IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA ROANOKE DIVISION
BRAD BOLTON, ) Petitioner, ) Civil Case No. 7:22-cv-00551 v. ) ) WARDEN STREEVAL,1 ) By: Elizabeth K. Dillon Respondent. ) United States District Judge
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Brad Bolton, a federal inmate proceeding pro se, filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, seeking to challenge a 2014 sentence. He argues that 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention, and thus, the court should consider his petition pursuant to the saving clause. See § 2255(e). The court stayed this action pending the Supreme Court’s decision in Jones v. Hendrix, 599 U.S. 465 (2023). After Jones was decided, the stay was lifted and the government moved to dismiss (Dkt. No. 19), which motion is before the court for consideration. For the reasons stated below, the government’s motion will be granted. I. BACKGROUND In 2014, Bolton pled guilty in the Eastern District of Tennessee to conspiring to distribute at least 280 grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A). United States v. Bolton, Case No. 3:12-cr-101-14 (E.D. Tenn.) Bolton was found to be a career
1 Streeval is the Warden of USP-Lee, located in the Western District of Virginia. Petitioner was confined at USP-Lee when this action was filed, but he is currently located at USP-Victorville in California. (Dkt. No. 27.) Typically, the proper venue for an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is the judicial district where the petitioner is incarcerated. Also, the proper venue for an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the court that imposed the sentence being challenged, which in this case is the Eastern District of Tennessee. See §§ 2255(a), 2255(e). However, the government has not objected to venue in this jurisdiction, so the court considers the issue to be waived. See Kanai v. McHugh, 638 F.3d 251, 258 (4th Cir. 2011) (holding that the venue language “within their respective jurisdictions” in § 2241(a) is “waived if not timely asserted”). offender under Section 4B1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines with a guideline range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment. The court sentenced Bolton to a prison term of 262 months. Id., Dkt. No. 651. Bolton appealed, but the Sixth Circuit dismissed the appeal based on the waiver in Bolton’s plea agreement.
Bolton filed a timely § 2255 motion where he argued, pursuant to Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), that his prior conviction for facilitation of robbery was not a crime of violence for purposes of a career offender enhancement. See Bolton v. United States, Case No. 3:16-cv-229 (E.D. Tenn.) The court found that this claim was waived by Bolton’s plea agreement. Id., Dkt. No. 14. After rejecting the balance of Bolton’s arguments, the court denied his § 2255 motion. Id. In this § 2241 petition, Bolton argues that the sentencing court erred by applying the career offender enhancement. Based on this intervening change in statutory interpretation, Bolton argues that he should be allowed to bring this challenge through the saving clause. See United States v. Wheeler, 886 F.3d 415 (4th Cir. 2018).
II. ANALYSIS Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Section 2255 provides that a second or successive motion cannot be considered except in the following circumstances: (h) A second or successive motion must be certified, as provided in section 2244 by a panel of the appropriate court of appeals to contain— (1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or (2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.
§ 2255(h)(1), (2). Thus, if this action is considered an action pursuant to § 2255, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider Bolton’s claim because Bolton has previously filed a § 2255 motion, and he has not satisfied the requirements of § 2255(h). Pursuant to the saving clause, however, Bolton’s challenge to his sentence can be heard under § 2241 if § 2255 is considered “inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” § 2255(e). Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Jones, the Fourth Circuit applied the saving clause in the following situations: [Section] 2255 is inadequate and ineffective to test the legality of a conviction when: (1) at the time of conviction, settled law of this circuit or the Supreme Court established the legality of the conviction; (2) subsequent to the prisoner’s direct appeal and first § 2255 motion, the substantive law changed such that the conduct of which the prisoner was convicted is deemed not to be criminal; and (3) the prisoner cannot satisfy the gatekeeping provisions of § 2255 because the new rule is not one of constitutional law.
In re Jones, 226 F.3d 328, 333–34 (4th Cir. 2000). In addition, the Fourth Circuit extended this test to cover sentencing claims: (1) at the time of sentencing, settled law of this circuit or the Supreme Court established the legality of the sentence; (2) subsequent to the prisoner’s direct appeal and first § 2255 motion, the aforementioned settled substantive law changed and was deemed to apply retroactively on collateral review; (3) the prisoner is unable to meet the gatekeeping provisions of § 2255(h)(2) for second or successive motions; and (4) due to this retroactive change, the sentence now presents an error sufficiently grave to be deemed a fundamental defect.
