Jackson, Justice.
This suit was brought on an open account by the plaintiffs against the defendants as partners. These partners were [248]*248successors to Bracken, one of those now sued, and Bracken was successor to Bracken & Haslam. On the account sued on were items transferred from Bracken’s account when alone and from Bracken & ITaslam’s account. Under the rulings and charge of .the court, the jury found some eight or nine hundred dollars with interest for several years against the defendants, Bracken & Ellsworth, successors as aforesaid, and they moved for a new trial, which the court refused, and this refusal, on many grounds taken in the motion, is the error assigned.
1. It is claimed that the books were improperly admitted on behalf of the plaintiffs to prove anything at all. There were two clerks, alive and not inaccessible so far as was shown, in the proof, who were the salesmen of the goods sold and delivered. Besides, there appears to have been two book-keepers, one of whom was dead, but the other accessi7 ble, being the son of the plaintiff who was sworn in the case. The question is whether these books of goods so sold, and the books so kept, were admissible in evidence, even 'to prove the account for the groceries and provisions sold by the plaintiffs in the line of their ordinary business.
Our law on this subject is plainly and fully presented in the Code' — section 3777 — and is as follows:
‘‘The books of account of any merchant, shop-keeper, physician, blacksmith, or other person doing a regular business and keeping daily entries thereof, may be admitted in evidence as proof of such accounts, upon the following conditions:
“1. That he kept no clerk, or else the clerk is dead, or otherwise inaccessible.
“ 2. Upon proof (the party’s oath being sufficient) that the hook tendered is his book of original entries.
‘‘8. Upon proof (by his customers) that he usually kept correct books.
“4. Upon inspection by the court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of fraud.”
This codification of the Georgia law upon this subject embodies the substance of the adjudications of this court from Kelly to this day. 1 Kelly, 233; 5 Ga., 239 ; 8 Ib., 74; 13 Ib., 496, 508; 17 Ib., 65; 18 Ib., 318, 457, [249]*249698; 20 Ib., 365; 21 Ib., 334; 23 Ib., 582; 24 Ib., 17; 27 Ib., 366 ; 28 Ib., 272; 30 Ib., 121, 904; 31 Ib., 346; 51 Ib., 121, 57, 145; 61 Ib., 30.
■ Nor does our law differ much — not at all except in some details — from the laws of the other states, and,'indeed, of most of the civilized world, including the mother country. See 2 Phillips on Ev., note 491, p. 682 et seq., and cases there cited, where the whole subject is discussed, and very similar conclusions to those summarized in our Code are reached.
From this summary, which is our law by our own statute embodied in our Code, whether supported or not by other authority (though it is so supported), it would seem clear that the evidence of books is secondary, and introduced only when no other evidence can be got — ex necessitate rei.
Therefore, if the sale-clerks of the party who offers the books be alive and accessible, he cannot prove even an ordinary account by the books; because he has better evidence in the clerks who sold and delivered the goods. Moreover, if he had a book-keeper accessible, that bookkeeper, not himself, must prove that the books are the books of original entry ; because that book-keeper is a clerk, and his absence must be accounted for, his evidence being the test of the entries which he, the clerk or book-keeper, made.
Erom an examination of the evidence in the record, it appears that the clerks who sold the goods were both alive and not inaccessible — at least there was no proof of death or of their being beyond seas — -or otherwise out of reach of process of the court. There appear also to have been two book-keepers, one was proven to be dead, but the other was not accounted for, yet the party was permitted to prove the books to be those of original entries, contrary to the ruling in 13 Ga., 508, and when he himself appears not to have made a single entry therein. The evidence of the two salesmen was the best, 18 Ga., 693; 20 Ga., 365, and in [250]*250their absence, to admit the books, all the book-keepers who made the entries should have been sworn or accounted for, before the party himself could be sworn to the books — so as to admit them. Moreover, there appears to have been admitted in evidence, as well as we can ascertain from a confused record, not only the journal, but the ledger. The latter should not have been admitted, at any rate only to show a regular system of book-keeping, but in no event to prove the account or any part of it. To prove that, the book of original entries, the entries made, as a practice, daily, are alone proof or evidence. Mere temporary memorandum books, used by the salesmen, and transferred nightly from pencil entries of theirs to the permanent ink-book of the daily sales are not the books of original entries, so as to exclude such permanent book ; but the latter is the book contemplated by the statute.
