MR. JUSTICE' MATTHEWS
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appeal from decree quieting title to real estate. On May 13, 1924, William Bowes commenced an action to quiet title to a tract of land owned by him and lying in Blaine county. In his complaint he named a large number of individuals and corporations and included all unknown claimants, and alleged that, while the defendants might claim some interest in the land, no one of them had any right, title or interest therein.
B. N. Forbes, trustee, alone contested the right of the plaintiff to a decree quieting his title to the land. By answer Forbes claimed an interest in the premises by reason of an oil and gas lease executed by plaintiff to the Republic Oil Company on November 5, 1920, which was thereafter assigned to him. He alleged that the covenants and agreements contained in the lease had been fully performed by the company, except as to those waived by the plaintiff, and affirmatively pleaded a waiver by plaintiff in permitting and encouraging the company to conduct and carry on drilling operations after default and with full knowledge of the nonperformance of the conditions of the lease. The affirmative matter contained in the answer was denied by a reply.
After a full hearing the court found all of the issues in favor of plaintiff, and made and entered its decree quieting title in him.
The findings of fact, conclusions of law and decree were filed on January 2, 1926, evidently as parts of but one instrument, and on January 7 plaintiff’s counsel served counsel for defendant with notice of entry of judgment to which was attached a full copy of the decree which set forth the findings of fact and conclusions of law.
On January 28, 1926, the defendant served upon counsel for the plaintiff a notice of the filing of the findings of fact, and thereupon filed exceptions to the findings made and demanded that the court make additional findings set forth in his exceptions. The court took no action in the matter, and, on settlement of defendant’s bill of exceptions in April, 1926, struck from the files the exceptions to the findings.
Defendant makes but two specifications of error: (1) That the evidence is insufficient to sustain the judgment or the findings on which it is based; and (2) that the court erred in its failure to remedy the defects in its findings in accordance with the exceptions taken thereto, and in striking the exceptions from the files.
The lease in question provides that for and in consideration of $1 the lessor does “grant, demise, lease, and let” the lands described unto the lessee “for the sole and only purpose of jnining and operating for oil,”
etc.;
and that “in consideration of the premises the said lessee covenants and agrees: 1st. Unless operations for the drilling of a test well be commenced and prosecuted with due diligence upon the above-described land or within the radius of three miles therefrom on or before July 1, 1921, this lease to be null and void, said test well to be drilled to a depth of at least 2,500 feet unless oil or gas in paying quantities be produced at a lesser depth.” It then provided that if oil or gas in paying quantities be discovered in the vicinity of the land, the lessee agrees to commence operations for drilling plaintiff’s land within twelve months thereafter. It is further provided that the lease shall be in full force and effect for the time specified for the commencement of operations, “and as long thereafter as oil and gas be
produced in paying quantities upon the above-described land.” The lease closes with a surrender clause under which the lessee may surrender the lease for cancellation at any time on the payment of $1.
The plaintiff proved his title to the land and introduced the lease in evidence; he then showed that the company commenced operations within time by the commencement of a well on land adjacent to his, but drilled only for a period of six or seven days and reached a depth of only 465 feet, when the well was abandoned without the discovery of oil or gas, and that this well was dismantled in April, 1922.
"Without disputing the testimony on the part of plaintiff, the defendant showed to the court that the land was upon what is known as the “Bowes structure,” which consists of a north and south dome, but that the south dome was higher and there^ fore more promising for a test well. He then showed that during the year 1923 a rotary well was sunk on the south dome at a point less than three miles from plaintiff’s land to a depth of 1,200 feet, and that thereafter, under an agreement with the Standard Oil Company of California, that company commenced a well within 30 feet of the 1,200-foot hole and at a depth of 1,200 feet struck a heavy flow of gas, but that their rig was struck by lightning and broke down; that the company is still drilling and has reached a depth of 3,300 feet at a cost of $130,000.
