McGowen, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellee filed in the circuit court of Coahoma county a petition for mandamus to require the state superintendent of education and the teachers of the Dublin consolidated public school to permit him to attend, and enroll him as a student of, said school. Said petition alleges that he (appellee) was a native-born citizen of China, and was, at the time of the filing of the petition, “a good, clean, moral boy” about the age of fourteen years. It is further alleged in the petition that appellee had been attending said school, but that immediately before the filing of said petition, he was notified by the trustees of the school that he would not be permitted to attend said school because the board of trustees had excluded him from sq attending solely on the ground that he was of Chinese descent, and, therefore, not a member of'the Caucasian race, and that said order had been made in obedience, to instructions of W. F. Bond, state superintendent of education, and by H. P. Taylor, supers intendent of said Dublin school, and there was no school maintained in said district for the education of Chinese children. The petition charged that the United States has ceded to the state of Mississippi, as trustee, every sixteenth section of land therein, and, in that way, the Federal government is contributing to the support and maintenance of the public schools, and that the state, as trustee, is realizing money which is being expended for the education of children between the ages of five and twenty-one, in the maintenance of schools for four months, and that a part o,f the funds so used in support and maintenance of .the. Dublin consolidated school is paid out of the funds derived from the sale of said public lands ceded by the United States government to the
state, as trustee, for the benefit of all children between the ages of five and twenty-one.
The petition further charges that, under article 7 of the Burlingame Treaty between the United States and China (16 Stat. 740), dated July 28, 1868, and ratified by the Senate and signed by the President, on February 5, 1870, appellee, or any other child of educable age, sojourning in the United States, is .given the right to attend any of the public schools, therein, article 7 of said treaty, reading as follows:
“Citizens of the United States shall enjoy all of the privileges of the public educational institutions under the control of the government of China and, reciprocally, Chinese subjects shall enjoy all ... of the public educational institutions under the government of the United States, which are enjoyed in the respective countries by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. ’ ’
The petition further charged discrimination against Chinese children, and that this Dublin consolidated school is the only school conducted in said district available for appellee as a pupil.
The attorney-general filed a plea of general issue and much proof was . taken, and the circuit judge ordered mandamus to issue, directing those in authority to admit Joe Tin Lun as a pupil in the Dublin consolidated school.
It is unnecessary to set out all the testimony. The county superintendent of education, on behalf of petitioner, testified that there were negro schools accessible in the same district, maintained, financially, in the same way as the Dublin consolidated high
school;
that Lun could be taught the same subjects, for “they have the same books as they do at the white school, but the type of instruction is very much inferior to the white school; there is no comparison;” that the same rules and regulations, and the same law governing the maintenance are applied to white and negro schools alike, but that the
Dublin consolidated school district has a levy in addition to the regular support fund that the negro school does not have; but that, under the law, the negroes have a right, upon proceedings, to have a consolidated school for negro children, well equipped with regular licensed teachers, who stand teachers’ examinations, and are licensed in the same way, upon the same examination, and under the same provisions as the white teachers; but that, in his opinion, the negroes were not possessed of such qualifications as the whites, and therefore their teachers do not rank with white teachers; and that the teachers in this negro school, however, are all regular licensed teachers, and capable of teaching the third grade, the grade in which Quun was shown to be; and he said that the law was fully complied with.
There was no effort to show how the Burlingame Treaty operates in China, or its application to citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. No proof was taken, nor is our attention directed in brief of counsel to any violation, of this treaty in the assignment of Lun to the colored schools of Coahoma county, and the refusal to permit.him to attend the white school because he does not belong to the Caucasian race.
Appellee first contends that the Chinese boy, Joe Tin Lun, is entitled to be admitted to the Dublin consolidated school because of the above-quoted article 7 of the Bur-lingame Treaty. We do not think the record in this case discloses any effort to show that Joe Tin Lun is not granted the privilege oi the most favored nation; in fact, no reference is made to it, save the bare assertion, which is neither proof nor argument. lie is-assigned to a school, under the rule announced in
Rice
v.
Gong Lum,
139 Miss. 760, 104 So. 105, with American citizens.
Appellee next alleges that he was entitled to be admitted as a pupil in a white school because the United States government supports and maintains said school, in part, by proceeds derived from sixteenth section lands and used in support of this school. This contention is
strained and cannot be upheld for the reason that this court is committed to the proposition that funds derived from sixteenth section lands are, in no wise, controlled by the United States government. They are the state’s own contribution to its own schools, citing'
Jones
v.
Madison County,
72 Miss. 777, 18 So. 87;
City of Corinth
v.
Robertson,
125 Miss. 31, 87 So. 464, and
Cooper
v.
