Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-12-1015
JOANN ELIZABETH BRADFORD Opinion Delivered October 30, 2013 APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE VAN BUREN V. COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. DR-2010-216]
DARRELL WAYNE BRADFORD HONORABLE CHARLES E. APPELLEE CLAWSON, JR., JUDGE
REVERSED AND REMANDED
RITA W. GRUBER, Judge
Joann and Darrell Bradford were married on February 27, 1993, and were divorced
on May 31, 2012. The divorce decree included the circuit court’s division of real and
personal property; various bank accounts, annuities, and IRAs; oil, gas, and mineral rights; and
royalties from the lease of mineral rights. Ms. Bradford appeals the portion of the divorce
decree that awarded funds to Mr. Bradford as his separate property:
14. That prior to the marriage, Defendant, Darrell Bradford was the owner of Edward Jones Account No. 722-04556-1-7 which had a total account value of $93,9207.09 on February 26, 1993 (Defendant’s Exhibit No. 14). This account value was comprised of the AIG annuity ($16,526.72), the American Funds IRA ($29,106.91), and the Edward D. Jones investment account ($47,573.46). The Court finds that the funds valued at $93,207.09 held by Edward D. Jones is the separate property of the Defendant, Darrell Bradford. The balance of the assets in the Edward D. Jones accounts, after the deduction of the $93,207.09 are martial [sic] assets and shall be divided equally between the parties. The Court directs that this shall be done in such a manner as to minimize any penalty or tax consequences resulting from their disposition.
(Emphasis added.) Defendant’s Exhibit No. 14 is a February 26, 1993 statement of Edward Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
D. Jones & Co. account number 722-03492-1-5 for the account of “Darrell W. Bradford.”
It reflects a “portfolio value” of $93,207.09, which includes $16,526.72 in “annuities held by
customer.” There is no dispute that, immediately following the parties’ marriage, Mr.
Bradford transferred the assets of account 722-03492-1-5 into a new account, 722-04556-1-7,
that was held in the parties’ names as tenants by the entirety.
Ms. Bradford contends that because Mr. Bradford transferred ownership of the account
that was solely in his name into their joint names, the entire account became property owned
as tenants by the entirety and the circuit court should have equally divided the entire balance.
Mr. Bradford responds that he sought an unequal distribution of the property and overcame
the presumption of tenancy in the entirety that was created by transferring ownership of the
account into the parties’ names. He asserts that the circuit court “basically made an unequal
division of an item of marital property and explained its reason for doing so,” as is allowed by
statute.
Defendant’s Exhibit No. 12, a July 29, 2011 statement of account 722-04556-1-7,1
held by Darrell W. Bradford and Jo Ann E. Bradford as joint tenants with right of
survivorship, reflects a value of $445,080.57. Mr. Bradford testified that some amounts within
the $445,080.57 were held outside Edward Jones, explaining that there were separate IRA
accounts for himself and Ms. Bradford and “an annuity held outside of Edward Jones,” which
1 The final divorce hearing in this case was held on August 2, 2011. The circuit court issued a letter opinion on September 2, 2011, and Ms. Bradford filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s finding that $93,207.09 of funds was the separate property of Mr. Bradford. A hearing on the motion took place on February 21, 2012, after which the court entered the divorce decree from which this appeal is taken.
2 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
was in his name alone and which he had purchased before the parties’ marriage. He testified
that an April 2011 deposit into the Edward Jones account came from royalties. He asked the
court to make an unequal distribution of property because he was disabled, had no occupation
that he could enter, had no vocational skills, was not employable, and received income only
from his disability and Arkansas Highway Department retirement. Ms. Bradford testified that
the parties’ income tax refund was deposited into the Edward Jones account and that she and
Mr. Bradford each had IRA accounts.
Division of property at the time of divorce is governed by Arkansas Code Annotated
section 9-12-315(a) (Repl. 2009):
(1)(A) All marital property shall be distributed one-half (1/2) to each party unless the court finds such a division to be inequitable. In that event the court shall make some other division that the court deems equitable taking into consideration: (i) The length of the marriage; (ii) Age, health, and station in life of the parties; (iii) Occupation of the parties; (iv) Amount and sources of income; (v) Vocational skills; (vi) Employability; (vii) Estate, liabilities, and needs of each party and opportunity of each for further acquisition of capital assets and income; (viii) Contribution of each party in acquisition, preservation, or appreciation of marital property, including services as a homemaker; and (ix) The federal income tax consequences of the court’s division of property. (B) When property is divided pursuant to the foregoing considerations the court must state its basis and reasons for not dividing the marital property equally between the parties, and the basis and reasons should be recited in the order entered in the matter; (2) All other property shall be returned to the party who owned it prior to the marriage unless the court shall make some other division that the court deems equitable taking into consideration those factors enumerated in subdivision (a)(1) of this section, in which event the court must state in writing its basis and reasons for not returning the property to the party who owned it at the time of the marriage.