Wheeler, 886 F.3d at 429. This authority was abrogated by Jones. 599 U.S. at 477 (listing cases from various jurisdictions that have “found a workaround” in the saving clause, including the Fourth Circuit’s decision in In re Jones, and stating that “[w]e now hold that the saving clause does not authorize such an end-run around AEDPA”); Johnson v. Dunbar, C/A No. 5:22-3677-JD-KDW, 2023 WL 52110952, at *2–3 (D.S.C. July 12, 2023) (recognizing abrogation of In re Jones and Wheeler). Jones emphasized that the saving clause applies to “unusual circumstances in which it is
impossible or impracticable for a prisoner to seek relief from the sentencing court.” 599 U.S. at 474. Additionally, the saving clause “ensures that § 2255(e) does not displace § 2241 when a prisoner challenges ‘the legality of his detention’ without attacking the validity of his sentence.” Id. at 475 (emphases in original). With respect to AEDPA, however, Jones reinforced that “[s]ection 2255(h) specifies the two limited conditions in which Congress has permitted federal prisoners to bring second or successive collateral attacks on their sentences.” Id. at 480. That “limitation on second or successive motions” does not make § 2255 “inadequate or ineffective” such that Bolton may proceed under § 2241. Id. at 470.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA ROANOKE DIVISION
BRAD BOLTON, ) Petitioner, ) Civil Case No. 7:22-cv-00551 v. ) ) WARDEN STREEVAL,1 ) By: Elizabeth K. Dillon Respondent. ) United States District Judge
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Brad Bolton, a federal inmate proceeding pro se, filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, seeking to challenge a 2014 sentence. He argues that 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention, and thus, the court should consider his petition pursuant to the saving clause. See § 2255(e). The court stayed this action pending the Supreme Court’s decision in Jones v. Hendrix, 599 U.S. 465 (2023). After Jones was decided, the stay was lifted and the government moved to dismiss (Dkt. No. 19), which motion is before the court for consideration. For the reasons stated below, the government’s motion will be granted. I. BACKGROUND In 2014, Bolton pled guilty in the Eastern District of Tennessee to conspiring to distribute at least 280 grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A). United States v. Bolton, Case No. 3:12-cr-101-14 (E.D. Tenn.) Bolton was found to be a career
1 Streeval is the Warden of USP-Lee, located in the Western District of Virginia. Petitioner was confined at USP-Lee when this action was filed, but he is currently located at USP-Victorville in California. (Dkt. No. 27.) Typically, the proper venue for an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is the judicial district where the petitioner is incarcerated. Also, the proper venue for an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the court that imposed the sentence being challenged, which in this case is the Eastern District of Tennessee. See §§ 2255(a), 2255(e). However, the government has not objected to venue in this jurisdiction, so the court considers the issue to be waived. See Kanai v. McHugh, 638 F.3d 251, 258 (4th Cir. 2011) (holding that the venue language “within their respective jurisdictions” in § 2241(a) is “waived if not timely asserted”). offender under Section 4B1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines with a guideline range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment. The court sentenced Bolton to a prison term of 262 months. Id., Dkt. No. 651. Bolton appealed, but the Sixth Circuit dismissed the appeal based on the waiver in Bolton’s plea agreement.
Bolton filed a timely § 2255 motion where he argued, pursuant to Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), that his prior conviction for facilitation of robbery was not a crime of violence for purposes of a career offender enhancement. See Bolton v. United States, Case No. 3:16-cv-229 (E.D. Tenn.) The court found that this claim was waived by Bolton’s plea agreement. Id., Dkt. No. 14. After rejecting the balance of Bolton’s arguments, the court denied his § 2255 motion. Id. In this § 2241 petition, Bolton argues that the sentencing court erred by applying the career offender enhancement. Based on this intervening change in statutory interpretation, Bolton argues that he should be allowed to bring this challenge through the saving clause. See United States v. Wheeler, 886 F.3d 415 (4th Cir. 2018).
II. ANALYSIS Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Section 2255 provides that a second or successive motion cannot be considered except in the following circumstances: (h) A second or successive motion must be certified, as provided in section 2244 by a panel of the appropriate court of appeals to contain— (1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or (2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.