Roberts,
18 How. 173, 15 L. Ed. 338, in which the United States supreme court said:
1 ‘
The trusts created by these compacts relate to a subject certainly of universal interest, but of municipal concern, over which the power of the state is plenary and exclusive. In the present instance, the grant is to the state directly, without limitation of its power, though there is a sacred obligation imposed on its public faith.”
As illustrative of the position taken by us, we quote from
Cumming
v.
Board of Education,
175 U. S. 528, 20 S. Ct. 197, 44 L. Ed. 262, in which Justice HaklaN, speaking for the court, said:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
McGowen, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellee filed in the circuit court of Coahoma county a petition for mandamus to require the state superintendent of education and the teachers of the Dublin consolidated public school to permit him to attend, and enroll him as a student of, said school. Said petition alleges that he (appellee) was a native-born citizen of China, and was, at the time of the filing of the petition, “a good, clean, moral boy” about the age of fourteen years. It is further alleged in the petition that appellee had been attending said school, but that immediately before the filing of said petition, he was notified by the trustees of the school that he would not be permitted to attend said school because the board of trustees had excluded him from sq attending solely on the ground that he was of Chinese descent, and, therefore, not a member of'the Caucasian race, and that said order had been made in obedience, to instructions of W. F. Bond, state superintendent of education, and by H. P. Taylor, supers intendent of said Dublin school, and there was no school maintained in said district for the education of Chinese children. The petition charged that the United States has ceded to the state of Mississippi, as trustee, every sixteenth section of land therein, and, in that way, the Federal government is contributing to the support and maintenance of the public schools, and that the state, as trustee, is realizing money which is being expended for the education of children between the ages of five and twenty-one, in the maintenance of schools for four months, and that a part o,f the funds so used in support and maintenance of .the. Dublin consolidated school is paid out of the funds derived from the sale of said public lands ceded by the United States government to the
state, as trustee, for the benefit of all children between the ages of five and twenty-one.
The petition further charges that, under article 7 of the Burlingame Treaty between the United States and China (16 Stat. 740), dated July 28, 1868, and ratified by the Senate and signed by the President, on February 5, 1870, appellee, or any other child of educable age, sojourning in the United States, is .given the right to attend any of the public schools, therein, article 7 of said treaty, reading as follows:
“Citizens of the United States shall enjoy all of the privileges of the public educational institutions under the control of the government of China and, reciprocally, Chinese subjects shall enjoy all ... of the public educational institutions under the government of the United States, which are enjoyed in the respective countries by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. ’ ’
The petition further charged discrimination against Chinese children, and that this Dublin consolidated school is the only school conducted in said district available for appellee as a pupil.
The attorney-general filed a plea of general issue and much proof was . taken, and the circuit judge ordered mandamus to issue, directing those in authority to admit Joe Tin Lun as a pupil in the Dublin consolidated school.
It is unnecessary to set out all the testimony. The county superintendent of education, on behalf of petitioner, testified that there were negro schools accessible in the same district, maintained, financially, in the same way as the Dublin consolidated high
school;
that Lun could be taught the same subjects, for “they have the same books as they do at the white school, but the type of instruction is very much inferior to the white school; there is no comparison;” that the same rules and regulations, and the same law governing the maintenance are applied to white and negro schools alike, but that the
Dublin consolidated school district has a levy in addition to the regular support fund that the negro school does not have; but that, under the law, the negroes have a right, upon proceedings, to have a consolidated school for negro children, well equipped with regular licensed teachers, who stand teachers’ examinations, and are licensed in the same way, upon the same examination, and under the same provisions as the white teachers; but that, in his opinion, the negroes were not possessed of such qualifications as the whites, and therefore their teachers do not rank with white teachers; and that the teachers in this negro school, however, are all regular licensed teachers, and capable of teaching the third grade, the grade in which Quun was shown to be; and he said that the law was fully complied with.
There was no effort to show how the Burlingame Treaty operates in China, or its application to citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. No proof was taken, nor is our attention directed in brief of counsel to any violation, of this treaty in the assignment of Lun to the colored schools of Coahoma county, and the refusal to permit.him to attend the white school because he does not belong to the Caucasian race.
Appellee first contends that the Chinese boy, Joe Tin Lun, is entitled to be admitted to the Dublin consolidated school because of the above-quoted article 7 of the Bur-lingame Treaty. We do not think the record in this case discloses any effort to show that Joe Tin Lun is not granted the privilege oi the most favored nation; in fact, no reference is made to it, save the bare assertion, which is neither proof nor argument. lie is-assigned to a school, under the rule announced in
Rice
v.
Gong Lum,
139 Miss. 760, 104 So. 105, with American citizens.
Appellee next alleges that he was entitled to be admitted as a pupil in a white school because the United States government supports and maintains said school, in part, by proceeds derived from sixteenth section lands and used in support of this school. This contention is
strained and cannot be upheld for the reason that this court is committed to the proposition that funds derived from sixteenth section lands are, in no wise, controlled by the United States government. They are the state’s own contribution to its own schools, citing'
Jones
v.
