MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 03 2019, 9:19 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Richard O. Kallenbach Curtis T. Hill, Jr. DeMotte, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Caroline G. Templeton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bradley A. Huke, December 3, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-704 v. Appeal from the Newton Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Daniel J. Molter, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 56D01-1804-F2-876
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 1 of 8 Statement of the Case [1] Bradley A. Huke brings this interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of
his motion to suppress. Huke raises five issues for our review, which we restate
as the following two issues: 1
1. Whether law enforcement officers had reasonable suspicion that Huke was engaged in criminal activity when they initiated their traffic stop of Huke’s vehicle.
2. Whether officers engaged in a lawful pat-down search of Huke’s person during the traffic stop.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History 2 [3] In April of 2018, Newton County Drug Task Force Officer Vincent Lowe
received a tip from an informant that Huke would be “traveling with some
1 In his statement of the issues, Huke additionally asserts that the seizure of evidence from his vehicle was the product of an invalid search. However, we were unable to discern any argument on the merits of that purported issue in his brief, and, thus, there is no such issue for us to review. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). Further, Huke’s additional stated issue that the trial court erroneously placed the burden of proof for his motion to suppress on him instead of the State is not supported by cogent reasoning and is waived. See id. 2 Rather than follow the format for appellate briefs prescribed by Indiana Appellate Rule 46, Huke has instead consolidated all relevant information under the singular heading, “The Facts, Law and Argument.” Appellant’s Br. at 4. We remind Huke’s counsel that the “great rule to be observed in drawing briefs consists in conciseness with perspicuity,” and, to that end, we encourage counsel to follow our appellate rules in the future. Buchanan v. State, 122 N.E.3d 969, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (emphasis added; quotation marks omitted), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 2 of 8 cocaine” from a known “trap” house 3 in Lake County to Huke’s residence in
Newton County. Tr. Vol. 2 at 5. Officer Lowe had relied on the informant
before; knew the informant knew Huke; knew the informant’s described
location of the trap house to be accurate; and, later, observed Huke enter and
then exit the trap house. Officer Lowe then followed Huke southbound on I-65
for about twenty miles into Newton County. Newton County Deputy Sheriff
Ryan Holloway accompanied Officer Lowe, and, once the officers verified that
they had reentered Newton County, they initiated a traffic stop of Huke’s
vehicle for a purported left-lane violation.
[4] Upon approaching Huke’s vehicle during the traffic stop, Officer Lowe and
Officer Holloway immediately smelled burnt marijuana emanating from Huke’s
vehicle. Officer Lowe asked Huke to exit the vehicle, and, while Huke and
Officer Holloway engaged in a conversation, Officer Lowe returned to his
vehicle and called for a K-9 unit.
[5] Officer Adam Suarez arrived with his K-9, Alpha, about five minutes later. As
Alpha was about to sniff around the exterior of Huke’s vehicle, Officer Lowe
approached Huke and asked if he would mind if Officer Holloway did a pat-
down of Huke while Alpha walked around Huke’s vehicle. Huke did not
respond verbally but did lift his arms up for Officer Holloway, who immediately
felt and saw cocaine in a baggie inside Huke’s right-front jacket pocket. Nearly
3 A “trap house” is “a house used to sell narcotics, and, if anyone stays there, it’s on an infrequent basis . . . .” Ector v. State, 111 N.E.3d 1053, 1056 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (cleaned up), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 3 of 8 simultaneously, Alpha alerted the officers to contraband at the driver’s side
door of Huke’s vehicle. The officers placed Huke under arrest and read him his
Miranda warnings, at which point Huke admitted to possessing cocaine.
[6] The State charged Huke with dealing in cocaine, as a Level 2 felony; possession
of cocaine, as a Level 4 felony; and possession of paraphernalia, as a Class C
misdemeanor. Huke filed a motion to suppress the evidence and advanced
several theories as to why the evidence seized from the traffic stop should be
suppressed. The trial court denied his motion in a general judgment. The court
then certified its order for interlocutory appeal, which we accepted.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review
[7] Huke appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. As our Supreme
Court has explained:
Trial courts enjoy broad discretion in decisions to admit or exclude evidence. When a trial court denies a motion to suppress evidence, we necessarily review that decision deferentially, construing conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling. However, we consider any substantial and uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant. . . . If the trial court’s decision denying a defendant’s motion to suppress concerns the constitutionality of a search or seizure, then it presents a legal question that we review de novo.
Marshall v. State, 117 N.E.3d 1254, 1258 (Ind. 2019) (cleaned up). Further:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 4 of 8 The Fourth Amendment[ 4] safeguards our persons, our property, and our peace by requiring that law enforcement first have a warrant supported by probable cause before executing searches or seizures. This mandate notwithstanding, one exception to the warrant and probable-cause requirements allows police to seize a person without a warrant and on a level of suspicion less than probable cause—that is, the reasonable-suspicion standard for brief investigatory stops. We often call these encounters Terry Stops, where an officer may stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot. Traffic stops typically fall into this Terry Stop category, and, therefore, must be based upon reasonable suspicion.