3 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
Where property is placed in the names of persons who are husband and wife without
specifying the manner in which they take, there is a presumption that they own the property
as tenants by the entirety, and clear and convincing evidence is required to overcome that
presumption. Cole v. Cole, 53 Ark. App. 140, 920 S.W.2d 32 (1996); Lofton v. Lofton, 23 Ark.
App. 203, 745 S.W.2d 635 (1988). Clear and convincing evidence is evidence by a credible
witness whose memory of facts is distinct, “whose narration of the details thereof is exact and
in due order,” and “whose testimony is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable
the fact-finder to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the facts
related.” Lofton, 23 Ark. App. at 206, 745 S.W.2d at 637. The rights of the parties under a
tenancy by the entirety in an account is a question of law. McEntire v. McEntire’s Estate, 267
Ark. 169, 590 S.W.2d 241 (1979).
The fact that consideration given for property taken in the two names belonged to
only one spouse is of little, if any, significance where that spouse is responsible for the
property being taken in both names, as the presumption is that there was a gift of an interest
by the husband to the wife. See Ramsey v. Ramsey, 259 Ark. 16, 531 S.W.2d 28 (1975). The
tracing of money or property into different forms is not to be considered as an end in itself,
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-12-1015
JOANN ELIZABETH BRADFORD Opinion Delivered October 30, 2013 APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE VAN BUREN V. COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. DR-2010-216]
DARRELL WAYNE BRADFORD HONORABLE CHARLES E. APPELLEE CLAWSON, JR., JUDGE
REVERSED AND REMANDED
RITA W. GRUBER, Judge
Joann and Darrell Bradford were married on February 27, 1993, and were divorced
on May 31, 2012. The divorce decree included the circuit court’s division of real and
personal property; various bank accounts, annuities, and IRAs; oil, gas, and mineral rights; and
royalties from the lease of mineral rights. Ms. Bradford appeals the portion of the divorce
decree that awarded funds to Mr. Bradford as his separate property:
14. That prior to the marriage, Defendant, Darrell Bradford was the owner of Edward Jones Account No. 722-04556-1-7 which had a total account value of $93,9207.09 on February 26, 1993 (Defendant’s Exhibit No. 14). This account value was comprised of the AIG annuity ($16,526.72), the American Funds IRA ($29,106.91), and the Edward D. Jones investment account ($47,573.46). The Court finds that the funds valued at $93,207.09 held by Edward D. Jones is the separate property of the Defendant, Darrell Bradford. The balance of the assets in the Edward D. Jones accounts, after the deduction of the $93,207.09 are martial [sic] assets and shall be divided equally between the parties. The Court directs that this shall be done in such a manner as to minimize any penalty or tax consequences resulting from their disposition.
(Emphasis added.) Defendant’s Exhibit No. 14 is a February 26, 1993 statement of Edward Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
D. Jones & Co. account number 722-03492-1-5 for the account of “Darrell W. Bradford.”
It reflects a “portfolio value” of $93,207.09, which includes $16,526.72 in “annuities held by
customer.” There is no dispute that, immediately following the parties’ marriage, Mr.
Bradford transferred the assets of account 722-03492-1-5 into a new account, 722-04556-1-7,
that was held in the parties’ names as tenants by the entirety.
Ms. Bradford contends that because Mr. Bradford transferred ownership of the account
that was solely in his name into their joint names, the entire account became property owned
as tenants by the entirety and the circuit court should have equally divided the entire balance.
Mr. Bradford responds that he sought an unequal distribution of the property and overcame
the presumption of tenancy in the entirety that was created by transferring ownership of the
account into the parties’ names. He asserts that the circuit court “basically made an unequal
division of an item of marital property and explained its reason for doing so,” as is allowed by
statute.
Defendant’s Exhibit No. 12, a July 29, 2011 statement of account 722-04556-1-7,1
held by Darrell W. Bradford and Jo Ann E. Bradford as joint tenants with right of
survivorship, reflects a value of $445,080.57. Mr. Bradford testified that some amounts within
the $445,080.57 were held outside Edward Jones, explaining that there were separate IRA
accounts for himself and Ms. Bradford and “an annuity held outside of Edward Jones,” which
1 The final divorce hearing in this case was held on August 2, 2011. The circuit court issued a letter opinion on September 2, 2011, and Ms. Bradford filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s finding that $93,207.09 of funds was the separate property of Mr. Bradford. A hearing on the motion took place on February 21, 2012, after which the court entered the divorce decree from which this appeal is taken.