Madison County,
72 Miss. 777, 18 So. 87;
City of Corinth
v.
Robertson,
125 Miss. 31, 87 So. 464, and
Cooper
v.
Roberts,
18 How. 173, 15 L. Ed. 338, in which the United States supreme court said:
1 ‘
The trusts created by these compacts relate to a subject certainly of universal interest, but of municipal concern, over which the power of the state is plenary and exclusive. In the present instance, the grant is to the state directly, without limitation of its power, though there is a sacred obligation imposed on its public faith.”
As illustrative of the position taken by us, we quote from
Cumming
v.
Board of Education,
175 U. S. 528, 20 S. Ct. 197, 44 L. Ed. 262, in which Justice HaklaN, speaking for the court, said:
“The education of the people in schools maintained by state taxation is a matter belonging to the respective states, and any interference on the part of Federal authority with the management of such schools cannot be justified except in the case of a clear and unmistakable disregard of rights secured by the supreme law of the land. ’ ’
It is next insisted that the right to go to school is a property right, of which he is deprived, thereby violating the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. We have fully gone into that phase of this case in the recent case of
Rice
v.
Gong Lum,
130 Miss. 760, 104 So. 105, where we held that, under section 207 of the Constitution of 1890’, it is provided there shall be separate schools for the white and colored
races;
that the term “white race” is used in said section of the Constitution as limited to the Caucasian race, and the term “colored race” is used in contradistinction to “white race,” and involves all other races; and that,
under our school laws, provision was made for every child by a division of schools, one for each race, thus keeping the races separate.
We further held in that case that the dominant purpose of the Constitution in providing for the separation of the races was to preserve the purity and integrity of the white race, and prevent amalgamation, and to preserve, as far as possible, the social system of race segregation. And in that case we also held that the Chinaman was entitled, under the law to all the benefits of the colored public school; that consolidated schools are simply common schools conducted as other common schools, fairly and impartially*; but still it cannot be said that" any child may, because of some fancied disability of the teachers, or some fancied inequality in the conduct of the schools, by mandamus, force himself into' a school which, under the Constitution, he is not entitled to enter.'
Under the Constitution of the United States, and the state of Mississippi, the negro is an American citizen, and the law accords him that right. Then, how can an alien Chinaman complain when he is assigned to a school provided, under our law for the colored races? We thus permit him to share with our own American citizens our benefits and privileges, and enjoy all of the benefits and privileges accorded to one of our own citizens.
We cannot approve the idéa. that, by mandamus, a member of the colored race may be forced into a white school; but he may institute proper proceeding's to require the school authorities to furnish a colored school equal and uniform, in every particular, for the colored race.
As was said in
Cory
v. Carter, 48 Ind. 327, 17 Am. Rep. 738:
“Under our Constitution, our common school system must be general'; that is, it must extend over and embrace every portion of the state. It must be uniform. The uniformity required has reference to the mode of government and discipline, the branches of learning taught, and the qualifications as to age and advancement in learn
ing required of pupils as conditions of their admissions. It does not mean that all the schools shall he of the same size and grade, or that all the branches of learning taught in one school shall be taught in all other schools, or that the qualifications as to age and advancement, which would admit a pupil in one school, would entitle such pupil to admission into all the other schools. Uniformity will be secured when all the schools of the same grade have the same system of government and discipline, the same branches of learning taught, and the same qualifications for admission.”
We belong to that class of people who believe that there are no two things created exactly alike. Things are similar to each other. So it is with schools. They have a similarity, but it is certain that no two schools in Mississippi, or any other state, are exactly alike. The testimony of the county superintendent of education in this case shows that equal facilities are furnished to the two races, white and colored, and, in our opinion, that is all that is required under the Fourteenth Amendment. In its main features, this case is on “all fours” with the case of
Rice
v.
Gong Lum, supra.
It is our further opinion that section 207 is in aid, and for the protection, of the colored races. The friction, disorder, and general unhappiness occasioned by an effort to associate the Caucasian race together with the other, the colored race, is too apparent to need illustration or repetition here. Section 207 was also designed to promote the peace, quietude, and happiness of all the races, by eliminating close and intimate contact, during the hot season of youth, between the white and colored races, so that the prejudices and passions engendered by race consciousness might be avoided. This lawful separation dissipates, rather than agitates, racial clashes, which produce hate in action of riot — tumult, breaches of the peace, and, sometimes, capital crimes.
The spirit of the section, honestly enforced, can but promote a higher degree of peace and happiness, as intelligence dominates ignorance, and virtue overtops vice.
We think the court below erred in granting the writ of mandamus herein.
The case is therefore reversed, and the petition dismissed.
Reversed, and judgment here dismissing the petition.
Reversed.