Adkins, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Charles B. Taylor and Georgeanna Taylor, his wife, by a declaration of trust, dated September 15th, 1852, disposed of certain property therein described, the uses and purposes of the trusts created being set forth in said deed as follows:
“First — For the sole and separate use, benefit and enjoyment of Georgeanna Taylor, wife of said Charles B. Taylor, during the joint lives of said Georgeanna and of said Charles and during the lifetime of the sur
vivor of them so long as he or she shall after the death of him or her first dying remain sole and unmarried to the use, benefit and engagement of such survivor, and upon the second marriage or the death of such survivor or whichever event shall first happen thereupon, thenceforth to the use, benefit and enjoyment of all the children, issue of the marriage now existing between said Charles and said Georgeanna, viz., of the children now being and of such others their children as during their now marriage (or within the period contemplated by law after said Charles’ death, should he first die) may hereafter be born and who may be living at the time of the ensuing of such use and benefit and so as to be lawful issue of those children surviving the parent among those children, such issue taking
per stirpes,
so that said children and issue aforesaid shall receive and enjoy the income and profits of said trust estate to their sole and separate and personal use and benefit without power of disposing of the same or of any interest therein by way of anticipation or incumbrance, transfer or assignment. It being intended and hereby expressly stipulated that immediately upon the said Charles or said Georgeanna either surviving the other contracting and performing a second marriage, viz., any marriage other than that now existing, all interest of such party surviving and so marrying in and to and out of said trust estate shall forthwith cease and determine, and thenceforth the entire rents, issues and profits of said estate to be received by said other
cestui que trusts
and children and issue of the children of said Charles and Georgeanna by their now marriage then living and upon further trust that upon the death of any of such children or issue so surviving the life or widowhood of said Charles or Georgeanna (whichever shall survive the other), then in trust to convey, assign and transfer the interest and claim of such children or issue, then dying to the heir or heirs of such children or issue, should he, she or they leave issue of their, her or his body then living, but if none such, then his, her or their interest in said trust estate to
revert to the common fund to be enjoyed by the surviving children, issue or child of said Georgeanna and Charles aforesaid during his, her or their lifetime.”
This Oourt was called upon to construe the above mentioned deed in the case of
Bowerman
v.
Taylor,
reported in 126 Md. 203, in so far as concerned the interests of the parties to the.suit in the then existing circumstances.
It appeared from the record in that case (which we are asked to consider as supplementing the record filed in the present case) that m> children were bom to the settlors after the date of said deed, and that all of the children who were then living were still alive at the time of the death of the surviving settlor except Melville Taylor, a. son, who died September 16th, 1884, unmarried and without issue. At the time of the hearing of the former case two of said surviving children had died, one of them leaving children and the other leaving a daughter and children of a deceased daughter; and the question presented in that ease was whether the trusts created by said deed, for the benefit of the children of the settlors then living and the1 children of deceased children, were valid or whether they violated the rule against perpetuities. It was held that the rule Was not violated as to any of the parties to that suit, all of them either having been in existence at the date of the deed, or their interests necessarily vesting, if at all, at the death of persons who were living at the date of the deed.
Since that case was decided, Mrs. Evelyn J. MoKenney, one of the children of the settlors, has died without leaving issue, and we are now required:
(a) To construe the deed in reference to its disposition of remainders after the death' of a child without leaving issue.
(b) To decide whether such disposition violates the rule against perpetuities.
The petition in this case was filed by John O. Bowerman, the surviving trustee, and Clara Taylor, against Caroline A.
Gibson, Winfield. J. Taylor and Décima S. II. Taylor, his wife, and the said Decima S. TI. Taylor, trustee of Winfield J. Taylor, Florence Van Rensselaer, Lyndsay Van Rensselaer and Lolita Van Rensselaer, his wife, Maud R. Taylor and Harold A. Taylor, her husband, Dorothy M. Fields and Melvin J. Fields, her husband, and Marjorie P. Graham.
