Mr. Justice McKihNey
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Complainant, being a minority stockholder in the defendant corporation, filed the original bill herein for the purpose of enjoining it from issuing two hundred and fifty shares of preferred stock.
The relief prayed for in the bill was decreed by the chancellor, and upon an appeal to the court of civil appeals his decree was affirmed.
The defendant was incorporated in 1910. Its capital stock was fixed in the charter at two hundred and fifty shares, of the par value of $100 each. The oiiginal charter contains no provision authorizing the issuance of preferred stock.
In September, 1920, an amendment to the charter was had, so as to authorize the issuance of two hundred and fifty additional shares of common stock and two hundred and fifty shares of preferred stock, of the par value of $100 each. This action was had without the consent of the complainant.
At a meeting of the stockholders on October 11, 1920, for the purpose of approving the amendment to the charter authorizing the issuance of said additional stock, the complainant duly objected, and when, over his pro[66]*66test, said stock was about to be issued, be filed tbe bill herein.
In 14 Corpus Juris, 496, it is said:
“Tbe capital stock of a corporation cannot legally be increased except to tbe extent, under tbe conditions, and in tbe manner prescribed by tbe charter or statute. ’ ’
Prior to 1905 there was no statutory - authority in Tennessee for issuing preferred stock.
In Railroad v. Knoxville, 98 Tenn., 21, 37 S. W., 888, this court said:
“Notwithstanding tbe fact that preferred stock is generally more valuable than common stock, there are three reasons why tbe city of Knoxville will not be required to accept tbe preferred stock tendered to it in this cause. In tbe first, place, tbe subscription contract calls for uommon stock, and, that being so, only common stock will meet tbe railroad company’s obligation. The city may rightfully refuse to receive anything except that which was contracted for. In tbe next place, tbe preferred stock has no validity as between the railroad company and tbe city. Tbe first capitalization, that to which Knoxville subscribed, being of common stock only, and there being no express authority in the charter for the issuance of preferred stock at a subsequent time, the railroad company had no power to create other stock and give it preference as against any holder of common shares without his or its consent. 1 Mor. Pri. Corp. (2 Ed.), section 463; 2 Thompson’s Com. on Corp., section 2244.”
In Kent v. Quicksilver Mining Co:, 78 N. Y., 159, the court said:
[67]*67“We will not say, for we are not called upon here to say, that never can a corporation rightfully, against the dissent of a portion of its stockholders, make some of the stock preferred; what we assert is that this case does not present a state of facts in which a power so to do exists.
“There is a power in this charter to alter, amend, add to, or repeal, at pleasure, by-laws before made. It is argued from this that it was in the power of the corporate body, in due form and manner, to alter the by-laws which had fixed the amount of the capital stock and the number and relative value of the shares thereof. The power to make by-laws is to make such as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and the law; and the power to alter has the same limit, so that no alteration could be made which would infringe a right already given and secured by the contract of the corporation. Nor was the power to alter, to the extent of affecting the contracted relative value of a share, reserved when the share was sold to the stockholder, so as to enter into and form a part of the contract. An alteration is a pro tanto repeal; but no private corporation can repeal a by-law so as to impair rights which have been given and become vested by virtue of the by-law afterward repealed. All bylaws must be reasonable and consistent with the general principles of the laws of the land, which are to be determined by the courts, when a case is properly before them. Master, etc., v. Green, 1 Ld. Raym., 113. A by-law may regelate or modify the constitution of a corporation, but cannot alter it. Rex v. Cutbush, 4 Burr., 2204; R. W. Co. v. Allerton, 18 Wall., 233. The alteration of a by[68]*68law is but the making of another upon the same matter. If the first must be reasonable and in accord with principles of law, so must that which alters it. If, then, the power is reserved to alter, amend, or repeal, and that reservation enters into a contract, the power reserved is to pass reasonable by-laws agreeable to law. But a by-law that will disturb a vested right is not such. See Gray v. Portland Bank, 3 Mass., 363 [3 Am. Dec., 156]; Grant, Corp., 91. And it differs not when the power to make and alter by-laws is expressly given to a majority of the stockholders, and that the obnoxious ordinance is passed in due form.”
