No. 2—10—0036 Opinion filed March 10, 2011 ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
PAULA BONHOMME, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Kane County. Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 08—L—317 ) ) JANNA ST. JAMES, ) Honorable ) Robert B. Spence, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Hutchinson concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice Schostok concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
OPINION
Plaintiff, Paula Bonhomme, appeals from the orders of the trial court dismissing with
prejudice her second and third amended complaints. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand
for further proceedings.
The following facts were alleged in plaintiff’s third amended complaint. In April 2005,
plaintiff, a resident of Los Angeles, California, began on-line conversations with defendant, Janna
St. James, on the “Deadwood Boards,” an Internet chatroom dedicated to the HBO television series
“Deadwood.” Defendant, a resident of Batavia, Illinois, had registered as a user of the site under the
name “Ms. Magnolia.” In June, defendant registered again, posing as a man named Jesse James and No. 2—10—0036
under the user name of “Auboy.” “Jesse” began chatting with and e-mailing plaintiff in July 2005.
Defendant, in her own name, also began e-mailing plaintiff in July. Defendant represented to
plaintiff that she knew “Jesse” and many of the people in “Jesse’s” life.
Plaintiff and “Jesse” began an on-line romantic relationship that lasted until July 2006. In
addition to e-mails, “Jesse” and plaintiff exchanged personal photos, handwritten letters, and gifts.
They even spoke regularly on the telephone; plaintiff alleged that defendant used a voice-altering
device to disguise her female voice. Defendant, under her own name, also maintained a relationship
with plaintiff during this period. In addition, defendant created a universe of approximately 20
fictional on-line characters involved with “Jesse,” including an ex-wife, a son, various family
members, a therapist, and friends living in the United States and abroad. These characters
communicated with plaintiff from separate and distinct e-mail accounts and even sent photos,
handwritten mail, and packages from different states and foreign countries. Plaintiff sent gifts worth
over $10,000 to defendant, “Jesse,” and various other characters.
Plaintiff purchased round-trip airline tickets from Burbank, California, to Denver, Colorado,
in September 2005 to meet “Jesse” in person. However, “Jesse” cancelled the plans. Shortly
thereafter, defendant communicated to plaintiff that “Jesse” had attempted suicide. This caused
plaintiff “great emotional distress,” and plaintiff began seeing a therapist, with bills totaling more
than $5,000.
“Jesse” and plaintiff continued their relationship and, in April 2006, decided to move in
together in “Jesse’s” Colorado home. Plaintiff spent approximately $700 preparing for the
anticipated July move. However, in July, plaintiff was informed by “Jesse’s” sister “Alice” that
“Jesse” had died of liver cancer. Defendant, posing as the other fictional characters, sent plaintiff
-2- No. 2—10—0036
letters of condolence. Plaintiff entered a deep depression, experiencing headaches, exhaustion,
inability to sleep, and inability to focus on job-related tasks. She also contracted a recurring
infection known as MRSA (multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus) because her immune system
was so weakened.
Even after “Jesse’s” death, defendant stayed in touch with plaintiff, communicating with her
on a daily basis for the next seven months. Plaintiff met defendant in Colorado to see some of
“Jesse’s” favorite places, then drove to New Mexico to visit other “Jesse”-related sites. During that
trip, defendant gave plaintiff a letter that “Jesse” had written in which he professed his love for
plaintiff and set out his “dying wishes.”
In February 2007, defendant visited plaintiff in California. Plaintiff spent $1,000 preparing
her home for defendant, buying an inflatable bed and linens and installing a handrail and sliding
chair, along with other “medical bath assist devices” in her bathroom. During this trip, some of
plaintiff’s actual friends discovered the fictional nature of the universe of people that defendant had
created, and they confronted defendant. Defendant admitted on videotape that she had put plaintiff
through an “emotional ringer [sic]” for “maybe a year and a half.” Plaintiff continued to see a
therapist to deal with the emotional aftermath of the false statements regarding the existence of the
fictional characters, and her therapy bills continued to accumulate. Her “affected mental state” also
had resulted in lost earnings.