2. But most assuredly these books were not proof of the legality of the transfer of the individual accounts of Bracken to the account of Bracken & Ellsworth.
The charge of the court seems so to regard them, and the judge nowhere called the attention of the jury to those items as not included in the proof which the books were competent to make, if competent at all. His entire charge is not in the record; but the extracts from it show no such exception. So in regard to cash payment of drafts, etc.,' which the hooks could not establish as due by the defend-, ants to the plaintiffs. See 8 Ga., 74 ; 57 Ga., 145 ; Code, §3777.
3. To bind Ellsworth, who came into partnership after debts were due by his predecessors, Bracken, and Bracken & Haslam, for those debts so incurred by his predecessors, it was incumbent on plaintiffs to show some express agreement, or some agreement implied by his individual conduct, to assume that indebtedness. Some authority from him to transfer the old accounts or other indebtedness of the old firm, or prior parties, to the new firm of which he became a member, is essential. “A new partner is of course liable [251]*251for all the subsequent debts of the firm, in the same manner as any other partner; and it is equally obvious that he is not liable for the old debts, unless he assumes them for a consideration.” Parsons on Part., 433. The author, Parsons, then goes on to discuss the consideration necessary to support the promise, and closes with this remark: “On the whole, we should say that the law of contracts and the law of partnership lead to the conclusion that the new partner is not bound to the old creditors, unless on a promise to them for a consideration; both of which might, of course, be indirect and implied by circumstances.” And then the circumstances are indicated, such as paying interest on the old debt, or the knowledge without objection that the firm, of which he is a member, paid the interest. See also notes and cases cited. Parsons on Part., pp. 433-4-5-6.
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Jackson, Justice.
This suit was brought on an open account by the plaintiffs against the defendants as partners. These partners were [248]*248successors to Bracken, one of those now sued, and Bracken was successor to Bracken & Haslam. On the account sued on were items transferred from Bracken’s account when alone and from Bracken & ITaslam’s account. Under the rulings and charge of .the court, the jury found some eight or nine hundred dollars with interest for several years against the defendants, Bracken & Ellsworth, successors as aforesaid, and they moved for a new trial, which the court refused, and this refusal, on many grounds taken in the motion, is the error assigned.
1. It is claimed that the books were improperly admitted on behalf of the plaintiffs to prove anything at all. There were two clerks, alive and not inaccessible so far as was shown, in the proof, who were the salesmen of the goods sold and delivered. Besides, there appears to have been two book-keepers, one of whom was dead, but the other accessi7 ble, being the son of the plaintiff who was sworn in the case. The question is whether these books of goods so sold, and the books so kept, were admissible in evidence, even 'to prove the account for the groceries and provisions sold by the plaintiffs in the line of their ordinary business.
Our law on this subject is plainly and fully presented in the Code' — section 3777 — and is as follows:
‘‘The books of account of any merchant, shop-keeper, physician, blacksmith, or other person doing a regular business and keeping daily entries thereof, may be admitted in evidence as proof of such accounts, upon the following conditions:
“1. That he kept no clerk, or else the clerk is dead, or otherwise inaccessible.
“ 2. Upon proof (the party’s oath being sufficient) that the hook tendered is his book of original entries.
‘‘8. Upon proof (by his customers) that he usually kept correct books.
“4. Upon inspection by the court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of fraud.”
This codification of the Georgia law upon this subject embodies the substance of the adjudications of this court from Kelly to this day. 1 Kelly, 233; 5 Ga., 239 ; 8 Ib., 74; 13 Ib., 496, 508; 17 Ib., 65; 18 Ib., 318, 457, [249]*249698; 20 Ib., 365; 21 Ib., 334; 23 Ib., 582; 24 Ib., 17; 27 Ib., 366 ; 28 Ib., 272; 30 Ib., 121, 904; 31 Ib., 346; 51 Ib., 121, 57, 145; 61 Ib., 30.
