OPINION OP THE COURT.
WATSON, J.
A former appeal of this cause is reported as Bowers v. Brazell, 205 P. 715, 27 N. M. 685, where the facts will be found stated. Necessary additional facts will be stated as we proceed.
The first decision held the complaint insufficient as an attack on the' decree for fraud in its procurement. It was there particularly pointed out:
“No allegation is made in the complaint that appellant had knowledge of appellee’s residence, nor suppressed the notice of the case and prevented such notice from reaching the appellee.”
After the case had been remanded, the complaint was amended. The new allegations are, in substance : (1) That the service by publication was void because the affidavit, copy of which is set forth, was on information and belief; (2) that the affidavit was a fraud on the court, “for the reason that the address and whereabouts of this plaintiff (defendant therein) was. known in Union county, N. M., was written upon the tax rolls of Union county, N. M., at the time this affidavit was made, and was in the possession of the treasurer of the said county, in connection with the payment of the taxes on the land herein sued upon”; (3) that the decree was void because it appears on its face to have been taken on the pleadings, by means of which procedure evidence, which would have shown the invalidity of the claimed tax title was fraudulently suppressed.
The amended complaint was demurred to as not setting forth a cause of action, in that it appears therefrom that there was sufficient service, and that no fraud was alleged therein. Other grounds of the demurrer it_ is not necessary to notice. The demurrer was sustained, by the court, and plaintiff (appellant) refusing to plead further, judgment was entered dismissing the complaint.
The affidavit for publication, referred to and made a part of the amended complaint, is in the following language:
‘‘C. L. Collins, being first duly sworn, upon his oath deposes and states that he is one of the attorneys for the plaintiff in the above-entitled cause, and that the defendants above named, according to the information and belief of affiant, are nonresidents of' the state of New Mexico, residing outside the limits of the said state of New Mexico, and that their present places of residence are unknown to affiant.”
Appellant contends that the new allegations charge fraud in the making of the affidavit, wherein it was deposed that affiant did not know the present places of residence of the defendants. The. essential allegation pointed out, as above stated, in the former opinion, is still lacking, but appellant relies, on her allegations that her place of residence was known in. Union county, and was written upon the tax rolls of that county.
It is appellant’s theory that facts are to be pleaded rather than conslusions. Tbe theory is. correct, but we think her application of it is wrong. It is urged that to have pleaded that the affiant had actual knowledge, or reasonably accessible means of knowledge, of appellant’s residence would have been to plead a conclusion. With this we cannot agree. That was the essential ultimate fact. The facts pleaded were merely probatory or primary. The conclusion of fraud in the suppression of notice need not, and probably should not, be pleaded. The ultimate facts should he. From the ultimate fact, the conclusion would follow. The facts pleaded are material and relevant to the establishment of the ultimate fact, but they do not of themselves support a conclusion of fraud. We are therefore com-' pelled to hold that the amended complaint before us fails to make out a case of fraud in procuring a decree by suppressing notice of the proceedings.
Appellant contends that the service was void because tbe fact of nonresidence was stated merely on information and belief, and that, since the court never acquired jurisdiction, the decree is void.
This attack on the decree, unlike that already disposed of, is not for fraud. The success of the first requires pleading and proof of the falsity of the statement of the affiant that appellant’s residence was unknown. Here the fact that appellant was not a resident of the state is admitted by the complaint. Sole reliance is placed upon the proposition that a jurisdictional fact, though true, was not proven.
The objection which appellant makes, to the affidavit is that it is hearsay and affords no proof of the essential fact of nonresidence.
