Bowie Refined Coal, LLC v. Commonwealth of Kentucky, Energy and Enviroment Cabinet

• Court: Court of Appeals of Kentucky
• Decided: April 22, 2021
• Docket: 2020 CA 000449
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

RENDERED: APRIL 23, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2020-CA-0449-MR

BOWIE REFINED COAL, LLC APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-01022

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, ENERGY AND ENVIROMENT CABINET APPELLEE

OPINION AFFIRMING

** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: GOODWINE, JONES, AND KRAMER, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: Bowie Refined Coal, LLC, (“Bowie”) sought judicial

review of the final order of the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet (the

“Cabinet”) revoking Bowie’s surface mining permit. The Franklin Circuit Court

affirmed. After careful review of the applicable law and administrative

regulations, finding no error, we affirm. BACKGROUND

Bowie was the holder of a surface coal mining and reclamation

operation permit located in Estill County, which allowed removal and reprocessing

of coal and coal waste material, associated surface facilities, and reclamation

operations. On February 23, 2018, the Cabinet filed an administrative show cause

order under KRS1 350.028(4), KRS 350.465(3)(f), and 405 KAR2 12:020, Section

8. The show cause order was issued as a result of the Cabinet’s determination that

Bowie committed “a pattern violations of the requirements of KRS Chapter 350.”

Record (R.) at 13. The Cabinet recommended revocation of Bowie’s permit,

reclamation of the permitted area, and bond forfeiture.

The show cause order, administrative summons, and order scheduling

an initial prehearing conference were all served on Bowie via certified mail, return

receipt requested, via Bowie’s corporate service agent. On March 26, 2018, the

Office of Administrative Hearings received the return receipt signed by Linda

Smith on behalf of Bowie. On May 15, 2018, the Cabinet filed a notice and

motion to enter default judgment because Bowie failed to file a responsive

pleading within 30 days. Bowie also failed to appear for the scheduled prehearing

conference on May 21, 2018. During the prehearing conference, the Cabinet

1 Kentucky Revised Statutes. 2 Kentucky Administrative Regulations.

-2- requested entry of a default judgment against Bowie for failing to answer the show

cause order and recommended to the Secretary that Bowie’s permit be revoked and

the bonds related to the permit be forfeited.

The surety that provided financial assurance for the permit, Lexon

Insurance Company (“Lexon”), appeared at the prehearing conference. Lexon

requested the right to intervene to object to forfeiture of the bonds and revocation

of the permit. Lexon stated it was working with the Cabinet to remedy the

situation and requested more time to work out an agreement with the Cabinet. The

hearing officer granted Lexon’s motion to intervene and required Lexon to file an

answer. The hearing officer also ordered the Cabinet to file an amended motion

for default judgment addressing issues with the surety and ordered Lexon to

respond to the amended motion. Finally, the hearing officer scheduled a hearing

on the amended motion for default judgment for June 8, 2018.

On May 23, 2018, counsel for Bowie moved for leave to file a late

answer. Bowie admitted it was properly served with the summons, but due to an

oversight on Bowie’s part, it failed to file a timely answer. Bowie argued

Kentucky courts disfavor granting default judgments. On June 6, 2018, the

Cabinet responded arguing Bowie’s motion should be denied, since it was filed

after the time to file an answer. The Cabinet further argued 400 KAR 1:110,

Section 10 requires the hearing officer to recommend to the Secretary entry of a

-3- final order granting the Cabinet’s requested relief when the permittee fails to

timely file an answer or appear at the administrative hearing. Bowie replied,

arguing the hearing officer has discretion to extend the time for filing an answer

past 30 days under 400 KAR 1:090, Section 4(2)(a), and Kentucky courts favor

rendering judgments based upon the merits of a case.

The Cabinet renewed its motion for default judgment against Bowie,

arguing a default judgment should be entered against Bowie under 400 KAR

1:110, Section 10(5) because Bowie did not file a timely answer or attend the

prehearing conference. The Cabinet further argued it was not required to provide

notice to the surety for a show cause order to be issued to the permittee, and it can

request a bond forfeiture in a pattern of violation case. Bowie objected, arguing

default judgments are disfavored in Kentucky, and a bond forfeiture on a show

cause proceeding is not appropriate under KRS 350.028(4) and 400 KAR 1:110

Section 5. Bowie further argued 405 KAR 1:050 Section 2(1)(a) requires notice to

the surety in any bond forfeiture proceeding.3 Lexon responded, arguing the

Cabinet was not entitled to default judgment because it did not provide notice to

the surety under 405 KAR 1:050 Section 2(1)(a), KRS 350.465, and KRS Chapter

3 This regulation was repealed effective October 5, 2018 but was applicable during the proceedings below.

-4- 350’s mandate to maintain consistency with the Federal Surface Mine Control and

Reclamation Act.