Clara Taylor, Caroline A. Gibson and Winfield J. Taylor were, at the time of the death of Mrs. McKenney, the only surviving children of the settlors; Florence Van Rensselaer and Lyndsay Van Rensselaer are children of Florence Van Rensselaer, a deceased daughter of the settlors; Maud R. Taylor is a daughter, and Dorothy M. Fields and Marjorie P. Graham are grand-daughters of George M. Taylor, a deceased son of settlors, the said Florence Van Rensselaer and George M. Taylor having died after the death of the surviving settlor, but prior to the death of Mrs. McKenney. Pending these proceedings Caroline A. Gibson died, leaving the following children, viz.: Mary IT. Bowerman, who married John O. Bowerman; Charles M. Gibson, a widower; William Howard Gibson, who' married Mary Gibson; and Clara T. G. Wilson, who married Young O. Wilson, Jr. These children with their spouses were by order of court made parties to the proceedings.
The position of appellants is that the only parties beneficially interested' at the time of the death of Mrs. McKenney, in that part of the trust estate formerly held by her as equitable life tenant, were the three children of the settlors then living, who took equitable life estates one-third each, and those who might be entitled in remainder after said life tenants’ deaths respectively under the plan of devolution provided by said deed of trust; and that, Mrs. Gibson having died after Mrs. McKenney’s death, the one-third part which Mrs. Gibson took as life tenant devolved upon her children absolutely.
On behalf of the appellees, other than the children of Mrs. Gibson, it is contended that at the death of Mrs. McKenney
the three surviving children of the settlors took equitable life interests., each one-fifth, and the issue of deceased children of the settlors took absolutely the other two-fifths,
per simpes,
and that the one-fifth part, of which Mrs. Gibson became the equitable life tenant, on her death devolved upon her children absolutely.
The learned court below sustained the contention of appellees.
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Adkins, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Charles B. Taylor and Georgeanna Taylor, his wife, by a declaration of trust, dated September 15th, 1852, disposed of certain property therein described, the uses and purposes of the trusts created being set forth in said deed as follows:
“First — For the sole and separate use, benefit and enjoyment of Georgeanna Taylor, wife of said Charles B. Taylor, during the joint lives of said Georgeanna and of said Charles and during the lifetime of the sur
vivor of them so long as he or she shall after the death of him or her first dying remain sole and unmarried to the use, benefit and engagement of such survivor, and upon the second marriage or the death of such survivor or whichever event shall first happen thereupon, thenceforth to the use, benefit and enjoyment of all the children, issue of the marriage now existing between said Charles and said Georgeanna, viz., of the children now being and of such others their children as during their now marriage (or within the period contemplated by law after said Charles’ death, should he first die) may hereafter be born and who may be living at the time of the ensuing of such use and benefit and so as to be lawful issue of those children surviving the parent among those children, such issue taking
per stirpes,
so that said children and issue aforesaid shall receive and enjoy the income and profits of said trust estate to their sole and separate and personal use and benefit without power of disposing of the same or of any interest therein by way of anticipation or incumbrance, transfer or assignment. It being intended and hereby expressly stipulated that immediately upon the said Charles or said Georgeanna either surviving the other contracting and performing a second marriage, viz., any marriage other than that now existing, all interest of such party surviving and so marrying in and to and out of said trust estate shall forthwith cease and determine, and thenceforth the entire rents, issues and profits of said estate to be received by said other
cestui que trusts
and children and issue of the children of said Charles and Georgeanna by their now marriage then living and upon further trust that upon the death of any of such children or issue so surviving the life or widowhood of said Charles or Georgeanna (whichever shall survive the other), then in trust to convey, assign and transfer the interest and claim of such children or issue, then dying to the heir or heirs of such children or issue, should he, she or they leave issue of their, her or his body then living, but if none such, then his, her or their interest in said trust estate to
revert to the common fund to be enjoyed by the surviving children, issue or child of said Georgeanna and Charles aforesaid during his, her or their lifetime.”
This Oourt was called upon to construe the above mentioned deed in the case of
Bowerman
v.
Taylor,
reported in 126 Md. 203, in so far as concerned the interests of the parties to the.suit in the then existing circumstances.
It appeared from the record in that case (which we are asked to consider as supplementing the record filed in the present case) that m> children were bom to the settlors after the date of said deed, and that all of the children who were then living were still alive at the time of the death of the surviving settlor except Melville Taylor, a. son, who died September 16th, 1884, unmarried and without issue. At the time of the hearing of the former case two of said surviving children had died, one of them leaving children and the other leaving a daughter and children of a deceased daughter; and the question presented in that ease was whether the trusts created by said deed, for the benefit of the children of the settlors then living and the1 children of deceased children, were valid or whether they violated the rule against perpetuities. It was held that the rule Was not violated as to any of the parties to that suit, all of them either having been in existence at the date of the deed, or their interests necessarily vesting, if at all, at the death of persons who were living at the date of the deed.
