.2d 247, 254 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). We stated that, because

the husband there had failed to present evidence of any future tax

consequences, he had invited the alleged error and had waived the issue on

appeal. Id. (citing Reinhart v. Reinhart, 938 N.E.2d 788, 791 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)

(“[A] party may not take advantage of an error that he commits, invites, or

which is the natural consequence of his own neglect or misconduct.”)).

[13] Here, in support of his argument on appeal, Husband directs us to a single page

of the transcript where he testified that he would have to pay taxes on his

monthly pension benefits. But Husband did not present evidence and can only

speculate as to the amount he will owe in taxes on those benefits. Accordingly,

Husband has not preserved this issue for our review. See id.

[14] For all these reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with

instructions.

Bradford, J., and Kenworthy, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-DN-1202 | April 14, 2023 Page 8 of 8