The controlling statute (section 4095, Code 1915) provides:
“When any plaintiff, his agent or attorney * * * shall file a sworn pleading- or affidavit showing that any defendant resides or has gone out of the state, * * * it shall be the duty of the clerk of said court to publish a notice of the pendency of the said cause. * 4 * ”
It is not required, as in many states, that the fact of nonresidence shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, whereupon an order shall be made for the publication. It does not seem to be the fact of nonresidence of the defendant that is jurisdictional. It is the filing of the affidavit showing that fact by one qualified under the statute. So, if we find such an affidavit filed, the jurisdiction must be conceded. Appellant’s contention is thus reduced to the proposition that the fact, stated on information and belief, is not ‘ ‘ shown.’ ’
It is often difficult to determine the place of one’s residence, even when all facts are known, testified by those having personal knowledge of them.- It can seldom be the case that a positive statement of the fact of residence can be in reality more than a conclusion, opinion, or belief, based upon information. This- is true in greater degree of the negative fact of nonresidence. So the statute, in requiring that the affidavit “show” nonresidence, deals with something in its nature capable of being shown, in most cases at least, on information and belief only. When we note that the affidavit may be filed only by the plaintiff, or his agent or attorney, we have further evidence that the Legislature could not have contemplated that one of these must be able to depose in positive terms. So to have required would have resulted either in the necessity for reckless swearing or in unduly limiting, if not entirely preventing, the operation of the statute.
Appellant admits that a diversity of opinion is found in the decisions, but contends that, according to the better reasoned, nonresidence stated merely on information and belief is insufficient. Of the cases cited at 32 Cyc., “Process,” § 480, she relies upon Romig v. Gillett, 23 S. Ct. 40, 187 U. S. 111, 47 L. Ed. 97; Feikert v. Wilson, 37 N. W. 585, 38 Minn. 341, Corson v. Shoemaker, 57 N. W. 134, 55 Minn. 386.
In Romig v. Gillett the United States Supreme Court held only that the sheriff’s return “not served” was net a showing of due diligence under the Oklahoma statute, requiring- an affidavit stating that the plaintiff could not, with due dil gence, make service within the territory.
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OPINION OP THE COURT.
WATSON, J.
A former appeal of this cause is reported as Bowers v. Brazell, 205 P. 715, 27 N. M. 685, where the facts will be found stated. Necessary additional facts will be stated as we proceed.
The first decision held the complaint insufficient as an attack on the' decree for fraud in its procurement. It was there particularly pointed out:
“No allegation is made in the complaint that appellant had knowledge of appellee’s residence, nor suppressed the notice of the case and prevented such notice from reaching the appellee.”
After the case had been remanded, the complaint was amended. The new allegations are, in substance : (1) That the service by publication was void because the affidavit, copy of which is set forth, was on information and belief; (2) that the affidavit was a fraud on the court, “for the reason that the address and whereabouts of this plaintiff (defendant therein) was. known in Union county, N. M., was written upon the tax rolls of Union county, N. M., at the time this affidavit was made, and was in the possession of the treasurer of the said county, in connection with the payment of the taxes on the land herein sued upon”; (3) that the decree was void because it appears on its face to have been taken on the pleadings, by means of which procedure evidence, which would have shown the invalidity of the claimed tax title was fraudulently suppressed.
The amended complaint was demurred to as not setting forth a cause of action, in that it appears therefrom that there was sufficient service, and that no fraud was alleged therein. Other grounds of the demurrer it_ is not necessary to notice. The demurrer was sustained, by the court, and plaintiff (appellant) refusing to plead further, judgment was entered dismissing the complaint.
The affidavit for publication, referred to and made a part of the amended complaint, is in the following language:
‘‘C. L. Collins, being first duly sworn, upon his oath deposes and states that he is one of the attorneys for the plaintiff in the above-entitled cause, and that the defendants above named, according to the information and belief of affiant, are nonresidents of' the state of New Mexico, residing outside the limits of the said state of New Mexico, and that their present places of residence are unknown to affiant.”
Appellant contends that the new allegations charge fraud in the making of the affidavit, wherein it was deposed that affiant did not know the present places of residence of the defendants. The. essential allegation pointed out, as above stated, in the former opinion, is still lacking, but appellant relies, on her allegations that her place of residence was known in. Union county, and was written upon the tax rolls of that county.