2 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
was in his name alone and which he had purchased before the parties’ marriage. He testified
that an April 2011 deposit into the Edward Jones account came from royalties. He asked the
court to make an unequal distribution of property because he was disabled, had no occupation
that he could enter, had no vocational skills, was not employable, and received income only
from his disability and Arkansas Highway Department retirement. Ms. Bradford testified that
the parties’ income tax refund was deposited into the Edward Jones account and that she and
Mr. Bradford each had IRA accounts.
Division of property at the time of divorce is governed by Arkansas Code Annotated
section 9-12-315(a) (Repl. 2009):
(1)(A) All marital property shall be distributed one-half (1/2) to each party unless the court finds such a division to be inequitable. In that event the court shall make some other division that the court deems equitable taking into consideration: (i) The length of the marriage; (ii) Age, health, and station in life of the parties; (iii) Occupation of the parties; (iv) Amount and sources of income; (v) Vocational skills; (vi) Employability; (vii) Estate, liabilities, and needs of each party and opportunity of each for further acquisition of capital assets and income; (viii) Contribution of each party in acquisition, preservation, or appreciation of marital property, including services as a homemaker; and (ix) The federal income tax consequences of the court’s division of property. (B) When property is divided pursuant to the foregoing considerations the court must state its basis and reasons for not dividing the marital property equally between the parties, and the basis and reasons should be recited in the order entered in the matter; (2) All other property shall be returned to the party who owned it prior to the marriage unless the court shall make some other division that the court deems equitable taking into consideration those factors enumerated in subdivision (a)(1) of this section, in which event the court must state in writing its basis and reasons for not returning the property to the party who owned it at the time of the marriage.
3 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
Where property is placed in the names of persons who are husband and wife without
specifying the manner in which they take, there is a presumption that they own the property
as tenants by the entirety, and clear and convincing evidence is required to overcome that
presumption. Cole v. Cole, 53 Ark. App. 140, 920 S.W.2d 32 (1996); Lofton v. Lofton, 23 Ark.
App. 203, 745 S.W.2d 635 (1988). Clear and convincing evidence is evidence by a credible
witness whose memory of facts is distinct, “whose narration of the details thereof is exact and
in due order,” and “whose testimony is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable
the fact-finder to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the facts
related.” Lofton, 23 Ark. App. at 206, 745 S.W.2d at 637. The rights of the parties under a
tenancy by the entirety in an account is a question of law. McEntire v. McEntire’s Estate, 267
Ark. 169, 590 S.W.2d 241 (1979).
The fact that consideration given for property taken in the two names belonged to
only one spouse is of little, if any, significance where that spouse is responsible for the
property being taken in both names, as the presumption is that there was a gift of an interest
by the husband to the wife. See Ramsey v. Ramsey, 259 Ark. 16, 531 S.W.2d 28 (1975). The
tracing of money or property into different forms is not to be considered as an end in itself,
and the fact that a spouse made contributions to certain property does not necessarily require
recognizing those contributions in the property division upon divorce. McCormick v.
McCormick, 2012 Ark. App. 318, ___ S.W.3d ___.
Here, we hold that the circuit court erred as a matter of law in failing to recognize the
rights of Mr. and Ms. Bradford as tenants by the entirety in the account held as joint tenants
4 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 615
with right of survivorship. The presumption of tenancy by the entirety arose when Mr.
Bradford established the joint tenants account in the parties’ names, and the record lacks any
testimony or evidence—much less clear and convincing testimony or evidence—to overcome
that presumption. Nor was there testimony or evidence to overcome the presumption that
Mr. Bradford intended that the consideration he provided for the joint account be anything
but a gift. We therefore reverse the circuit court’s finding that $93,9207.09 of funds in the
account held as tenants by the entirety was the separate property of Mr. Bradford, and we
order the circuit court to recognize the $93, 9207.09 as marital property.
However, we recognize that Mr. Bradford requested the circuit court to make an
unequal distribution in this case. We also recognize that a circuit court may order an unequal
distribution of marital property if the court finds an equal division to be inequitable and that,
in such cases, the court shall recite the basis and reasons for not dividing the marital property
equally. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-12-315(a). Because we reverse the finding that the funds at
issue were the separate property of Mr. Bradford, we remand for the circuit court to consider
whether an equal distribution of the marital funds would be inequitable. If it deems an equal
distribution to be inequitable, the court shall consider the statutory factors of Arkansas Code
Annotated section 9-12-315(a)(1)(A) and shall recite the basis and reasons for the unequal
division in its written order, as is required by subsection (a)(1)(B).
Reversed and remanded.
HARRISON and WHITEAKER, JJ., agree.
Jerry D. Patterson, for appellant.
The Blagg Law Firm, by: Ralph J. Blagg, for appellee.