Plaintiff filed a five-count complaint against defendant in February 2008. Her second
amended complaint contained seven counts, including both intentional and negligent infliction of
emotional distress, defamation per se and per quod, negligent defamation, fraudulent
misrepresentation, and false light. The trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss brought
-3- No. 2—10—0036
pursuant to section 2—615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2—615 (West 2008))
and dismissed with prejudice all counts except count VI, fraudulent misrepresentation, which was
dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider, which the trial court denied on
August 19, 2009.
Plaintiff then filed a motion requesting either a finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 304(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2006) or, alternatively, an order certifying four questions of law pursuant
to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994). On the same day, plaintiff filed a notice of
appeal from the trial court’s denial of her motion to reconsider. Plaintiff noted that, while the trial
court had not yet ruled on her motion for a Rule 304(a) finding or Rule 308 certification, she was
submitting the notice “to apprise the Courts of the procedural posture of this case.”1 On September
15, 2009, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion, and plaintiff filed a third amended complaint,
alleging one count of fraudulent misrepresentation. The trial court granted defendant’s section
2—615 motion to dismiss and dismissed the third amended complaint with prejudice on December
22, 2009. This appeal followed.
Although no one has raised or addressed the issue, we must first note that plaintiff has
abandoned her claims in her second amended complaint. To preserve for appeal the dismissal of
claims, a plaintiff must either stand on the dismissed counts and challenge the ruling in the appellate
court or reallege or incorporate the dismissed counts in a subsequent complaint. Ottawa Savings
Bank v. JDI Loans, Inc., 374 Ill. App. 3d 394, 399 (2007). A simple footnote or paragraph in the
amended pleading, notifying the court and the defendant that the plaintiff is preserving the dismissed
portions of the former complaint for appeal, is sufficient. Childs v. Pinnacle Health Care, LLC, 399
1 Plaintiff subsequently withdrew this notice of appeal on October 1, 2009.
-4- No. 2—10—0036
Ill. App. 3d 167, 176 (2010). A party who files an amended complaint without so incorporating or
realleging the prior complaint forfeits any objection to the trial court’s ruling on the prior complaint.
Ottawa Savings Bank, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 400. Here, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal before the trial
court had ruled on her motion for a finding or certification. Once that motion was denied, plaintiff
filed her third amended complaint without any mention of intent to preserve the dismissed portions
of her second amended complaint and withdrew her notice of appeal. Thus, plaintiff failed to
preserve the dismissal of counts I, II, III, IV, V, and VII of her second amended complaint, and she
has abandoned them for purposes of appeal.
Plaintiff’s only viable contention, then, is that the trial court erred in dismissing count I of
her third amended complaint. The trial court ordered the dismissal pursuant to section 2—615 of
the Code (735 ILCS 5/2—615 (West 2008)). A complaint should be dismissed under section 2—615
for failure to state a cause of action only when it clearly appears that no set of facts could be proved
under the pleadings that would entitle the plaintiff to relief. Kinn v. Prairie Farms/Muller Pinehurst,
368 Ill. App. 3d 728, 732 (2006). In reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint, this court must accept
as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts.
Raleigh v. Alcon Laboratories, Inc., 403 Ill. App. 3d 863, 868 (2010). This court must construe the
allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Weidner v. Karlin, 402
Ill. App. 3d 1084, 1086 (2010). We review de novo a trial court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant
to section 2—615. Kinn, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 732.
Count I of plaintiff’s third amended complaint sought actual, special, compensatory, and
punitive damages for fraudulent misrepresentation. The elements of a claim of fraudulent
misrepresentation are: (1) a false statement of material fact; (2) knowledge or belief of the falsity by
-5- No. 2—10—0036
the party making it; (3) intention to induce the plaintiff to act; (4) action by the plaintiff in justifiable
reliance on the truth of the statement; and (5) damage to the plaintiff resulting from that reliance.