It is appellant’s theory that facts are to be pleaded rather than conslusions. Tbe theory is. correct, but we think her application of it is wrong. It is urged that to have pleaded that the affiant had actual knowledge, or reasonably accessible means of knowledge, of appellant’s residence would have been to plead a conclusion. With this we cannot agree. That was the essential ultimate fact. The facts pleaded were merely probatory or primary. The conclusion of fraud in the suppression of notice need not, and probably should not, be pleaded. The ultimate facts should he. From the ultimate fact, the conclusion would follow. The facts pleaded are material and relevant to the establishment of the ultimate fact, but they do not of themselves support a conclusion of fraud. We are therefore com-' pelled to hold that the amended complaint before us fails to make out a case of fraud in procuring a decree by suppressing notice of the proceedings.
Appellant contends that the service was void because tbe fact of nonresidence was stated merely on information and belief, and that, since the court never acquired jurisdiction, the decree is void.
This attack on the decree, unlike that already disposed of, is not for fraud. The success of the first requires pleading and proof of the falsity of the statement of the affiant that appellant’s residence was unknown. Here the fact that appellant was not a resident of the state is admitted by the complaint. Sole reliance is placed upon the proposition that a jurisdictional fact, though true, was not proven.
The objection which appellant makes, to the affidavit is that it is hearsay and affords no proof of the essential fact of nonresidence.
The controlling statute (section 4095, Code 1915) provides:
“When any plaintiff, his agent or attorney * * * shall file a sworn pleading- or affidavit showing that any defendant resides or has gone out of the state, * * * it shall be the duty of the clerk of said court to publish a notice of the pendency of the said cause. * 4 * ”
It is not required, as in many states, that the fact of nonresidence shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, whereupon an order shall be made for the publication. It does not seem to be the fact of nonresidence of the defendant that is jurisdictional. It is the filing of the affidavit showing that fact by one qualified under the statute. So, if we find such an affidavit filed, the jurisdiction must be conceded. Appellant’s contention is thus reduced to the proposition that the fact, stated on information and belief, is not ‘ ‘ shown.’ ’
It is often difficult to determine the place of one’s residence, even when all facts are known, testified by those having personal knowledge of them.- It can seldom be the case that a positive statement of the fact of residence can be in reality more than a conclusion, opinion, or belief, based upon information. This- is true in greater degree of the negative fact of nonresidence. So the statute, in requiring that the affidavit “show” nonresidence, deals with something in its nature capable of being shown, in most cases at least, on information and belief only. When we note that the affidavit may be filed only by the plaintiff, or his agent or attorney, we have further evidence that the Legislature could not have contemplated that one of these must be able to depose in positive terms. So to have required would have resulted either in the necessity for reckless swearing or in unduly limiting, if not entirely preventing, the operation of the statute.
Appellant admits that a diversity of opinion is found in the decisions, but contends that, according to the better reasoned, nonresidence stated merely on information and belief is insufficient. Of the cases cited at 32 Cyc., “Process,” § 480, she relies upon Romig v. Gillett, 23 S. Ct. 40, 187 U. S. 111, 47 L. Ed. 97; Feikert v. Wilson, 37 N. W. 585, 38 Minn. 341, Corson v. Shoemaker, 57 N. W. 134, 55 Minn. 386.
In Romig v. Gillett the United States Supreme Court held only that the sheriff’s return “not served” was net a showing of due diligence under the Oklahoma statute, requiring- an affidavit stating that the plaintiff could not, with due dil gence, make service within the territory. The decision of the same case in the territorial Supreme Court of Oklahoma, reported in 62 P. 305, 10 Okl. 186, seems, however, to support appellant’s view. In Feikert v. Wilson, the Minnesota Supreme Court held that the fact that defendant had property within the state could not be stated on information and belief in an affidavit required as the basis for service by publication. The court seems to distinguish the statute there involved, which required the fact to be “stated” from statutes requiring the fact to be “shown.” Corson v. Shoemaker did not involve the question here under consideration.