Fletcher on Corporations, sections 3622 and 3623, says:
“Preferred stock, however, cannot be issued, against the dissent of a holder of common stock, if his contract with the corporation will be thereby broken or impaired. Therefore, if a corporation, when it issues common stock, is not expressly authorized to issue preferred stock either by its charter or by the general law, and if' there is no provision for such stock in its articles of association, it cannot afterwards issue the same without the unanimous consent of the holders of the common stock. . . .
“Where the consent of all the stockholders is not obtained, the issuance of the stock cannot be validated by a ratification by a majority of the stockholders.
“An expressly granted or implied power to borrow money for the purposes of the corporation does not include the power to issue ordinary irredeemable preferred stock for the purpose of raising money, for, as was said by the New York court of appeals, ‘the idea of a borrow[69]*69ing is not filled out unless there is in the agreement therefor a promise or understanding that what is borrowed will be repaid or returned, the thing itself or something like it of equal value, with or without compensation for the use of it in the meantime,’ and the issue-of preferred stock cannot be looked upon ‘as other than a preference of one class of stockholders to another; as giving to the first class perpetual inextinguishable prior right to a portion of the earnings of the company before the other class might have anything therefrom.’ ”
Since there is no provision in the charter authorizing the corporation to issue preferred stock, and since there was no statutory authority authorizing such action prior to 1905, it therefore becomes necessary to refer to chapter 174 of the Acts of 1905 for the purpose of ascertaining whether the defendant, under the provisions of said act, was empowered by a two-thirds vote of its common stock to have its charter amended so as to authorize it to issue preferred stock. Said act is as follows:
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Mr. Justice McKihNey
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Complainant, being a minority stockholder in the defendant corporation, filed the original bill herein for the purpose of enjoining it from issuing two hundred and fifty shares of preferred stock.
The relief prayed for in the bill was decreed by the chancellor, and upon an appeal to the court of civil appeals his decree was affirmed.
The defendant was incorporated in 1910. Its capital stock was fixed in the charter at two hundred and fifty shares, of the par value of $100 each. The oiiginal charter contains no provision authorizing the issuance of preferred stock.
In September, 1920, an amendment to the charter was had, so as to authorize the issuance of two hundred and fifty additional shares of common stock and two hundred and fifty shares of preferred stock, of the par value of $100 each. This action was had without the consent of the complainant.
At a meeting of the stockholders on October 11, 1920, for the purpose of approving the amendment to the charter authorizing the issuance of said additional stock, the complainant duly objected, and when, over his pro[66]*66test, said stock was about to be issued, be filed tbe bill herein.
In 14 Corpus Juris, 496, it is said:
“Tbe capital stock of a corporation cannot legally be increased except to tbe extent, under tbe conditions, and in tbe manner prescribed by tbe charter or statute. ’ ’
Prior to 1905 there was no statutory - authority in Tennessee for issuing preferred stock.
In Railroad v. Knoxville, 98 Tenn., 21, 37 S. W., 888, this court said:
“Notwithstanding tbe fact that preferred stock is generally more valuable than common stock, there are three reasons why tbe city of Knoxville will not be required to accept tbe preferred stock tendered to it in this cause. In tbe first, place, tbe subscription contract calls for uommon stock, and, that being so, only common stock will meet tbe railroad company’s obligation. The city may rightfully refuse to receive anything except that which was contracted for. In tbe next place, tbe preferred stock has no validity as between the railroad company and tbe city. Tbe first capitalization, that to which Knoxville subscribed, being of common stock only, and there being no express authority in the charter for the issuance of preferred stock at a subsequent time, the railroad company had no power to create other stock and give it preference as against any holder of common shares without his or its consent. 1 Mor. Pri. Corp. (2 Ed.), section 463; 2 Thompson’s Com. on Corp., section 2244.”