Doe v. Dilling, 228 Ill. 2d 324, 342-43 (2008). A plaintiff must allege, with specificity and
particularity, facts from which fraud is the necessary or probable inference, including what
misrepresentations were made, when they were made, who made them, and to whom they were
made. Weidner, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 1087. In this regard, we believe that the complaint has
adequately pleaded a course of conduct of continuing fraudulent misrepresentations.
The origin of the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation lies in the common-law action of deceit,
“a very narrow tort that applied only to cases involving business or financial transactions between
parties.” Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 343. Fraudulent misrepresentation has been “historically treated as
purely an economic tort under which one may only recover damages for pecuniary harm.” Doe, 228
Ill. 2d at 343. This court has previously declined “to extend the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation
to encompass noncommercial and nonfinancial dealings between parties.” Neurosurgery & Spine
Surgery v. Goldman, S.C., 339 Ill. App. 3d 177, 187 (2003). However, since then, our supreme court
has acknowledged that there have been limited occasions in which this cause of action has been held
to lie for personal injuries. See Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 344 (citing W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser &
Keeton on Torts §105, at 726 (5th ed. 1984)). Keeton, in fact, stated:
“There is no essential reason to prevent a deceit action from being maintained, for intentional
misstatements at least, where other types of interests are invaded; and there are a few cases
in which it has been held to lie for personal injuries, for tricking the plaintiff into an invalid
marriage or marriage with one who is physically unfit, or for inducing the plaintiff to leave
-6- No. 2—10—0036
a husband, or to incur criminal penalties.” W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser & Keeton on Torts
§105, at 726 (5th ed. 1984).
Even so, Keeton described the “typical case” as “one in which the plaintiff has parted with money,
or property of value, in reliance upon the defendant’s representation.” W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser
& Keeton on Torts §105, at 726-27 (5th ed. 1984).
Doe also acknowledged, but distinguished, both Illinois and out-of-state cases that have
extended the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation to noncommercial situations. In both Roe v. Jewish
Children’s Bureau of Chicago, 339 Ill. App. 3d 119 (2003), and Roe v. Catholic Charities of the
Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, 225 Ill. App. 3d 519 (1992), the appellate court found a cause of
action for fraudulent misrepresentation in the adoption setting where adoption agencies made
intentional misrepresentations regarding a child’s health and psychological background. Doe found
those cases to be “animated by the unique facts presented by adoption proceedings, wherein there
is an inherent duty on the part of [an] agency to provide full and complete disclosure of the adopted
child’s background and history—information that is held exclusively by the agency.” Doe, 228 Ill.
2d at 348. The court also recognized decisions rendered in several other states that recognized a
cause of action for fraudulent misrepresentation for the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases;
those decisions were distinguished factually because Doe involved misrepresentations made by the
parents of a competent HIV-infected adult tortfeasor, not, as in the other cases, misrepresentations
made by the person who actually communicated the disease. Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 348-50. Thus, the
court found that it was “inappropriate to expand the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation to the facts
of plaintiff’s case.” Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 351.
-7- No. 2—10—0036
It is clear, then, that while the “typical case” of fraudulent misrepresentation arises in a
commercial context, our supreme court has acknowledged that this tort may, in the appropriate
circumstances, be expanded to cover areas outside of the commercial context. We conclude that this
is an appropriate circumstance in which to expand the application of fraudulent misrepresentation.
We first note that this case is “one in which the plaintiff has parted with money, or property of value,
in reliance upon the defendant’s representation” (W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser & Keeton on Torts
§105, at 726-27 (5th ed. 1984)), so it is not, all at once, an expansion of the tort into “purely personal
settings.” See Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 348. Plaintiff clearly pleaded that she spent over $10,000 on gifts,
some of which were for defendant, but some of which were for “Jesse” and other characters invented
by defendant, and $700 for preparations for a move to live with “Jesse.” Clearly, these are economic
losses alleged to have resulted from defendant’s misrepresentations. Plaintiff has also alleged other
damages, including bills for therapy and medical expenses “to recover from Defendant’s false
representation regarding the fictitious characters and their activities.” However, as this case involves
a motion to dismiss during the pretrial stage, we need not address whether such damages could be
recovered here.