Though admittedly a somewhat abstract concept, reasonable suspicion is not an illusory standard. The reasonable-suspicion standard guards Fourth Amendment rights alongside the warrant and probable cause requirements. Law enforcement may not initiate a stop for any conceivable reason; they must have at least reasonable suspicion lawbreaking occurred.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 03 2019, 9:19 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Richard O. Kallenbach Curtis T. Hill, Jr. DeMotte, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Caroline G. Templeton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bradley A. Huke, December 3, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-704 v. Appeal from the Newton Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Daniel J. Molter, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 56D01-1804-F2-876
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 1 of 8 Statement of the Case [1] Bradley A. Huke brings this interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of
his motion to suppress. Huke raises five issues for our review, which we restate
as the following two issues: 1
1. Whether law enforcement officers had reasonable suspicion that Huke was engaged in criminal activity when they initiated their traffic stop of Huke’s vehicle.
2. Whether officers engaged in a lawful pat-down search of Huke’s person during the traffic stop.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History 2 [3] In April of 2018, Newton County Drug Task Force Officer Vincent Lowe
received a tip from an informant that Huke would be “traveling with some
1 In his statement of the issues, Huke additionally asserts that the seizure of evidence from his vehicle was the product of an invalid search. However, we were unable to discern any argument on the merits of that purported issue in his brief, and, thus, there is no such issue for us to review. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). Further, Huke’s additional stated issue that the trial court erroneously placed the burden of proof for his motion to suppress on him instead of the State is not supported by cogent reasoning and is waived. See id. 2 Rather than follow the format for appellate briefs prescribed by Indiana Appellate Rule 46, Huke has instead consolidated all relevant information under the singular heading, “The Facts, Law and Argument.” Appellant’s Br. at 4. We remind Huke’s counsel that the “great rule to be observed in drawing briefs consists in conciseness with perspicuity,” and, to that end, we encourage counsel to follow our appellate rules in the future. Buchanan v. State, 122 N.E.3d 969, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (emphasis added; quotation marks omitted), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 2 of 8 cocaine” from a known “trap” house 3 in Lake County to Huke’s residence in
Newton County. Tr. Vol. 2 at 5. Officer Lowe had relied on the informant
before; knew the informant knew Huke; knew the informant’s described
location of the trap house to be accurate; and, later, observed Huke enter and
then exit the trap house. Officer Lowe then followed Huke southbound on I-65
for about twenty miles into Newton County. Newton County Deputy Sheriff
Ryan Holloway accompanied Officer Lowe, and, once the officers verified that
they had reentered Newton County, they initiated a traffic stop of Huke’s
vehicle for a purported left-lane violation.
[4] Upon approaching Huke’s vehicle during the traffic stop, Officer Lowe and
Officer Holloway immediately smelled burnt marijuana emanating from Huke’s
vehicle. Officer Lowe asked Huke to exit the vehicle, and, while Huke and
Officer Holloway engaged in a conversation, Officer Lowe returned to his
vehicle and called for a K-9 unit.
[5] Officer Adam Suarez arrived with his K-9, Alpha, about five minutes later. As
Alpha was about to sniff around the exterior of Huke’s vehicle, Officer Lowe
approached Huke and asked if he would mind if Officer Holloway did a pat-
down of Huke while Alpha walked around Huke’s vehicle. Huke did not
respond verbally but did lift his arms up for Officer Holloway, who immediately
felt and saw cocaine in a baggie inside Huke’s right-front jacket pocket. Nearly
3 A “trap house” is “a house used to sell narcotics, and, if anyone stays there, it’s on an infrequent basis . . . .” Ector v. State, 111 N.E.3d 1053, 1056 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (cleaned up), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 3 of 8 simultaneously, Alpha alerted the officers to contraband at the driver’s side
door of Huke’s vehicle. The officers placed Huke under arrest and read him his
Miranda warnings, at which point Huke admitted to possessing cocaine.
[6] The State charged Huke with dealing in cocaine, as a Level 2 felony; possession
of cocaine, as a Level 4 felony; and possession of paraphernalia, as a Class C
misdemeanor. Huke filed a motion to suppress the evidence and advanced
several theories as to why the evidence seized from the traffic stop should be
suppressed. The trial court denied his motion in a general judgment. The court
then certified its order for interlocutory appeal, which we accepted.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review
[7] Huke appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. As our Supreme
Court has explained:
Trial courts enjoy broad discretion in decisions to admit or exclude evidence. When a trial court denies a motion to suppress evidence, we necessarily review that decision deferentially, construing conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling. However, we consider any substantial and uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant. . . . If the trial court’s decision denying a defendant’s motion to suppress concerns the constitutionality of a search or seizure, then it presents a legal question that we review de novo.