■ Nor does our law differ much — not at all except in some details — from the laws of the other states, and,'indeed, of most of the civilized world, including the mother country. See 2 Phillips on Ev., note 491, p. 682 et seq., and cases there cited, where the whole subject is discussed, and very similar conclusions to those summarized in our Code are reached.
From this summary, which is our law by our own statute embodied in our Code, whether supported or not by other authority (though it is so supported), it would seem clear that the evidence of books is secondary, and introduced only when no other evidence can be got — ex necessitate rei.
Therefore, if the sale-clerks of the party who offers the books be alive and accessible, he cannot prove even an ordinary account by the books; because he has better evidence in the clerks who sold and delivered the goods. Moreover, if he had a book-keeper accessible, that bookkeeper, not himself, must prove that the books are the books of original entry ; because that book-keeper is a clerk, and his absence must be accounted for, his evidence being the test of the entries which he, the clerk or book-keeper, made.
Erom an examination of the evidence in the record, it appears that the clerks who sold the goods were both alive and not inaccessible — at least there was no proof of death or of their being beyond seas — -or otherwise out of reach of process of the court. There appear also to have been two book-keepers, one was proven to be dead, but the other was not accounted for, yet the party was permitted to prove the books to be those of original entries, contrary to the ruling in 13 Ga., 508, and when he himself appears not to have made a single entry therein. The evidence of the two salesmen was the best, 18 Ga., 693; 20 Ga., 365, and in [250]*250their absence, to admit the books, all the book-keepers who made the entries should have been sworn or accounted for, before the party himself could be sworn to the books — so as to admit them. Moreover, there appears to have been admitted in evidence, as well as we can ascertain from a confused record, not only the journal, but the ledger. The latter should not have been admitted, at any rate only to show a regular system of book-keeping, but in no event to prove the account or any part of it. To prove that, the book of original entries, the entries made, as a practice, daily, are alone proof or evidence. Mere temporary memorandum books, used by the salesmen, and transferred nightly from pencil entries of theirs to the permanent ink-book of the daily sales are not the books of original entries, so as to exclude such permanent book ; but the latter is the book contemplated by the statute.
2. But most assuredly these books were not proof of the legality of the transfer of the individual accounts of Bracken to the account of Bracken & Ellsworth.
The charge of the court seems so to regard them, and the judge nowhere called the attention of the jury to those items as not included in the proof which the books were competent to make, if competent at all. His entire charge is not in the record; but the extracts from it show no such exception. So in regard to cash payment of drafts, etc.,' which the hooks could not establish as due by the defend-, ants to the plaintiffs. See 8 Ga., 74 ; 57 Ga., 145 ; Code, §3777.
3. To bind Ellsworth, who came into partnership after debts were due by his predecessors, Bracken, and Bracken & Haslam, for those debts so incurred by his predecessors, it was incumbent on plaintiffs to show some express agreement, or some agreement implied by his individual conduct, to assume that indebtedness. Some authority from him to transfer the old accounts or other indebtedness of the old firm, or prior parties, to the new firm of which he became a member, is essential. “A new partner is of course liable [251]*251for all the subsequent debts of the firm, in the same manner as any other partner; and it is equally obvious that he is not liable for the old debts, unless he assumes them for a consideration.” Parsons on Part., 433. The author, Parsons, then goes on to discuss the consideration necessary to support the promise, and closes with this remark: “On the whole, we should say that the law of contracts and the law of partnership lead to the conclusion that the new partner is not bound to the old creditors, unless on a promise to them for a consideration; both of which might, of course, be indirect and implied by circumstances.” And then the circumstances are indicated, such as paying interest on the old debt, or the knowledge without objection that the firm, of which he is a member, paid the interest. See also notes and cases cited. Parsons on Part., pp. 433-4-5-6.