On June 8, 2018, the hearing officer heard the Cabinet’s motion for

default judgment and Bowie’s motion for leave to file a late answer. During the

hearing, the Cabinet and Lexon stated they were working to resolve the bond

forfeiture issue. Lexon stated it would take no position on the Cabinet’s motion for

default judgment on the remaining claims of permit revocation and reclamation

based on the understanding the Cabinet would withdraw its request for bond

forfeiture.

As to Bowie’s motion for leave to file a late answer, Bowie was

unable to provide any explanation beyond a mere oversight as stated in its motion.

The Cabinet argued the motion should be denied since Bowie failed to show

excusable neglect for its failure to file an answer. Bowie then requested additional

time to file supplemental briefs on excusable neglect. The Cabinet argued Bowie

should not be given another opportunity to provide additional reasons after the

hearing and should have presented its basis for excusable neglect in its motion to

file a late answer. The hearing officer did not specifically rule on Bowie’s request

for more time to show excusable neglect and instead addressed the motion in the

hearing officer’s report and recommended Secretary’s order.

-5- On July 27, 2018, the Cabinet submitted to the hearing officer an

agreed order dismissing without prejudice the bond forfeiture request. The hearing

officer signed the agreed order and submitted it to the Secretary for signature. On

August 2, 2018, the Secretary signed and entered the agreed order into the record.

On August 6, 2018, the hearing officer entered her report and

recommended Secretary’s order. The hearing officer found “Bowie failed to

identify any facts that could be considered excusable neglect or a reasonable

excuse in failing to file an Answer within thirty days of service” and thus, “failed

to meet the legal standard for obtaining an extension to file a late Answer.” R. at

23. Based on this finding, the hearing officer recommended the Secretary deny

Bowie’s motion for leave to file late answer. The hearing officer further

recommended granting the Cabinet’s motion for default judgment. The hearing

officer recommended the Secretary find a pattern of violations existed as to the

permitted area and recommended revocation of Bowie’s permit and immediate

commencement of reclamation of the permitted area.

On September 14, 2018, the Secretary adopted the hearing officer’s

report and recommended Secretary’s order.

Bowie then filed a complaint with the Franklin Circuit Court

requesting judicial review and vacation of the Cabinet’s final order. Bowie and the

Cabinet filed cross-motions for summary judgment. After hearing oral arguments,

-6- the circuit court took the matter under advisement. On January 13, 2020, the

circuit court entered an opinion and order affirming the Secretary’s final order.

The circuit court opined Bowie failed to establish a reasonable excuse for its

failure to timely respond to the show cause order and failed to present the circuit

court with any reasonable explanation for its failure to comply with relevant

administrative regulations. The circuit court further found the Cabinet’s findings

were supported by substantial evidence, and the Cabinet applied the correct rule of

law. Following the denial of its CR4 59.05 motion, Bowie filed this appeal.5

ANALYSIS

Before we reach the merits of Bowie’s arguments on appeal, we must

address the deficiencies in its brief. The Cabinet points out that Bowie’s brief

lacks a preservation statement citing to the record on appeal where the issues it

raises were properly preserved for appeal in violation of CR 76.12(4)(c)(v).

Additionally, Bowie’s brief does not include the February 27, 2020 order as

required by CR 76.12(4)(c)(vii).6 “There are rules and guidelines for filing

appellate briefs. Appellants must follow these rules and guidelines, or risk their

brief being stricken, and appeal dismissed, by the appellate court.” Koester v.

4 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure. 5 We note that Lexon is not a party to this appeal. 6 Bowie attached the order to its Notice of Appeal and attached the Franklin Circuit Court’s January 13, 2020 opinion and order to its brief.

