Mr. Justice Sheldon
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Peter H. Genteman, a witness on behalf of the plaintiff, and a brick mason, upon cross-examination, was asked “if all the defective portions of the west wall were taken down before they commenced to rebuild it.” The question was objected to by counsel for plaintiff, as not being proper cross-examination, and the objection was sustained. It is insisted there was error in this. We think a rather strict rule was applied, and that the question might well enough have been permitted, but we do not perceive that there was any harmful error. The exclusion of the question was not absolute, but only as being improper upon cross-examination. This left it free for the defendants, when they entered upon their defence, to call the witness and renew the question to him. No other ill-effect appears than such postponement of the witness’ examination.
The plaintiff, who was a witness on his own behalf, proposed to refresh his memory by using a copy or memorandum of entries in his books of account. The defendants objected. The court overruled the objection, saying-the witness had a right to make a memorandum from his books, to refresh his memory by. The witness then testified: “I made this account from my books. It is a correct account of the labor and material furnished. The prices were reasonable. For the work I did, and the extra work, I charged $1329.60. This includes everything except the 40,000 old brick.” It is claimed there was error in this ruling and admission of evidence. We think the only legal question which arises in this regard, is as to reading from the copy. The original entries, if shewn to have been correctly made, might have been read in evidence, but not the copy of them. The latter might be used only to refresh the memory. The copy of a writing, as well as the original, may be referred to by a witness, if his memory, refreshed thereby, enables him to testify from his own recollection of the original facts, independent of his confidence in the accuracy of the copy. But he is not, in such case, to read from the copy. (Abbott’s Trial Evidence, 320, 321; Marcly v. Shults, 29 N. Y. 346; 1 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 522, and note.) It would rather appear, here, that the copy of the entries was used by the witness but to refresh recollection. That was the avowed purpose of its use. The witness did not merely speak of the memorandum as being correctly copied from his book, or say that he had no recollection except as appeared upon the paper; but he testified that it was a correct account of the labor and material furnished,—implying that he spoke from independent recollection. The extent of his recollection, and how far he depended on the memorandum, might have been tested by cross-examination ; but nothing in this way was attempted, thus leaving his testimony standing, in all its force, as given.
Exception was taken to the exclusion of two further questions. One was to á recalled witness, whether, on Monday morning, he could state any more accurately than he did on Saturday before, the time when lie", commenced work upon the building after the plaintiff had ceased working on it, and if he could, to do so. It was of importance to fix this exact date, as the question of plaintiff’s abandonment of the work very much turned upon it, and we think it was an improper exercise of the court’s discretion in refusing the question. But still, the suffering a witness to be recalled and reexamined, rests so much in discretion, we can not say there was here fatal error.
The other question to a witness was-: “On what line would it be necessary to take a sprung wall down before commencing to rebuild it in a good and workmanlike manner?” This witness had stated that he had examined the building for the purpose of figuring upon it, and had stated what portions' of the walls he thought it was necessary to take down, so that it seems to us that the'defendants lost nothing substantial by the exclusion of the answer to this question from the jury,— that they essentially had all the benefit of it from answers which the witness had given.
Objection is taken to the giving of the second, "fourth and ninth instructions, at the instance of the plaintiff. The second instruction was, that if “plaintiff entered upon the performance of the contract on his part, and performed a part of the work and furnished a part of the materials in accordance with the terms of said contract, and was then and there ready to complete the same in accordance with said contract, but that the defendants, by themselves or through their employes, took possession of said foundry building, and the work and materials so furnished by the plaintiff, and took down a portion of plaintiff’s said work, and appropriated and used plaintiff’s materials, and rebuilt the work so taken down by them, and completed the work on said building without the consent of the plaintiff, then the court instructs the jury that the plaintiff had the right to treat the said contract as rescinded by the defendants, and to sue and recover in this case for the work, labor and materials so furnished by him, at their reasonable market value at the time they were so furnished. ”
It is objected to this instruction, that it recognizes the right of recovery, entirely independent of the approval of the architect. Under the circumstances supposed in the instruction, no doubt the plaintiff had the right to treat the contract as rescinded, and sue for and recover for the labor and materials furnished. (Selby v. Hutchinson, 4 Gilm. 319; Wilson v. Bauman, 80 id. 493.) In such case,'that part of the contract requiring an acceptance by the architect, of the work, would not be in force, and defendants could not claim the benefit of it. The defendants, under the hypothesis of the instruction, would have prevented plaintiff from finishing the job, and thus have prevented him from doing that which was necessary to be done before he could procure the acceptance, or a certificate of the architect. The criticism which is made upon the instruction is not well founded.
No point is made in the case as to whether the recovery should be for the market value of the work "and materials, or the contract price should govern, and the accuracy of the last clause of the instruction in this respect is in no way involved. The same objection is made to the fourth and ninth instructions, and we do not consider that they require any further remark.
The sixth instruction for the plaintiff is objected to, because there was no evidence upon which to base it. We think there is evidence in the record on which to base the instruction.
