Bols v. Newsom

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 JD BOLS, Case No.: 3:20-cv-00873-BEN-BLM

11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING EX PARTE 12 v. APPLICATION FOR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER 13 GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official

capacity as Governor of California, et al., 14 [Doc. No. 10.] Defendants. 15

16 17 This matter is before the Court on an ex parte Application for a Temporary 18 Restraining Order (“TRO”) of Plaintiff JD Bols to enjoin enforcement of Defendants’ 19 public health orders mandating the closure of non-essential businesses following the 20 declaration of a State of Emergency to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID- 21 19”). All Defendants have responded.1 For the following reasons, Plaintiff’s application 22 is DENIED. 23

24 25 1 The Complaint names the following as defendants: Gavin Newsom in his official capacity as the Governor of California; Xavier Becerra in his official capacity as the 26 Attorney General of California; Sonia Y. Angell, M.D. in her official capacity as the 27 State Public Health Officer; Kevin Faulconer in his official capacity as Mayor of the City of San Diego; Wilma J. Wooten, M.D. in her official capacity as Medical Officer for the 28 County of San Diego; Nathan Fletcher, Kristen Gaspar, Jim Desmond, Greg Cox; and 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 JD Bols is an individual residing and doing business in San Diego County, 3 California.2 His Complaint asserts eleven federal and state constitutional challenges to 4 Governor Newsom’s emergency health directives in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.3 5 Plaintiff argues that the Governor’s orders and the related county and city orders impinge 6 upon his “civil rights and liberties by ordering generally: (1) unprecedented in American 7 history shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders; and (2) protocols effectively destroying so- 8 called ‘non-essential’ businesses all across the State of California.”4 Id. at 2. 9 Plaintiff argues, inter alia, that the orders unconstitutionally favor “essential” 10 businesses (such as banks, medical offices, and grocery stores) over “non-essential” 11 businesses (such as churches and salons) by forcing non-essential businesses to shut down 12 13 14 Dianne Jacob, all in their official capacities as members of the Sand Diego County Board 15 of Supervisors; and William Gore in his official capacity as San Diego Sheriff. 2 Plaintiff JD Bols is a business owner who operates a commercial and residential 16 rental property business as well as a citizen and resident of San Diego County. Many of 17 Plaintiff’s commercial properties are rented to long-term tenants negatively affected by the Defendants’ orders and which operate churches and beauty salons on his leased 18 premises. (Doc. No. 1 at 4.) 19 3 The Complaint includes eleven claims: (1) Viol. of the Fifth Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Right to Travel); (2) Viol. of the Fourteenth Amend. to the U.S. Const. 20 (Substantive and Procedural Due Process); (3) Viol. of the Fourteenth Amend. to the 21 U.S. Const. (Equal Protection); (4) Viol. of the Fifth Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Takings); (5) Viol. of Art. I, § 1 of the Cal. Const. (Right to Liberty); (6) Viol. of Art. I, 22 § 7 of the Cal. Const. (Due Process); (7) Viol. of Art. I, § 19 of the Cal. Const. (Takings); 23 (8) Viol. of § 8572 of the Cal. Gov’t Code (Commandeering Private Property or Personnel); (9) Viol. of the First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Freedom of Assembly); (10) 24 Viol. of the First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Free Exercise Clause); and (11) Viol. of the 25 First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Right to Petition). 4 According to the Complaint, “Defendants’ Orders have caused widespread and 26 catastrophic damage to the California economy through the government-mandated 27 closure of not only Plaintiff’s business, but millions of other ‘Non-Essential’ businesses across California. These orders have had massive chilling effect on the free exercise of 28 Plaintiff’s personal constitutional rights as well.” Id. at 7. 1 under threat of fine and incarceration, while essential businesses continue to operate. 2 Moreover, the orders dictate that individuals who are not employees of essential businesses 3 must stay at home. These restrictive health orders, Plaintiff argues, violate his federal and 4 state constitutional rights. Consequently, Plaintiff seeks a TRO enjoining enforcement of 5 the Governor’s emergency health orders and related mandates issued by the County’s 6 Public Health Officer, Dr. Wilma Wooten, against non-essential businesses such as 7 churches and salons operated by Plaintiff’s tenants. Plaintiff also seeks to enjoy his right 8 to travel, assemble with others, and petition for a redress of grievances by protesting within 9 the city and specifically at the County Administration building, notwithstanding the stay- 10 at-home orders. Plaintiff also argues that the ordered closure of his non-essential 11 businesses constitutes a taking for which the government is required to pay just 12 compensation. 13 II. LEGAL STANDARD 14 A TRO is an “extraordinary remedy” that should only be awarded upon a clear 15 showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief. See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, 16 Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). Ordinarily, the party seeking a TRO must establish: (1) a 17 likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm absent preliminary 18 relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in the plaintiff’s favor; and (4) that an injunction 19 is in the public interest. Id. at 20. Alternatively, he must demonstrate that “serious 20 questions going to the merits were raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in the 21 plaintiff’s favor,” and that the other two Winter elements are met. Alliance for Wild 22 Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1134-35 (9th Cir. 2011). The “[l]ikelihood of success 23 on the merits is the most important Winter Factor.” Disney Enters., Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., 24 869 F.3d 848, 856 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). 25 III. DISCUSSION 26 This case was filed only weeks ago. At this point in the litigation, there has been 27 no trial, no testimony, and no evidentiary hearings. To grant temporary injunctive relief 28 in ordinary times requires a strong likelihood of success on the merits. But these are not 1 ordinary times which give rise to Plaintiff’s Complaint. Indeed, all of his claims for 2 relief arise from the intersection and conflict between executive orders for the health of 3 the citizenry as a whole and constitutional rights enjoyed by the individual citizen. The 4 Constitution principally entrusts the safety and the health of the citizenry to the politically 5 accountable officials of state and local government. Jacobson v. Mass., 197 U.S. 11, 38 6 (1905). 7 After a trial on the merits, it may well be clear that the Defendant state and local 8 officials went too far or indelicately encroached on Plaintiff’s individual liberties. 9 However, in the current posture of a request for a temporary restraining order -- while the 10 medical facts on the ground are still developing and officials are faced with imperfect 11 information upon which to actively design the public health response – federal court 12 intervention must be modest. This is the teaching of the U.S. Supreme Court in South 13 Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom, 504 U.S.__, 140 S. Ct. 1613, (May 29, 14 2020), and this Court is compelled to follow. Concurring, Chief Justice Roberts explains 15 about the same health orders from the same officials in a similar case, 16 The precise question of when restrictions on particular social activities should be lifted during the pandemic is a dynamic and fact-intensive matter 17 subject to reasonable disagreement. Our Constitution principally entrusts 18 the safety and the health of the people to the politically accountable officials of the States to guard and protect. When those officials undertake to act in 19 areas fraught with medical and scientific uncertainties, their latitude must be 20 especially broad. Where those broad limits are not exceeded, they should not be subject to second-guessing by an unelected federal judiciary, which 21 lacks the background, competence, and expertise to assess public health and 22 is not accountable to the people. That is especially true where, as here, when a party seeks emergency 23 relief in an interlocutory posture, while local officials are actively shaping 24 their response to changing facts on the ground.