Since that case was decided, Mrs. Evelyn J. MoKenney, one of the children of the settlors, has died without leaving issue, and we are now required:
(a) To construe the deed in reference to its disposition of remainders after the death' of a child without leaving issue.
(b) To decide whether such disposition violates the rule against perpetuities.
The petition in this case was filed by John O. Bowerman, the surviving trustee, and Clara Taylor, against Caroline A.
Gibson, Winfield. J. Taylor and Décima S. II. Taylor, his wife, and the said Decima S. TI. Taylor, trustee of Winfield J. Taylor, Florence Van Rensselaer, Lyndsay Van Rensselaer and Lolita Van Rensselaer, his wife, Maud R. Taylor and Harold A. Taylor, her husband, Dorothy M. Fields and Melvin J. Fields, her husband, and Marjorie P. Graham.
Clara Taylor, Caroline A. Gibson and Winfield J. Taylor were, at the time of the death of Mrs. McKenney, the only surviving children of the settlors; Florence Van Rensselaer and Lyndsay Van Rensselaer are children of Florence Van Rensselaer, a deceased daughter of the settlors; Maud R. Taylor is a daughter, and Dorothy M. Fields and Marjorie P. Graham are grand-daughters of George M. Taylor, a deceased son of settlors, the said Florence Van Rensselaer and George M. Taylor having died after the death of the surviving settlor, but prior to the death of Mrs. McKenney. Pending these proceedings Caroline A. Gibson died, leaving the following children, viz.: Mary IT. Bowerman, who married John O. Bowerman; Charles M. Gibson, a widower; William Howard Gibson, who' married Mary Gibson; and Clara T. G. Wilson, who married Young O. Wilson, Jr. These children with their spouses were by order of court made parties to the proceedings.
The position of appellants is that the only parties beneficially interested' at the time of the death of Mrs. McKenney, in that part of the trust estate formerly held by her as equitable life tenant, were the three children of the settlors then living, who took equitable life estates one-third each, and those who might be entitled in remainder after said life tenants’ deaths respectively under the plan of devolution provided by said deed of trust; and that, Mrs. Gibson having died after Mrs. McKenney’s death, the one-third part which Mrs. Gibson took as life tenant devolved upon her children absolutely.
On behalf of the appellees, other than the children of Mrs. Gibson, it is contended that at the death of Mrs. McKenney
the three surviving children of the settlors took equitable life interests., each one-fifth, and the issue of deceased children of the settlors took absolutely the other two-fifths,
per simpes,
and that the one-fifth part, of which Mrs. Gibson became the equitable life tenant, on her death devolved upon her children absolutely.
The learned court below sustained the contention of appellees.
After careful consideration of the entire deed of trust we are forced to the conclusion that whatever may be the correct construction of the provision now in controversy, in any event the position of appellants is untenable. It is impossible to give the words of the settlors any meaning, and at the same time exclude their issue more remote than children at the time of filing! the bill of complaint from all interest in the part of the estate in which Mrs. McKenney had a life interest. The only question is whether they took equitable life estates
per stirpes
in two-fifths, of such part or absolute estates, in such two-fifths.
And the decision of the question depends upon the time to which the survivorship, (in the expression “to be enjoyed by the surviving children, issue or child of said Georgeanna and Charles aforesaid, during his, her or their lifetime”) must be referred.
If to the time of the death of the surviving settlor, then we cannot escape from the conclusion reached by the lower court.
If, on the other hand, the words of survivorship, should be referred to the time of the death of Mrs. McKenney, then the original parties to this suit, other than the trustee, Bower-man, took equitable life estates, the children of the settlors each in one-fifth, .and the more remote issue,
per stirpes,
in the other twoKfifths. On this assumption as to the date of reference, the children of settlors, and the issue of deceased children living at the death of Mrs. McKenney, all answer the description in the deed of those who are to enjoy for
life the remainder after the death without issue of a child or issue of the settlors living* at the death of the survivor of the settlors. They all are children and issue of the settlor's; they were all in being at the death of Mrs. McKenney; she was a child of the settlors living at, the death of the survivor of them; and she died without issue. If it was intended that they take life estates in remainder, such provision violated in no res,pact the rule against perpetuities,, as these estates in remainder must have vested in them, if at all, at the death of one who was living at the date of the deed.