Looking again to the elements of this cause of action ((1) a false statement of material fact;
(2) knowledge or belief of the falsity by the party making it; (3) intention to induce the plaintiff to
act; (4) action by the plaintiff in justifiable reliance on the truth of the statement; and (5) damage to
the plaintiff resulting from that reliance), we conclude that plaintiff has alleged sufficient specific
facts to establish a cause of action for fraudulent misrepresentation. Plaintiff alleged that defendant
posed as at least 20 fictional characters between June 2005 and April 2007, the most important of
which was “Jesse,” with whom plaintiff started “chatting” in the Deadwood chatroom in July 2005.
-8- No. 2—10—0036
Defendant also communicated with plaintiff in her own name and represented to plaintiff that
“Jesse” and the other characters were real persons she knew. Thus began an almost-two-year
masquerade of false statements from defendant to plaintiff, statements that defendant obviously
knew were untrue. The complaint is filled with specific dates of, and quotes from, e-mails from
defendant, “Jesse,” and other characters.
Defendant argues that such representations are not “false statements of material fact.”
Instead, she asserts, plaintiff’s complaint is based:
“more on the fiction pursued by Defendant than it is on specific representations. *** The
concepts of falsity and material fact do not apply in the context of fiction, because fiction
does not purport to represent actuality.”
However, rather than present these representations as fiction, defendant presented them as fact.
Defendant has attempted to suggest that, as long as a defendant knows that the masquerade is fiction,
there can be no misrepresentation. Such an argument moves the element of reliance upon the
misrepresentation from the injured party to the utterer. As such, it truly misplaces the duty not to
present fiction as fact to another.
Regarding the third element of the cause of action (intention to induce the plaintiff to act),
plaintiff alleged that, under the guise of the fictitious characters, defendant induced her to buy gifts,
spend money on travel, spend money on her home in anticipation of defendant’s visit, disclose
personal information, and engage in relationships with individuals that did not exist, and that she
would not have done so without defendant’s false representations. Defendant argues that these
allegations are insufficient to allege that defendant “intended to induce such actions on Plaintiff’s
part.” However, it is not necessary that the defendant in a fraud action intend the consequences of
-9- No. 2—10—0036
its fraud. Jewish Children’s Bureau, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 135. A plaintiff must allege the defendant’s
intention to induce the plaintiff to act (Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at 343), not necessarily the intention to induce
the specific actions that the plaintiff took. Plaintiff alleged an almost-two-year-long series of
contacts, via sundry media, including the Internet, the telephone, the mail, and personal contact, and
in the names of more than 20 fictitious characters in addition to defendant as herself, creating a
universe that was operated by no one other than defendant. Given the unpredictability inherent in
a person’s reactions to such a bombardment of false information, it would be impossible to allege
that defendant intended plaintiff to commit any one action, let alone all the actions that she
committed in response to the massive charade. In addition, we view the allegations in the light most
favorable to plaintiff (Weidner, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 1086) and accept as true all well-pleaded facts and
all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts (Raleigh, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 868). We
can, and do, reasonably infer that defendant intended such a manipulative endeavor to induce some
action on the part of plaintiff.
Defendant also argues that plaintiff failed to allege facts to show why plaintiff’s reliance was
justified. Justifiable reliance has been characterized as the plaintiff’s burden to establish her right
to rely upon a statement. Johnson v. Waterfront Services Co., 391 Ill. App. 3d 985, 993 (2009).
Whether the plaintiff’s reliance was justified is a factual issue that must be viewed in light of the
surrounding circumstances. Johnson, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 993. This takes into account both what the
plaintiff knew and what she could have learned through the exercise of ordinary prudence. Johnson,
391 Ill. App. 3d at 993. A plaintiff may not close her eyes and then claim that she has been deceived
by others. Johnson, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 993. However, a person may rely on a statement without
-10- No. 2—10—0036
investigation if the party making the statement creates a false sense of security or blocks further
inquiry. Marino v. United Bank of Illinois, N.A., 137 Ill. App. 3d 523, 527 (1985).