On the whole, we think that the question in this case on this point was not submitted clearly and fully to the jury. It is, as appears from Parsons above cit.ed, a question mixed of law and fact for court and jury; and we think that the court should have charged that Ellsworth could not be held liable for these debts of the old firms unless he had assumed them, and that the jury must be satisfied from the evidence that he did assume them as a member of the new firm— that he authorized the transfer, and considered the debt that of the new firm, of which he was a member — that this agreement could be established by circumstances as well as direct proof, such as payments made on the old accounts by the new firm, with his knowledge and consent, or other equivalent circumstances, if any, but always such as to bring home knowledge of what was being done to him.
4. Is such an agreement a promise to pay the debt of another, and within the statute of frauds % It would seem to be the debt of another. The.new firm and the old firm are not the same person or being in law. The partnership is not a corporation, but it partakes somewhat of the nature of a corporation and has a sort of individuality. It is not strictly speaking a legal person, yet it has a certain degree [252]*252and measure of personality. The firm name, while suits may not be brought by or against it in that name without reference to those persons who compose it, is yet of enough personality and legal entity to render its use in pleading necessary; and, unquestionably, when one of a firm goes out and another comes in, the firm is changed — an old partnership dies and a new one is born. See Parsons on Part., pp. 267 et seq. Indeed, the law merchant recognizes them as quasi corporations. Parsons on Part., pp. 170-1 et seq. The promise to pay the debt of one partnership by another totally different paitnership would clearly be the promise to pay the debt of a third person, and within the statute. How far the fact that the new,firm is composed in part of the old, or that the new firm is grafted upon the individual stock of a private person, who is one of two members composing it, may chauge the rule, we do not decide. That is the Case here. The firm of Bracken & Ellsworth was grafted upon what was the private business of Bracken in the matter of the milling business, and Bracken’s private business, while he ran the mill, was grafted on that of Bracken & Haslam. It would seem that when Ilaslam went out, the first partnership died, and Bracken went on alone, until Ellsworth joined him in the business, and made an altogether new firm. Indeed, there was no par! nership when he came in, but he made it by joining in with Bracken’s private mill business. Even when a new man comes into an old partnership, it is a new partnership. Parsons on Part., p. 34. It would seem upon principle, therefore, that in this case it was a promise to pay the debt of another; but as the question was not argued fully before us, and as it does not appear what assets of the first firm of Bracken & Haslam, and of Bracken, their successor, went into the new firm, we leave the question open with the above remarks upon the general bearings of principle upon it.
5. It would seem dangerous in a case like this to hold the new firm bound upon slight circumstances. The accounts of Bracken were transferred — Dillon testifies — to [253]*253the new firm by his order. It is not said, that Ellsworth had it done. Bracken was interested to have it done, and it is a case where Dillon should have conferred with Ells-worth to see that all was right. But both Bracken and Ells-worth deny it. The former, that he ordered it done or was authorized to do so; the latter, that he ever authorized it or ever agreed in any way to assume the debts. If Bracken had agreed with Dillon, and if parol evidence would bind Ellsworth, then the door would be wide open to fraud, unless from the circumstances Dillon ought to have suspected something was wrong, and to have got Ellsworth’s sanction as the only party interested against the transaction. See, as bearing generally on this subject, Code, §§1911, 1912, 1913, 1917; 19 Ga., 335; 31 Ib., 688; 26 Ib., 568; 36 Ib., 108 ; 15 Ib., 137, 252, 351 ; 21 Ib., 238 ; 2 Kelly, 29.
6. The set-off should have been pleaded specifically, and itemized, to have.authorized a recovery for over-payments by the defendants, if the plaintiffs’ claim had been overpaid. When pleaded, it may be recovered. 57 Ga., 145.
7. The court may open the case and let in new testimony before the argument is closed, when justice requires that it be done. The matter is much in the discretion of the presiding judge, and unless in some flagrant abuse of discretion, or clear injustice to one or the other side, this court will not control that discretion.
On the whole we are quite clear that the case should be tried over, and that the court erred in not granting the new trial. Therefore the judgment is reversed.
Judgment reversed.