§ 2255(h)(1), (2). Thus, if this action is considered an action pursuant to § 2255, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider Bolton’s claim because Bolton has previously filed a § 2255 motion, and he has not satisfied the requirements of § 2255(h). Pursuant to the saving clause, however, Bolton’s challenge to his sentence can be heard under § 2241 if § 2255 is considered “inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” § 2255(e). Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Jones, the Fourth Circuit applied the saving clause in the following situations: [Section] 2255 is inadequate and ineffective to test the legality of a conviction when: (1) at the time of conviction, settled law of this circuit or the Supreme Court established the legality of the conviction; (2) subsequent to the prisoner’s direct appeal and first § 2255 motion, the substantive law changed such that the conduct of which the prisoner was convicted is deemed not to be criminal; and (3) the prisoner cannot satisfy the gatekeeping provisions of § 2255 because the new rule is not one of constitutional law.
In re Jones, 226 F.3d 328, 333–34 (4th Cir. 2000). In addition, the Fourth Circuit extended this test to cover sentencing claims: (1) at the time of sentencing, settled law of this circuit or the Supreme Court established the legality of the sentence; (2) subsequent to the prisoner’s direct appeal and first § 2255 motion, the aforementioned settled substantive law changed and was deemed to apply retroactively on collateral review; (3) the prisoner is unable to meet the gatekeeping provisions of § 2255(h)(2) for second or successive motions; and (4) due to this retroactive change, the sentence now presents an error sufficiently grave to be deemed a fundamental defect.
Wheeler, 886 F.3d at 429. This authority was abrogated by Jones. 599 U.S. at 477 (listing cases from various jurisdictions that have “found a workaround” in the saving clause, including the Fourth Circuit’s decision in In re Jones, and stating that “[w]e now hold that the saving clause does not authorize such an end-run around AEDPA”); Johnson v. Dunbar, C/A No. 5:22-3677-JD-KDW, 2023 WL 52110952, at *2–3 (D.S.C. July 12, 2023) (recognizing abrogation of In re Jones and Wheeler). Jones emphasized that the saving clause applies to “unusual circumstances in which it is
impossible or impracticable for a prisoner to seek relief from the sentencing court.” 599 U.S. at 474. Additionally, the saving clause “ensures that § 2255(e) does not displace § 2241 when a prisoner challenges ‘the legality of his detention’ without attacking the validity of his sentence.” Id. at 475 (emphases in original). With respect to AEDPA, however, Jones reinforced that “[s]ection 2255(h) specifies the two limited conditions in which Congress has permitted federal prisoners to bring second or successive collateral attacks on their sentences.” Id. at 480. That “limitation on second or successive motions” does not make § 2255 “inadequate or ineffective” such that Bolton may proceed under § 2241. Id. at 470. “The inability of a prisoner with a statutory claim to satisfy those conditions does not mean that he can bring his claim in a habeas petition under the saving clause. It means that he cannot bring it at all. Congress has chosen
finality over error correction in his case.” Id. at 480. Bolton’s inability to satisfy the restrictions in § 2255 does not mean that he can bring his claim in a § 2241 petition under the saving clause. Bolton also does not identify any “unusual circumstances” making it “impossible or impracticable” for him to seek relief from the court that imposed his sentence,2 and he is not challenging the legality of his detention beyond the
2 “The clearest such circumstance is the sentencing court’s dissolution; a motion in a court that no longer exists is obviously ‘inadequate or ineffective’ for any purpose . . . . The saving clause might also apply when ‘it is not practicable for the prisoner to have his motion determined in the trial court because of his inability to be present at the hearing, or for other reasons.’” Jones, 599 U.S. at 474–75 (quoting United States v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 215 n.23 (1952)). The Court explained that § 2255 was enacted eight years before legislation that funded the Interstate Highway System. “At that time, it would not be surprising if removing a prisoner from the penitentiary, transporting him to the sentencing court for a hearing, and taking him back to prison again sometimes posed difficulties daunting enough to make a § 2255 proceeding practically unavailable.” Id. at 475 n.2. collateral attack on his sentence.3 Accordingly, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider Bolton’s claim. III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the court will issue an appropriate order granting the
government’s motion to dismiss and dismissing this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Entered: November 20, 2023.
/s/ Elizabeth K. Dillon
Elizabeth K. Dillon United States District Judge
3 “To give a few examples, a prisoner might wish to argue that he is being detained in a place or manner not authorized by the sentence, that he has unlawfully been denied parole or good-time credits, or that an administrative sanction affecting the conditions of his detention is illegal.” Jones, 599 U.S. at 475.