Here, plaintiff alleged that she was initially befriended by defendant, a real person, who then
gradually introduced plaintiff to her creations and even vouched for their reality. Defendant
allegedly used various media to communicate with plaintiff while in the guise of these fictional
characters, even going so far as to use a device to disguise her voice and make her sound like a man.
Plaintiff was enmeshed in a web created by defendant and deceived on all sides and in numerous
manners by defendant. The dissent posits that, because the “reality of the Internet age is that an
online individual may not always be—and indeed frequently is not—who or what he or she purports
to be,” plaintiff’s reliance was not justifiable. Slip op. at 12. However, we believe that there are
sufficient allegations to allow the trier of fact to determine if the evidence establishes justifiable
reliance in fact. Viewing the allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we cannot say that
she merely closed her eyes and allowed herself to be deceived. The allegations show an extensive
masquerade to deceive, and reliance on the many-faceted and corroborative characters and
misrepresentations can be found to be justified.
We conclude, then, that plaintiff properly pleaded a cause of action for fraudulent
misrepresentation in count I of her third amended complaint, and the trial court erred in dismissing
that complaint. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s December 22, 2009, order dismissing
plaintiff’s third amended complaint and remand the cause for further proceedings.
For these reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County dismissing plaintiff’s
second amended complaint is affirmed; the judgment dismissing plaintiff’s third amended complaint
is reversed; and the cause is remanded for further proceedings.
-11- No. 2—10—0036
Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
JUSTICE SCHOSTOK, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I agree with the majority’s determination to affirm the dismissal of the plaintiff’s second
amended complaint. However, I disagree with reversing the dismissal of the plaintiff’s third
amended complaint and would instead affirm that dismissal. It is not appropriate to expand the
application of fraudulent misrepresentation to the facts in this case. Moreover, the plaintiff has not
pleaded facts sufficient to establish the element of justifiable reliance.
In Doe, our supreme court acknowledged the decisions in Jewish Children’s Bureau and
Catholic Charities, but stated that those cases did not support a determination “that Illinois has
recognized the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation in purely personal settings.” Doe, 228 Ill. 2d at
348. The court noted that adoption is not a purely personal setting. Rather, adoption agencies are
in the business of facilitating adoptions and they have an inherent duty to provide full and complete
disclosure of an adopted child’s background and history. Id. Moreover, the Doe court noted that
other states have recognized a cause of action under the theory of fraudulent misrepresentation for
the transmission of a sexually transmitted disease. Id. However, that cause of action has been based
on a person’s legal duty to prevent the spread of communicable disease and the interest of the state
in prevention and control of dangerous diseases. Id. at 349-50. Under the circumstances in the
present case, involving purely personal dealings between two individuals, the plaintiff has failed to
show that the state has any particular policy interest at stake. This case does not involve a duty to
prevent the spread of disease or any duty of disclosure. Accordingly, there is no basis on which to
extend the tort of fraudulent misrepresentation to the circumstances in the present case.
-12- No. 2—10—0036
Yet another reason to affirm the dismissal of the third amended complaint is that the plaintiff
cannot show that she justifiably relied on the defendant’s alleged misrepresentations. The reality of
the Internet age is that an online individual may not always be—and indeed frequently is not—who
or what he or she purports to be. The plaintiff’s reliance on the defendant’s alleged
misrepresentations, in deciding to spend $10,000 on Christmas gifts for people who allegedly lived
in another state and whom she had never met, was not justifiable. The plaintiff also cannot be said
to have justifiably relied on the alleged misrepresentations in incurring expenses to move to another
state to live with someone she had never met in person and who had cancelled a previous face-to-
face meeting after she had purchased nonrefundable airline tickets. For the foregoing reasons, I
respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
-13-