-7- Koester, 569 S.W.3d 412, 413 (Ky. App. 2019) (citing CR 76.12). “A brief may

be stricken for failure to comply with any substantial requirement” of the appellate

rules for briefing. CR 76.12(8)(a). In this case, we have elected not to strike

Bowie’s brief. The record is approximately 359 pages, and the citations provided

throughout the briefs have allowed us to conduct a meaningful review. However,

counsel is reminded that “[i]t is not the function or responsibility of this court to

scour the record on appeal to ensure that an issue has been preserved.” Koester,

569 S.W.3d at 415 (citing Phelps v. Louisville Water Co., 103 S.W.3d 46 (Ky.

2003)). Other panels may not exercise such leniency should counsel fail to follow

the briefing requirements in future appeals.

On appeal, Bowie argues the circuit court erred in: (1) affirming the

Secretary’s denial of its motion for leave to file a late answer, and (2) affirming the

default judgment because Lexon, the surety, remained a party in the case. “The

purpose of judicial review of an appeal from an administrative agency is to ensure

that the agency did not act arbitrarily. If . . . the agency applied the correct rule of

law to the facts supported by substantial evidence, the final order of the agency

must be affirmed.” Commonwealth, Energy and Environment Cabinet v. Spurlock,

308 S.W.3d 221, 223 (Ky. App. 2010) (citations omitted). Thus, we review de

novo. Id.

-8- First, Bowie argues the circuit court erred in affirming the Secretary’s

denial of his motion to file a late answer. Our review involves the interpretation of

and relationship between two administrative regulations. “[A]n agency’s

interpretation of its own regulations is controlling unless it is ‘plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation.’” Tibbs v. Bunnell, 448 S.W.3d 796, 804-05 (Ky.

2014) (quoting Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S. Ct. 905, 137 L. Ed. 2d

79 (1997)). Title 400 of the Kentucky Administrative Regulations contains the

Energy and Environment Cabinet’s regulations. Chapter 1 contains the Cabinet’s

rules for administration. 400 KAR 1:090 contains administrative hearings practice

provisions. Section 4(2)(a) of that regulation sets forth the general procedure for a

hearing officer to determine whether to grant an extension of time to file a

pleading. 400 KAR 1:110 sets forth procedures for administrative hearings

specific to matters brought under KRS Chapter 350 or KRS 351.310 through KRS

351.375. Section 10(5) of that regulation sets forth the procedure for entry of a

default judgment when a permittee fails to file a timely answer or appear at the

administrative hearing.

400 KAR 1:090, Section 4(2)(a) provides:

A motion for an extension of time shall be filed within the time allowed for filing the pleading. The hearing officer, upon cause shown, may order the period extended. If the motion is made after the expiration of the time allowed for filing the pleading, the hearing

-9- officer may order the period extended if the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.

400 KAR 1:110, Section 10(5) provides:

If the permittee fails to timely file an answer or appear at the administrative hearing, the permittee shall be deemed to have waived the right to an administrative hearing and the hearing officer shall recommend to the secretary the entry of a final order containing the following:

(a) That each violation listed in the show cause order occurred;

(b) That the violations were caused by the permittee’s unwarranted failure or were willfully caused;

(c) That a pattern of violations exists; and

(d) That the permit shall be suspended or revoked in accordance with the recommendation contained in the show cause order.

It is unclear whether the Cabinet intended for 400 KAR 1:110, which

specifically applies to claims under KRS Chapter 350, to supersede the more

general 400 KAR 1:090. However, in this instance, application of both regulations

requires us to affirm the circuit court’s opinion and order affirming the Secretary’s

final order.

400 KAR 1:110, Section 10(5) plainly states that failure to timely file

an answer or appear at the prehearing conference amounts to a waiver of an

administrative hearing, and inclusion of “shall” requires the hearing officer to

recommend to the Secretary an entry of a final order against the permittee. Based

-10- on our review of the record and 400 KAR 1:110, Section 10(5), the hearing officer

was clearly required to recommend to the Secretary entry of default judgment

against Bowie for its failure to timely answer or attend the prehearing conference.

However, 400 KAR 1:090, Section 4(2)(a) is more lenient. It allows

the hearing officer to grant a permittee more time to file a pleading, even when the

time to file the pleading has expired, if the permittee can show excusable neglect

for its failure to act. 400 KAR Chapter 1 does not include a definition of

“excusable neglect.” Black’s Law Dictionary generally defines “excusable

neglect” as follows:

A failure — which the law will excuse — to take some proper step at the proper time (esp. in neglecting to answer a lawsuit) not because of the party’s own carelessness, inattention, or willful disregard of the court’s process, but because of some unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident or because of reliance on the care and vigilance of the party’s counsel or on a promise made by the adverse party.