One Boyd, in charge of these operations, testified that he had had several conversations with the plaintiff and that plaintiff knew of this well, which the witness referred to in the first of such conversations as “the test well.” He testified further that in the summer of 1923 he requested Bowes to execute to him a new lease for the reason that the lease in effect was not in “commercial form,” which expression he explained as being form No. 88, known to all oil operators. Asked whether plaintiff in any of these conversations “repudiated the lease” here involved, the witness answered, “No, sir.” On eross-examina
tion he stated that at one time plaintiff executed a new lease to him, but that, as it was further from a commercial lease than the one in suit, he returned it.
The plaintiff, on rebuttal, testified that what Boyd had sought of him was a lease on the land for the Boyd Oil & Gas Company, but denied that Boyd said anything about a test well or why he wanted a lease executed, stating, “He said he just wanted a lease; he wanted my lease.” On cross-examination plaintiff admitted that he had seen a tower or “mast” at the point where the later well was drilled.
1. Admitting that he or his predecessor in interest did not diligently prosecute the drilling operations commenced July 1, 1921, defendant contends that the provision in the lease to the effect that such failure shall render the lease “null and void” is not self-operative. This contention is based upon the fact that the lease in question prefaces the provision numbered “1st” above by the phrase, “The lessee covenants and agrees.”
Defendant asserts that the lease therefore contains agreements on the part of the lessee and is thus distinguished from those leases which contain a mere option, and further asserts that, while the covenant to commence drilling within a certain time is in the nature of a condition precedent to the accruing of rights in the lease, the covenant to prosecute drilling operations with diligence is a condition subsequent; that by commencing within time defendant acquired an interest which can only be defeated by affirmative action.
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MR. JUSTICE' MATTHEWS
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appeal from decree quieting title to real estate. On May 13, 1924, William Bowes commenced an action to quiet title to a tract of land owned by him and lying in Blaine county. In his complaint he named a large number of individuals and corporations and included all unknown claimants, and alleged that, while the defendants might claim some interest in the land, no one of them had any right, title or interest therein.
B. N. Forbes, trustee, alone contested the right of the plaintiff to a decree quieting his title to the land. By answer Forbes claimed an interest in the premises by reason of an oil and gas lease executed by plaintiff to the Republic Oil Company on November 5, 1920, which was thereafter assigned to him. He alleged that the covenants and agreements contained in the lease had been fully performed by the company, except as to those waived by the plaintiff, and affirmatively pleaded a waiver by plaintiff in permitting and encouraging the company to conduct and carry on drilling operations after default and with full knowledge of the nonperformance of the conditions of the lease. The affirmative matter contained in the answer was denied by a reply.
After a full hearing the court found all of the issues in favor of plaintiff, and made and entered its decree quieting title in him.
The findings of fact, conclusions of law and decree were filed on January 2, 1926, evidently as parts of but one instrument, and on January 7 plaintiff’s counsel served counsel for defendant with notice of entry of judgment to which was attached a full copy of the decree which set forth the findings of fact and conclusions of law.
On January 28, 1926, the defendant served upon counsel for the plaintiff a notice of the filing of the findings of fact, and thereupon filed exceptions to the findings made and demanded that the court make additional findings set forth in his exceptions. The court took no action in the matter, and, on settlement of defendant’s bill of exceptions in April, 1926, struck from the files the exceptions to the findings.
Defendant makes but two specifications of error: (1) That the evidence is insufficient to sustain the judgment or the findings on which it is based; and (2) that the court erred in its failure to remedy the defects in its findings in accordance with the exceptions taken thereto, and in striking the exceptions from the files.
The lease in question provides that for and in consideration of $1 the lessor does “grant, demise, lease, and let” the lands described unto the lessee “for the sole and only purpose of jnining and operating for oil,”
etc.;
and that “in consideration of the premises the said lessee covenants and agrees: 1st. Unless operations for the drilling of a test well be commenced and prosecuted with due diligence upon the above-described land or within the radius of three miles therefrom on or before July 1, 1921, this lease to be null and void, said test well to be drilled to a depth of at least 2,500 feet unless oil or gas in paying quantities be produced at a lesser depth.” It then provided that if oil or gas in paying quantities be discovered in the vicinity of the land, the lessee agrees to commence operations for drilling plaintiff’s land within twelve months thereafter. It is further provided that the lease shall be in full force and effect for the time specified for the commencement of operations, “and as long thereafter as oil and gas be
produced in paying quantities upon the above-described land.” The lease closes with a surrender clause under which the lessee may surrender the lease for cancellation at any time on the payment of $1.