Complaint is made of the refusal of the court to give the third, fourth, eighth, fifteenth and sixteenth instructions asked for by the defendants. The third was as follows:
“The court instructs the jury, that under the agreement signed by the plaintiff, and in evidence in this case, it was the duty of the plaintiff to take down all the defective walls of the building, to which that agreement refers, and to rebuild them in a good and workmanlike manner, and that no instructions of the superintendent could relieve the plaintiff from this duty imposed upon him by that agreement. ”
The court had already instructed, that, under the agreement, it was the duty of the plaintiff to take down all the defective walls of the building, and rebuild the same in a good and workmanlike manner.
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Mr. Justice Sheldon
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Peter H. Genteman, a witness on behalf of the plaintiff, and a brick mason, upon cross-examination, was asked “if all the defective portions of the west wall were taken down before they commenced to rebuild it.” The question was objected to by counsel for plaintiff, as not being proper cross-examination, and the objection was sustained. It is insisted there was error in this. We think a rather strict rule was applied, and that the question might well enough have been permitted, but we do not perceive that there was any harmful error. The exclusion of the question was not absolute, but only as being improper upon cross-examination. This left it free for the defendants, when they entered upon their defence, to call the witness and renew the question to him. No other ill-effect appears than such postponement of the witness’ examination.
The plaintiff, who was a witness on his own behalf, proposed to refresh his memory by using a copy or memorandum of entries in his books of account. The defendants objected. The court overruled the objection, saying-the witness had a right to make a memorandum from his books, to refresh his memory by. The witness then testified: “I made this account from my books. It is a correct account of the labor and material furnished. The prices were reasonable. For the work I did, and the extra work, I charged $1329.60. This includes everything except the 40,000 old brick.” It is claimed there was error in this ruling and admission of evidence. We think the only legal question which arises in this regard, is as to reading from the copy. The original entries, if shewn to have been correctly made, might have been read in evidence, but not the copy of them. The latter might be used only to refresh the memory. The copy of a writing, as well as the original, may be referred to by a witness, if his memory, refreshed thereby, enables him to testify from his own recollection of the original facts, independent of his confidence in the accuracy of the copy. But he is not, in such case, to read from the copy. (Abbott’s Trial Evidence, 320, 321; Marcly v. Shults, 29 N. Y. 346; 1 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 522, and note.) It would rather appear, here, that the copy of the entries was used by the witness but to refresh recollection. That was the avowed purpose of its use. The witness did not merely speak of the memorandum as being correctly copied from his book, or say that he had no recollection except as appeared upon the paper; but he testified that it was a correct account of the labor and material furnished,—implying that he spoke from independent recollection. The extent of his recollection, and how far he depended on the memorandum, might have been tested by cross-examination ; but nothing in this way was attempted, thus leaving his testimony standing, in all its force, as given.
Exception was taken to the exclusion of two further questions. One was to á recalled witness, whether, on Monday morning, he could state any more accurately than he did on Saturday before, the time when lie", commenced work upon the building after the plaintiff had ceased working on it, and if he could, to do so. It was of importance to fix this exact date, as the question of plaintiff’s abandonment of the work very much turned upon it, and we think it was an improper exercise of the court’s discretion in refusing the question. But still, the suffering a witness to be recalled and reexamined, rests so much in discretion, we can not say there was here fatal error.
The other question to a witness was-: “On what line would it be necessary to take a sprung wall down before commencing to rebuild it in a good and workmanlike manner?” This witness had stated that he had examined the building for the purpose of figuring upon it, and had stated what portions' of the walls he thought it was necessary to take down, so that it seems to us that the'defendants lost nothing substantial by the exclusion of the answer to this question from the jury,— that they essentially had all the benefit of it from answers which the witness had given.
Objection is taken to the giving of the second, "fourth and ninth instructions, at the instance of the plaintiff. The second instruction was, that if “plaintiff entered upon the performance of the contract on his part, and performed a part of the work and furnished a part of the materials in accordance with the terms of said contract, and was then and there ready to complete the same in accordance with said contract, but that the defendants, by themselves or through their employes, took possession of said foundry building, and the work and materials so furnished by the plaintiff, and took down a portion of plaintiff’s said work, and appropriated and used plaintiff’s materials, and rebuilt the work so taken down by them, and completed the work on said building without the consent of the plaintiff, then the court instructs the jury that the plaintiff had the right to treat the said contract as rescinded by the defendants, and to sue and recover in this case for the work, labor and materials so furnished by him, at their reasonable market value at the time they were so furnished. ”
It is objected to this instruction, that it recognizes the right of recovery, entirely independent of the approval of the architect. Under the circumstances supposed in the instruction, no doubt the plaintiff had the right to treat the contract as rescinded, and sue for and recover for the labor and materials furnished. (Selby v. Hutchinson, 4 Gilm. 319; Wilson v. Bauman, 80 id. 493.) In such case,'that part of the contract requiring an acceptance by the architect, of the work, would not be in force, and defendants could not claim the benefit of it. The defendants, under the hypothesis of the instruction, would have prevented plaintiff from finishing the job, and thus have prevented him from doing that which was necessary to be done before he could procure the acceptance, or a certificate of the architect. The criticism which is made upon the instruction is not well founded.