It has been held, undoubtedly in many eases, that the positive averment that the defendant is not a resident of the state is insufficient, if unaccompanied by a showing of the information or knowledge on which such conclusion is based. See case note, 37 L. R. A. (N. S.) 206. However, a careful reading of the note cited discloses that in most, if not all, of the jurisdictions there represented the essential requirement of the statute is a showing that the defendant cannot, with due diligence, be found or served within the State. Of course, a mere averment on information and belief that a defendant is a nonresident of the state is no showing of diligence in attempting to find him. The New Mexico statute specifies no degree of diligence, and, in fact, by its terms, requires none whatever. Inability to make service within the state is to be presumed from the fact of nonresidence. The refusal of many courts to accept a positive statement of nonresidence is thought to illustrate the point we have sought to make. A statement admittedly on information and belief is as convincing as a positive statement which, in the nature of the case, can be no more than opinion or conclusion. As stated in Colton v. Rupert, 27 N. W. 520, 60 Mich. 318:
“Good, practice requires that the name of the informant, or the source from which the information is derived, should be stated, not as affording any additional weight to the affidavit as evidence, but as a safeguard and check against false and reckless swearing.”
Our statutory procedure regulating service by publication is loose as compared with those of other jurisdictions coming to our attention. It no doubt lends itself readily to abuse. That there has been any great abuse of it in this, state is to be doubted. We find nothing in our reports to indicate it. While the statute is unquestionably to be strictly construed and strictly followed, we do not think it within our province to read into it or to add to it what the Legislature has omitted. It has been in force, in substance as at present, since 1874. Many titles haive been settled under it. Divorces have been granted under it. What has been done in the past should' not be unsettled by imputing to the Legislature an intent not expressed. If it be thought that sound policy, for the prevention of fraud and the protection of the property rights of nonresidents, demands a reform in our procedure, any additional requirements should have prospective application only.
Holding the affidavit sufficient under our statute to support the service by publication and, hence, the jurisdiction to render the decree attacked, we cite the following decisions as generally supporting our views here expressed: Hannas v. Hannas, 110 Ill. 53; Malaer v. Daron, 31 Ill. App. 572; Pettiford vs. Zoellner, 8 N. W. 57, 45 Mich, 358; Colton v. Rupert, 27 N. W. 520, 60 Mich. 318; Leigh v. Green, 86 N. W. 1093, 62 Neb. 344, 89 Am. St. Rep. 751. reported on rehearing 90 N. W. 255, 64 Neb. 533, 101 Am. St. Rep. 592, and affirmed 24 S. Ct. 390, 193 U. S. 79, 48 L. Ed. 623; Smith v. Collis, 112 P. 1070, 42 Mon. 350, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 1158; Jotter v. Marvin, 189 P. 119, 67 Colo. 548.
Appellant contends that the decree is void because of fraudulent suppression of evidence. It is alleged in the amened complaint—
“that the said decree was and is void for the further reason that it shows upon its face that it was taken on the pleadings and no proof of the alleged title made, which was a fraud upon the court of Union county, N. M., and upon this plaintiff, because thereby evidence of the illegality and nullity of the plaintiff’s alleged title in cause No. 4157 was suppressed from the court.”
Appellant points to the fact that the decree recites that it was rendered on motion for judgment on the pleadings. ‘ Appellee points to a recital therein that the court has “read and considered all the pleadings and proof in said cause.” We do not think it is to be inferred from these recitals that the court neglected to satisfy itself by proof of the validity of appellee’s asserted title. We infer, rather, that the decree inadvertently recites a motion for judgment on the pleadings instead of one for judgment as upon default. However the fact may be as to that, it is of importance in this proceeding only as it might evidence the suppression by appellee of the alleged fact that the taxes upon which title rested had been paid. But it is not alleged that appellee or his counsel had any knowledge of that fact, nor that any document necessary to prove the title discloses it. We can see no justification in the amended, complaint for any inference that a fraud was perpetrated upon the court, or upon the appellee through the suppression of evidence.
We have given this case careful consideration because of the claim that the tax resulting in the loss of appellant’s property had in fact been paid. That being true, appellant has suffered a hardship and an injustice, a remedy for which we should wish to afford. But, as pointed out in the former opinion of this court, the validity of tppellee’s title was settled in the former suit. We are concerned now only with the validity of the decree establishing that title. Appellant has sought to attack it on the ground of fraud and lack of jurisdiction, but has not, as we are convinced, by her amended complaint set forth facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. It follows, that the demurrer was properly sustained. The judgment must be affirmed, and it so ordered.
PARKER, C. J., and BICKLEY, J., concur.