The plaintiff proved his title to the land and introduced the lease in evidence; he then showed that the company commenced operations within time by the commencement of a well on land adjacent to his, but drilled only for a period of six or seven days and reached a depth of only 465 feet, when the well was abandoned without the discovery of oil or gas, and that this well was dismantled in April, 1922.
"Without disputing the testimony on the part of plaintiff, the defendant showed to the court that the land was upon what is known as the “Bowes structure,” which consists of a north and south dome, but that the south dome was higher and there^ fore more promising for a test well. He then showed that during the year 1923 a rotary well was sunk on the south dome at a point less than three miles from plaintiff’s land to a depth of 1,200 feet, and that thereafter, under an agreement with the Standard Oil Company of California, that company commenced a well within 30 feet of the 1,200-foot hole and at a depth of 1,200 feet struck a heavy flow of gas, but that their rig was struck by lightning and broke down; that the company is still drilling and has reached a depth of 3,300 feet at a cost of $130,000.
One Boyd, in charge of these operations, testified that he had had several conversations with the plaintiff and that plaintiff knew of this well, which the witness referred to in the first of such conversations as “the test well.” He testified further that in the summer of 1923 he requested Bowes to execute to him a new lease for the reason that the lease in effect was not in “commercial form,” which expression he explained as being form No. 88, known to all oil operators. Asked whether plaintiff in any of these conversations “repudiated the lease” here involved, the witness answered, “No, sir.” On eross-examina
tion he stated that at one time plaintiff executed a new lease to him, but that, as it was further from a commercial lease than the one in suit, he returned it.
The plaintiff, on rebuttal, testified that what Boyd had sought of him was a lease on the land for the Boyd Oil & Gas Company, but denied that Boyd said anything about a test well or why he wanted a lease executed, stating, “He said he just wanted a lease; he wanted my lease.” On cross-examination plaintiff admitted that he had seen a tower or “mast” at the point where the later well was drilled.
1. Admitting that he or his predecessor in interest did not diligently prosecute the drilling operations commenced July 1, 1921, defendant contends that the provision in the lease to the effect that such failure shall render the lease “null and void” is not self-operative. This contention is based upon the fact that the lease in question prefaces the provision numbered “1st” above by the phrase, “The lessee covenants and agrees.”
Defendant asserts that the lease therefore contains agreements on the part of the lessee and is thus distinguished from those leases which contain a mere option, and further asserts that, while the covenant to commence drilling within a certain time is in the nature of a condition precedent to the accruing of rights in the lease, the covenant to prosecute drilling operations with diligence is a condition subsequent; that by commencing within time defendant acquired an interest which can only be defeated by affirmative action. This might be so if in fact the lessee covenanted to perform any act or thing; but if we give full weight to the phrase quoted, all that the lessee covenanted and agreed was that if he did not commence operations on or before July 1, 1921, and thereafter prosecute those operations with diligence, the “lease to be null and void.”
It is the plain intention of the parties and not the mere wording of a lease which fixes its nature as an “or” lease or an “unless” lease, as defined in
McDaniel
v.
Hager-Stevenson
Oil Co.,
75 Mont. 356, 243 Pac. 582. In this connection it must be remembered that such leases as this are executed for the purpose of having lands explored, tested and drilled to determine whether oil and gas may be found therein, and, therefore, to the end that development may be promoted and delays therein prevented
(New State Oil Co.
v.
Dunn,
75 Okl. 141, 182 Pac. 514), they are to be construed liberally in favor of the lessor and strictly against the lessee.
(Daley
v.
Torrey,
69 Mont. 599, 223 Pac. 498;
Thomas
v.
Standard Development Co.,
70 Mont. 156, 224 Pac. 870;
Solberg
v.