25 Id. at 1613-14 (internal quotations and citations omitted). 26 27 28 1 Applying South Bay, Plaintiff's Application for a TRO is denied.” 2 IV. CONCLUSION 3 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 4 1. Plaintiff's ex parte Application for a Temporary Restraining Order is 5 DENIED without prejudice; and 6 2. A telephonic Status Hearing is scheduled for July 13, 2020 at 10:30 a.m. 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 || Date: June 30, 2020 9 HON. ROGER T. BENITEZ United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 There are questions concerning Plaintiff's Article III standing for several of the eleven claims for relief. See generally, Thole v. U.S. Bank N.A., 140 S. Ct. 1615 (June 1, 2020) (discussing the 15 requirements for Article III standing). There are also questions of Eleventh Amendment immunity for 16 the state Defendants. These can be resolved in the ordinary course of litigation such as by motions filed under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 and 56. 17 As to arguments that the case is rendered moot by virtue of more recent health orders, the Court disagrees. “A case becomes moot—and therefore no longer a case or controversy for purposes of 18 |} Article I1]—when the issues presented are no longer live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Rosebrock v. Mathis, 745 F.3d 963, 971 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks 19 omitted). However, “[t]he voluntary cessation of challenged conduct does not ordinarily render a case 0 moot because a dismissal for mootness would permit a resumption of the challenged conduct as soon as the case is dismissed.” Jd. (quoting another source). The government’s voluntary cessation of 91 || challenged conduct will result in mootness only if a stringent standard is satisfied: “A case might become moot if subsequent events made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could 22 || not reasonably be expected to recur.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000) (emphasis added). That standard is not satisfied here. Although the State has 23 permitted some communities to advance through Stage 2 more quickly, the State is not constrained from later retuning to the more stringent restrictions which existed at the outset of the stay-at-home orders. Indeed, a return to such measures may be called for if there is a resurgence of the Covid-19 epidemic. 25 || See Rosebrock, 745 F.3d at 971 (“changes in ordinances or regulations will not necessarily render a case moot”); id. at 972 (“we are less inclined to find mootness where the ‘new policy ... could be easily 26 || abandoned or altered in the future.’”) Put differently, this case appears to fall directly within the exception to the mootness doctrine for cases that are capable of repetition while evading review. Doe v. 27 Madison School Dist. No. 321, 177 F.3d 789, 798 (9th Cir. 1999). Accordingly, the Court does not find 28 that Plaintiff's claims are mooted by Defendants’ voluntary cessation.