Neglect, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). Additionally, we must rely

on the hearing officer’s interpretation of “excusable neglect” under 400 KAR

1:090, Section 4(2)(a) unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the

regulation.

In its motion for leave to file a late answer, Bowie alleged it failed to

act due to a mere oversight. The hearing officer determined Bowie’s oversight did

not amount to excusable neglect. Given the general definition of excusable

-11- neglect, it was reasonable for the hearing officer to determine that Bowie’s

oversight amounted to carelessness or inattention and did not equate to excusable

neglect.

Bowie further argues the hearing officer and/or the circuit court

should have granted it more time to show excusable neglect. Bowie cites to one

unpublished case to support its argument that it should have been granted more

time to show excusable neglect, but that case involved a motion to file a late

answer under CR 6.02.7 400 KAR 1:090, Section 4(2)(a) does not contain any

language regarding granting more time to show excusable neglect. Bowie cites to

no authority requiring a hearing officer or circuit court, in the context of

administrative procedures, to grant a permittee more time to show excusable

neglect. Bowie had the opportunity to do so in its motion or at the hearing on the

motion and failed to do so.

Even if Bowie had shown excusable neglect or had been granted more

time to do so, 400 KAR 1:090, Section 4(2)(a) states the “hearing officer may

order the period extended.” (Emphasis added.) The language of the regulation

gives the hearing officer discretion to grant or deny a motion for an extension of

time even if the permittee shows excusable neglect. Thus, based on our review of

7 Ferrell v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance, No. 2014-CA-000281-MR, 2015 WL 4598340 (Ky. App. Jul. 31, 2015).

-12- the facts and applicable administrative regulations, the circuit court did not err in

affirming the secretary’s denial of Bowie’s motion for leave to file a late answer.

Second, Bowie argues Lexon’s presence in the matter should defeat

default judgment. Bowie’s argument is based on a footnote from a Supreme Court

of Kentucky Opinion. The footnote provides that when there are multiple

defendants, one is in default, and another defendant asserts a defense against the

same claim, a judgment cannot be rendered against any defendant until the

meritorious defense is disposed of. Ellington v. Becraft, 534 S.W.3d 785, 791 n.1

(Ky. 2017).

In response, the Cabinet contends 400 KAR 1:110, Section 10(5) is

dispositive of this issue instead of the case cited by Bowie. The Cabinet argues the

presence of a surety in this case cannot supersede the requirements of 400 KAR

1:110, Section 10(5). The regulation does not mention any party except the

permittee, and the only relevant consideration is whether the permittee timely

answered or appeared for the prehearing conference. The Cabinet further argues

Lexon’s presence in the case when the hearing officer recommended default

judgment against Bowie is immaterial because the regulation required the hearing

officer to do so when Bowie failed to timely answer. We agree with the Cabinet

that the plain language of 400 KAR 1:110, Section 10(5) requires a hearing officer

to recommend the Secretary enter a default judgment against a permittee for failure

-13- to answer within thirty days or attend the prehearing conference without regard to

the presence of other parties in an action.

Even if the regulation does not override general civil case law on the

issue, the hearing officer did not err in granting default judgment. Although Lexon

initially moved to intervene on the issues of bond forfeiture and permit revocation,

it ultimately only disputed the Cabinet’s bond forfeiture request. That issue was

disposed of via an agreed order dismissing the claim without prejudice prior to the

denial of Bowie’s motion for leave to file a late answer and prior to entry of the

default judgment against Bowie. Lexon ultimately did not take a position on the

remaining claims of permit revocation and reclamation of the permitted area, so

even if Ellington applies in this instance, the hearing officer was presented with no

meritorious defenses on those two claims by either Lexon or Bowie that the

hearing officer was required to address before making her recommendation. Thus,

the circuit court did not err in affirming the Secretary’s entry of default judgment

against Bowie.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin

Circuit Court.

ALL CONCUR.

-14- BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Billy R. Shelton Carl Williams Jordan W. Morgan Frankfort, Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky

-15-