No point is made in the case as to whether the recovery should be for the market value of the work "and materials, or the contract price should govern, and the accuracy of the last clause of the instruction in this respect is in no way involved. The same objection is made to the fourth and ninth instructions, and we do not consider that they require any further remark.
The sixth instruction for the plaintiff is objected to, because there was no evidence upon which to base it. We think there is evidence in the record on which to base the instruction.
Complaint is made of the refusal of the court to give the third, fourth, eighth, fifteenth and sixteenth instructions asked for by the defendants. The third was as follows:
“The court instructs the jury, that under the agreement signed by the plaintiff, and in evidence in this case, it was the duty of the plaintiff to take down all the defective walls of the building, to which that agreement refers, and to rebuild them in a good and workmanlike manner, and that no instructions of the superintendent could relieve the plaintiff from this duty imposed upon him by that agreement. ”
The court had already instructed, that, under the agreement, it was the duty of the plaintiff to take down all the defective walls of the building, and rebuild the same in a good and workmanlike manner. There might well have been, here, difference of opinion as to how far the walls of the building were defective, and how much of them should be taken down. We think, under the agreement, the architect was constituted the judge in this respect, whose decision was to be binding and conclusive on both parties; and if he determined to what extent the walls were defective, and directed what portions of them should be taken down, that the plaintiff would have been justified in following the directions of the architect.
The ease of Glacius v. Black, 50 N. Y. 145, cited by appellant, affords some countenance to the instruction. There, the work was, by the contract, subject to the acceptance or rejection of the architect, and all to be in strict accordance with the plans and specifications; and the architect had power to reject any particular work and materials, and in such case the builders were to remedy the defects. This being all the authority the architect had under the contract, it was held that the acceptance of the work by the architect did not relieve the contractors from their agreement to perform the work according to the plans and specifications. In the present case, Tubbesing was not only the architect, but he was, by the agreement, appointed superintendent, with full power to inspect, accept or reject any work or material when the same was not in accordance with the plans and specifications ; and in addition, it was provided that his decision in that matter, and all other matters relating to the building, and other work referred to in the agreement, should be binding and conclusive in regard to the same, upon both parties alike. Under this larger authority which is given to the architect in this ease, we do not regard the case cited as an authority to control here.
The fourth refused instruction was substantially the same as the third. The eighth refused instruction was:
“The court instructs the jury, that although the contract in evidence provided that ‘all the old brick on the premises will become the property of the brick contractor, which may be used in rebuilding the walls,’ yet, under this contract, the plaintiff had no right to any of the old brick except for the purpose of using them in rebuilding the wall, and whatever remained of such old brick was the property of the defendants. ”
It is contended the construction of this clause of the contract should be as if it read thus: “All the old brick on the premises, which may be used in rebuilding the walls, shall be the property of the brick contractor. If any are left, they shall be the property of the owners of the building.” This may have been what the parties intended, but it is not what they expressed in the contract. The plain reading of that seems to be, that all the old brick on the premises should be the property of the brick contractor. We are not at liberty to adopt a conjectural meaning, but must take the meaning of the parties as it is expressed by the language they have used.
As to the fourteenth and fifteenth refused instructions, we regard the subject matter of thetn as embraced substantially in instructions which had been given for the defendants, and that on this ground, if no other, they might properly have been refused.
The final reason urged for a reversal of the judgment, is the alleged “misconduct of a juror in consorting with the plaintiff during the trial of this cause. ” What appears in this respect is, that pending the trial, and in the evening after the adjournment of the court, one of the jurymen was seen near the court house, alone with the plaintiff, riding in the direction of the homes of both, which were about a mile away from where- they were seen. The explanation shown by the affidavits of the juror and plaintiff is, that they both lived in the city of Quincy, in this State, and the juror having to go home in the same general direction as the plaintiff, asked permission of the latter to ride with him in his wagon, and plaintiff consented, after being informed by one of his counsel that there would be no harm in it if they did not talk about the case, and they rode together to near the juror’s residence; that nothing was said between them concerning the suit, nor any allusion made to the same-. The juror says he was in nowise influenced by the ride, either for or against the plaintiff. The counsel confirmed this' statement, so far as it respected himself.
There was clear impropriety in this association of the party with the juror. Such appearance is calculated to impair public confidence in the proper administration of the law, which it is so desirable to have prevail, and should always be avoided. In Stafford v. City of Oskaloosa, 57 Iowa, 748, there was reversal of a judgment solely because of mere association, during the time of the trial, of the counsel of the prevailing party with one of the jurors, where there had been nothing said respecting the case, and the court was satisfied that nothing wrongful was designed or attempted. It was well said in Bradbury v. Coney, 62 Me. 223, in speaking upon the subject of the interference by a party, with jurymen, while a cause is pending: “In the trial of a cause, the appearance of evil should be as much avoided as evil itself.” It was the appearance alone which induced the court’s action in the Iowa case. But the conduct appearing there was much more open to objection, and reprehensible, than that in the present case. Whilst what took place here meets with our strong disapprobation, we hardly feel that we should go so far as to visit it with the penalty of a reversal of the judgment.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.