Sunburst Oil & Gas Co.,
73 Mont. 94, 235 Pac. 761;
McDaniels
v.
Hager-Stevenson Oil Co.,
above.)
"While forfeitures are not usually favored in the law, owing to the peculiar nature of oil and gas leases, forfeitures are here favored rather than frowned upon. (Thornton on Oil and Gas, 4th ed., 512;
Solberg
v.
Sunburst Oil & Gas Co.,
76 Mont. 254, 246 Pac. 168.)
Reading the lease under consideration in the light of the foregoing special rules of construction, we are. of the opinion that, while it does not conform to any of the known forms of oil and gas leases and does contain the phrases “grant, demise, lease, and let” and “covenant and agree,” it in fact goes no further than to grant to the lessee the privilege of drilling or not drilling at its option and requires the lessee to do nothing, and, if drilling is commenced, the lessee is required to prosecute such operations to completion with diligence. In all essential features this lease is analogous to the one under consideration in
McDaniels
v.
Hager-Stevenson Oil Co.,
above. It is true that it does not contain the clause, “unless” the lessee pay rent, but it does provide that the lease shall be null and void unless the lessee sees fit to commence operations within the time limit and continue those operations with diligence until gas or oil is discovered in paying quantities or the required depth is reached, and does not require the lessee to do either of these things. It falls, then, within the category of
the “unless” form of lease, which, terminates
ipso facto
on failure to exercise the option granted and under which no affirmative action is required of the lessor. It is therefore immaterial that the lessor took no action to declare a forfeiture before bringing his action, as the lease automatically expired long prior to the commencement of the action.
(Solberg
v.
Sunburst Oil & Gas Co.,
76 Mont. 254, 246 Pac. 168.)
2. Defendant contends, however, that plaintiff waived the forfeiture by his conduct in permitting the defendant to drill a second and third test well on the structure after the first default, and at great expense to the lessee, he having full knowledge of what was being done. As to knowledge on the part of the plaintiff, there is a substantial conflict in the evidence, as above noted, and if this question were determinative, we would not disturb the court’s implied finding against the contention of the defendant. However, it must be remembered that none of the operations of the lessee or its successors were conducted upon the lands of plaintiff. How, then, could plaintiff have prevented the lessee from proceeding had he desired to do so ? Without passing upon the contention of plaintiff that the defendant is seeking to invoke an estoppel, not pleaded, rather than the waiver pleaded, there was no obligation resting upon plaintiff to object to operations not upon his land, and his failure to do so constituted neither a waiver of the forfeiture nor an estoppel to assert it.
(Solberg
v.
Sunburst Oil & Gas Co.,
last cited.)
3. As the lease did not have a fixed term, but provided that it should be null and void unless the lessee commenced operations for the drilling of a test well on the structure on or before July 1, 1921, and prosecuted such operations with diligence until the well was completed as specified, and further provided for the drilling of a well on the plaintiff’s land within twelve months after oil or gas was discovered, if discovered in such test well, and only provided for an extension of time if such products were discovered in paying quantities in the wells “specified herein,” for as long a time as they should
continue to produce oil and gas in paying quantities, on the failure of the lessee to prosecute the drilling of the initial well with diligence, the lease expired by its own terms.
4. Defendant’s “exceptions for defective findings” asserted that the findings made were defective in that the court did not find whether or not (1) the Republic Oil Company was prosecuting operations for the drilling of a well within a radius of three miles of plaintiff’s land at the time the action was commenced; (2) that the plaintiff took any affirmative action to cancel the lease prior to commencing his suit; and (3) the Republic Oil Company or its assigns or successors did, in the year 1923, or subsequent thereto, prosecute such operations — and demanded that the court make findings thereon. From what has been heretofore said it is apparent that such findings, if made, would have been wholly immaterial and could not have affected the decree rendered; if, therefore, error was committed in failing to act upon such exceptions and in striking the same from the files, it was nonprejudicial error.
No substantial error appearing in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Callaway and Associate Justices Galen and Stark concur.
Mr. Justice Myers did not hear the argument and takes no part in the foregoing decision.