Bowerman
v.
Taylor, supra.
In regard to the time to which words, of survivorship are to be referred, the well recognized rule in this State is that, when the gift is a contingent remainder after an intervening estate, such as a life estate, the words of survivorship are to be referred to the time of the happening of the contingency, if there is nothing in the deed or will to indicate a contrary intention.
Turner
v.
Withers,
23 Md. 41;
Anderson
v.
Brown,
84 Md. 261;
Wilson
v.
Bull,
97 Md. 128;
Demill
v.
Reid,
71 Md. 175;
Larmour
v.
Rich,
71 Md. 369;
Hill
v.
Safe Deposit & Trust Co.,
101 Md. 60;
Poultney
v.
Tiffany,
112 Md. 633;
Booth
v.
Eberly,
124 Md. 22;
Burden
v.
Burden,
130 Md. 551;
Clagett
v.
Bowie,
130 Md. 437;
Henderson
v.
Henderson,
131 Md. 312;
Merowitz
v.
Whitby,
138 Md. 222; and
Iglehart
v.
Hall,
140 Md. 304.
But it is also recognized, in all the above cases and iu many others, that the general rale above mentioned must not be permitted to conflict with the cardinal principle that the intention of the testator or1 settlor must govern, when that can be ascertained from the will or deed of trust. In most of the oases cited, the1 court could not find on the facts of those cases any indication of an intention contrary to the general rule.
It is said in
Branson
v.
Hill,
31 Md. 181, that where the gift is not immediate upon the death of testator, there being a prior life or’ other interest carved out, so1 that there is another period than that of the death of testator to which
the words of survivorship could refer, the question depends upon the presumed intention of testator.
And in 40 Cyc. 1511 (cited in
Henderson
v.
Henderson, supra,
and
Burden
v.
Burden,
supra,) “words of survivorship will be referred to the event plainly intended to accomplish the purpose of the testator, whether that event be before, at the time of, or after the death of the testator. * * * Where the gift to the survivor is preceded by a particular estate for life or years, words of survivorship-, in the absence of anything indicating a contrary intention, usually refer to' the termination of the particular estate; such as at the death of the life tenant.”
It remains to determine whether there is anything in the deed of trust in this ease to indicate that the reference was to the time of the death of the surviving settlor rather than to that of Mrs. McKenney, the life tenant.
We think there is. The words italicized in the following quotation from the clause now in controversy seem to indicate such intention: “but if none such, then his, her or their interest in said trust estate, to
revert to the common fund
to be enjoyed by the surviving children, issue or child of
said
Georgeanna and Charles
aforesaid
during his, her or their lifetime.” There could be no purpose in having this part of the trust estate “revert to the-common fund,” unless it were- afterwards to devolve according to the original plan; and to do this it must start with tire same class as the base of the plan, viz.: the class who were to' take life estates at the death of the survivor of the settlors. It seems to- us also that the word “said” immediately preceding the names of the settlors suggests very strongly that the word “aforesaid” immediately following these names refers, not to
them,
but to the surviving children and issue mentioned earlier in the paragraph, as those who are to take life estates after the death or marriage of the survivor of the settlors.
On this theory, too, it is much easier to infer that the settlors meant the devolution to continue as originally provided
for the devolution of the “common fund,”'they having disposed of
expressly
only life interests, in the part of the estate here involved. It- would he difficult to avoid an intestacy as to the ultimate remainder on any other theory.
The interests of all parties taking under this interpretation of the deed must have vested, if at all, immediately upon the death of Mrs. McKenney, who was in being at the date of the deed of trust, so that it is manifest that such a disposition violates in no respect the rule against perpetuities.
It follows that, in our opinion, the conclusion reached by the lower court was correct. The decree appealed from will therefore be affirmed.
Decree affirmed, costs to be paid out of the corpus ■ of that part of the trust estate here involved.