In Kent v. Quicksilver Mining Co:, 78 N. Y., 159, the court said:
[67]*67“We will not say, for we are not called upon here to say, that never can a corporation rightfully, against the dissent of a portion of its stockholders, make some of the stock preferred; what we assert is that this case does not present a state of facts in which a power so to do exists.
“There is a power in this charter to alter, amend, add to, or repeal, at pleasure, by-laws before made. It is argued from this that it was in the power of the corporate body, in due form and manner, to alter the by-laws which had fixed the amount of the capital stock and the number and relative value of the shares thereof. The power to make by-laws is to make such as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and the law; and the power to alter has the same limit, so that no alteration could be made which would infringe a right already given and secured by the contract of the corporation. Nor was the power to alter, to the extent of affecting the contracted relative value of a share, reserved when the share was sold to the stockholder, so as to enter into and form a part of the contract. An alteration is a pro tanto repeal; but no private corporation can repeal a by-law so as to impair rights which have been given and become vested by virtue of the by-law afterward repealed. All bylaws must be reasonable and consistent with the general principles of the laws of the land, which are to be determined by the courts, when a case is properly before them. Master, etc., v. Green, 1 Ld. Raym., 113. A by-law may regelate or modify the constitution of a corporation, but cannot alter it. Rex v. Cutbush, 4 Burr., 2204; R. W. Co. v. Allerton, 18 Wall., 233. The alteration of a by[68]*68law is but the making of another upon the same matter. If the first must be reasonable and in accord with principles of law, so must that which alters it. If, then, the power is reserved to alter, amend, or repeal, and that reservation enters into a contract, the power reserved is to pass reasonable by-laws agreeable to law. But a by-law that will disturb a vested right is not such. See Gray v. Portland Bank, 3 Mass., 363 [3 Am. Dec., 156]; Grant, Corp., 91. And it differs not when the power to make and alter by-laws is expressly given to a majority of the stockholders, and that the obnoxious ordinance is passed in due form.”
Fletcher on Corporations, sections 3622 and 3623, says:
“Preferred stock, however, cannot be issued, against the dissent of a holder of common stock, if his contract with the corporation will be thereby broken or impaired. Therefore, if a corporation, when it issues common stock, is not expressly authorized to issue preferred stock either by its charter or by the general law, and if' there is no provision for such stock in its articles of association, it cannot afterwards issue the same without the unanimous consent of the holders of the common stock. . . .
“Where the consent of all the stockholders is not obtained, the issuance of the stock cannot be validated by a ratification by a majority of the stockholders.
“An expressly granted or implied power to borrow money for the purposes of the corporation does not include the power to issue ordinary irredeemable preferred stock for the purpose of raising money, for, as was said by the New York court of appeals, ‘the idea of a borrow[69]*69ing is not filled out unless there is in the agreement therefor a promise or understanding that what is borrowed will be repaid or returned, the thing itself or something like it of equal value, with or without compensation for the use of it in the meantime,’ and the issue-of preferred stock cannot be looked upon ‘as other than a preference of one class of stockholders to another; as giving to the first class perpetual inextinguishable prior right to a portion of the earnings of the company before the other class might have anything therefrom.’ ”
Since there is no provision in the charter authorizing the corporation to issue preferred stock, and since there was no statutory authority authorizing such action prior to 1905, it therefore becomes necessary to refer to chapter 174 of the Acts of 1905 for the purpose of ascertaining whether the defendant, under the provisions of said act, was empowered by a two-thirds vote of its common stock to have its charter amended so as to authorize it to issue preferred stock. Said act is as follows:
“An act to provide for the division by private corporations hereafter created or organized under existing statutes of this State of their capital stock into common and preferred stock, and to define the terms upon which such division may be made, and the qualities of each class of stock when so divided.
“Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, that all private corporations hereafter created or organized under existing statutes of this State shall have the right to divide their capital stock into common and preferred stock; provided, however, it shall be stated in the charter of incorporation how much of the capital stock is to be common stock and how [70]*70ranch preferred stock; and provided, further, that in no case shall the preferred stock of any such corporation exceed two-thirds of the total capital stock authorized by the charter; provided further, that nothing but cash at not less than par valuation be received in payment for preferred stock.
“Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that every such corporation dividing its capital stock into the two classes of common and preferred stock, as provided in section 1 of this act, shall state in its charter of incorporation whether the preferred stock is subject to be redeemed at not less than par; and, if so, the time and price of such redemption shall be fixed also in the charter, in which event said preferred stock, or any part thereof, may be redeemed by the corporation.
“Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, that the holders of such preferred stock shall be entitled to receive, and such corporation shall be bound to pay thereon, a fixed yearly dividend, to be expressed in the charter, not exceeding-ten per centum, payable semiannually, or annually, before any dividend shall'be set apart or paid on the common stock, and such dividend may be made cumulative; and in no event shall a holder of preferred stock be personally liable for the debts of the corporation, unles's such preferred stock shall have participated in voting in the corporation under the provisions of section-of this act, in which event the holder thereof shall be liable as a holder of common stock. In case of insolvency the debts or other liabilities of such corporation shall be paid in preference to the preferred stock. Such preferred stock, however, shall take precedence over the common stock in the distribution of the assets of the corporation in case of dissolution.
[71]*71“Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, that no such preferred stock as herein provided for shall he issued by any corporation except by authority given to the hoard of directors of the corporation by a vote of at least two-thirds of the common stock, at a meeting of the owners of such common stock called for that purpose; nor shall any such preferred stock have any voting power in the corporation except such as is given it by a similar two-thirds vote of the common stock.
“Sec. 5.,Be it further enacted, that the owners of the preferred stock, under this act, except as hereinbefore provided, shall be subject to same privileges, obligations^ and liabilities as are holders of common stock.
“Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, that all certificates of stock of corporations authorized by their charters, as herein provided, to divide their capital stock into the two classes hereinbefore specified, shall have plainly written or printed on their face the words ‘common stock’ or ‘preferred stock,’ according as such certificates may be for the one class or the other; and all certificates not so distinguished shall be conclusively deemed to be for common stock.
“Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, that this act take’eifect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.
“Passed March 28, 1905.
“E. Bice, '
“Speaker of the Senate.
“ J. J. Bean,
‘ ‘ Speaker Pro Tern of the House of Eepresentatives.
“Approved April 5, 1905.
“John I. Cox, Glovernor.”
[72]*72This act is so clear and explicit that it speaks for itself, and any extended comment or analysis is wholly unnecessary. The language of the act is susceptible of one meaning, viz., that incorporations coming into existence subsequent to its passage, by inserting in their charters a statement as to what portion of their capital stock shall be preferred, may have the right to issue such stock, provided same is authorized by a vote of two-thirds of its common stock.
The provisions of the act requiring the charter to contain the amount of each kind of stock, whether preferred stock is subject to redemption, the time and price of such redemption, the provisions as to dividends, insolvency, etc., suggest that the 'act is prospective in its view, and does not authorize a charter previously issued to be amended over the objection of any stockholder so as to empower the corporation to issue preferred stock, and likewise does not empower a corporation subsequently created to so' amend its charter. In fact, we find no provision in this act authorizing such an amendment in either case.
In some jurisdictions such authority is deemed wise for the purpose of enabilng the corporation to properly finance its affairs, while in other jurisdictions such authority, unless contained in the original charter of incorporation, or expressly authorized by statute, is looked upon as impairing the contractual rights of the objecting stockholders. This is a question for legislative determination, and it is not for the courts to say whether such provisions are wise or unwise. We simply hold that the charter of the defendant, though issued subse[73]*73quent to 1905, contained no provision as to the issuance of preferred stock as provided by said act; that said act conferred npon the defendant no authority to amend its charter so as to issue preferred stock over the protest of a minority stock holder; and that, independent of said act, the laws of Tennessee conferred no such authority upon corporations.
We deem it unnecessary to pass upon the question as to whether it requires unanimous consent to authorize a corporation to issue additional common stock. That question is not before us.
It results that the decree of the court of civil Appeals perpetually enjoining the defendant from issuing said preferred stock will he affirmed.