Marshall v. State, 117 N.E.3d 1254, 1258 (Ind. 2019) (cleaned up). Further:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 4 of 8 The Fourth Amendment[ 4] safeguards our persons, our property, and our peace by requiring that law enforcement first have a warrant supported by probable cause before executing searches or seizures. This mandate notwithstanding, one exception to the warrant and probable-cause requirements allows police to seize a person without a warrant and on a level of suspicion less than probable cause—that is, the reasonable-suspicion standard for brief investigatory stops. We often call these encounters Terry Stops, where an officer may stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot. Traffic stops typically fall into this Terry Stop category, and, therefore, must be based upon reasonable suspicion.
Though admittedly a somewhat abstract concept, reasonable suspicion is not an illusory standard. The reasonable-suspicion standard guards Fourth Amendment rights alongside the warrant and probable cause requirements. Law enforcement may not initiate a stop for any conceivable reason; they must have at least reasonable suspicion lawbreaking occurred. Nor can police rely on a mere hunch simply suggesting a person committed a crime before making a Terry Stop, like a traffic stop. To be sure, such a stop must be justified by some objective manifestation that the person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity. Reasonable suspicion requires more than an officer’s own subjective belief a person might be violating the law. . . .
Id. at 1258-59 (cleaned up).
4 Huke does not present any separate arguments under article 1, section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 5 of 8 Issue One: Validity of the Traffic Stop
[8] We first address Huke’s argument on appeal that there is no evidence that he
committed a left-lane violation and, as such, the traffic stop was invalid. Huke
bases his argument on Indiana Code Section 9-21-5-9. In particular, Huke
contends that he was not “traveling less than the established maximum speed
limit” and that “[t]he only evidence in the record as to the time Huke was
‘pacing’ [the lead semi] is that it was approximately five seconds,” which, Huke
continues, “is not reasonable in that it would allow the stopping of almost any
vehicle that were to travel in the left lane . . . .” Appellant’s Br. at 9. However,
while Officer Lowe was clear that he “pulled [Huke] over for a left lane
violation,” Tr. Vol. 2 at 23, Huke cites no legal authority that limits the trial
court to consideration of only the officer’s proffered basis for a traffic stop in
considering whether to grant or deny a motion to suppress. See Ind. Appellate
Rule 46(A)(8)(a).
[9] Notwithstanding any purported left-lane violations, Officer Lowe had
reasonable suspicion that Huke was engaged in criminal activity at the time
Officer Lowe initiated the traffic stop. Officer Lowe had received a tip from a
reliable informant that Huke would be visiting a trap house in Lake County to
purchase cocaine, which Huke would then bring back to his residence in
Newton County. Officer Lowe knew the informant’s identity; had worked with
the informant previously; knew the informant knew Huke; and knew the
informant’s description of the trap house to be accurate. Officer Lowe then
verified the tip by observing Huke enter the trap house before immediately
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 6 of 8 proceeding back to Newton County. In other words, alleged traffic violations
notwithstanding, Officer Lowe had reason to suspect that, at a minimum, Huke
possessed cocaine. See, e.g., Russell v. State, 993 N.E.2d 1176, 1180 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2013). Accordingly, the traffic stop was valid under the Fourth
Amendment. 5
Issue Two: Validity of the Pat-Down Search
[10] We next address Huke’s argument that the officers were not justified in their
pat-down search of Huke’s person. According to Huke, the pat-down was
invalid because the officers had no reasonable fear for their safety and, further,
any apparent consent Huke gave to the pat-down was involuntary and the
product of police coercion.
[11] But we must conclude that Huke’s complaints about officer safety and police
coercion are irrelevant. Upon stopping Huke’s vehicle, officers smelled the
odor of burnt marijuana. And, shortly thereafter, Alpha alerted the officers to
contraband inside Huke’s vehicle.
[12] At that point, and coupled with the informant’s information, the officers had
probable cause to arrest Huke. See State v. Parrott, 69 N.E.3d 535, 544 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2017) (holding that probable cause to arrest existed where the defendant
“was the sole occupant of the vehicle[] and the odor of raw marijuana
5 Huke’s apparent argument that the traffic stop was pretextual is not supported by cogent reasoning and is waived. See App. R. 46(A)(8)(a).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 7 of 8 emanating from the vehicle was ‘pretty strong’”), trans. denied. As probable
cause to arrest Huke existed at that time, the officers were authorized to
“conduct a warrantless search of his person incident to that arrest.” Id. Thus, it
does not matter whether the officers stated they were conducting the pat-down
for officer safety or whether Huke’s apparent consent was voluntary. At that
point, Huke was subject to arrest and the discovery of the cocaine on his person
was inevitable. See Baker v. State, 562 N.E.2d 726, 728 (Ind. 1990); Winborn v.
State, 100 N.E.3d 710, 713-14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). The trial court did not err
when it denied Huke’s motion to suppress the evidence from the pat-down.
[13] In sum, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Huke’s motion to suppress.
[14] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and May, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-704 | December 3, 2019 Page 8 of 8