The following opinion was filed May 12, 1888:
Cole, C. J.
We will consider the points relied on for a reversal of the judgment in the order in which they appear on the record.
The plaintiff in error, defendant below, was convicted before a justice of the peace on a verified complaint of the offense of selling malt and intoxicating liquors without first having obtained a license therefor, and appealed the cause to the circuit court of Langlade county. Before the trial in the circuit court he made and filed an affidavit for a change of venue on the ground of the prejudice of the circuit judge, and the motion for a change of venue was denied. This ruling is the first error assigned here. The right to a change of venue is claimed under sec. 4680, R. S., which provides that any defendant in an indictment found or information filed may apply for a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge of the court where such indictment is found or information filed, in the manner provided by law for a change of venue in civil cases. The right to a change of venue is purely statutory (Baker v. State, 56 Wis. 573), and it is clear that this case is not within the letter of the statute. But it is said to be within its spirit, and that the words “ indictment ” and “ information ” are used in the section as descriptive of all cases of criminal prosecution of every kind, and include an appeal in a crim[12]*12inal case from a justice of the peace as well as one on information filed in the circuit court. We do not feel justified in giving the language such a construction. The language is very plain, and it is evident from the whole chapter that the legislature were regulating criminal prosecutions in the circuit court by indictment or information. To say that the provision applied to an appeal from a justice in a criminal case would be amending the statute and pure legislation. In the Baker Case it was decided that this section did not authorize, a change of venue in a bastardy proceeding, though that had often been held to be quasi criminal in its nature. It was said in that case that sec. 4680 limits the right of removal to cases of an information or indictment in a purely criminal case. That ruling is decisive upon the point made here.
The counsel for the prosecution was permitted, against the defendant’s objection, to examine a number of the jurors called as to their qualifications to sit in the case. The examination was quite extended, and disclosed the fact that these persons had been or were members of a club at' Antigo, which, as we infej?, was formed for the purpose of obtaining beer to drink, and with which club the defendant was connected in some relation, or had been active in forming. If the examination of these jurors disclosed anything, it.tended to warrant the inference that the jurors did not stand indifferent in the case, but might have some bias or partiality in favor of the defendant. They, however, swjore that they were not sensible of any bias and could render a verdict according to the evidence and law given them by the court, and they were permitted to sit in the case. The defendant then objected generally to the jurors and to the manner of selecting them, and finally challenged the array. We think the objection to the jurors sworn, as well as the challenge to the array, was utterly untenable and without merit, and was properly overruled by the court.
[13]*13The complaint charged that the defendant did, on the 11th day of June, 1886, unlawfully sell, deal and traffic in, and, for the purpose of evading the law, did give away, certain spirituous, malt, and intoxicating liquors, without first having obtained a license therefor. On the trial it was objected that no offense was stated in the complaint. That the complaint states an offense under the statute is too plain for argument. It is not bad for duplicity. It is in the language of the statute (sec. 4, ch. 296, Laws of 1885); and the several acts stated conjunctively constitute but one offense, for which there can be but one conviction and punishment. State v. Bielby, 21 Wis. 205; State v. Gummer, 22 Wis. 442; Storrs v. State, 3 Mo. 9; Comm. v. Tuttle, 12 Cush. 505.
A witness was sworn who testified to the purchase of beer from the defendant about the 10th day of June, 1886, and then evidence was given, against the defendant’s objection, as to sales of beer or liquor by the defendant to other persons made before that time and subsequent to the 10th day of May previous. It is said the prosecution elected to proceed for a sale made on the 10th day of June, and should have been confined to that specific charge. It is admitted that in cases, of this kind the prosecution is not bound to prove a sale made on the precise day named in the complaint. Time does not enter into the nature of the offense as it does in some crimes; therefore it is not necessary to prove the offense to have been committed on the day specified in the complaint or information. Proof of a sale made before the day named, within the statute of limitations, is sufficient. In prosecutions for the violation of the excise laws the state is often compelled to go to trial without being in possession of the evidence as to the precise time or persons to whom liquors are sold; and it would be a hardship to confine the prosecution to a sale made on the day charged, excluding evidence of a sale made on some [14]*14prior day. The authorities do not restrict the proof to the precise day charged.
In this case the court allowed evidence of sales made by the defendant on any day between the 10th of May and the 11th day of June, 1886. But proof was also given, against objection, of distinct sales made to different persons between these days. In the former opinion this proof was held to be admissible, but we were not satisfied that this view was correct. Consequently a reargument of the cause was granted. We are now clearly of the opinion that our first view upon this question was unsound and not in accord with the authorities or well-established principles. We have stated that the defendant was charged with a single violation of the statute in the complaint. Now, if evidence is admitted to prove several distinct offenses, it is apparent it would often work hardship and injustice to the defendant; for, -while charged with the commission of but one offense, he might be tried, under such a rule, for a great number of distinct and independent offenses of which he had no notice in the complaint, and had made no preparation to meet. But the still more serious objection is that the jury might find him guilty under proof of several distinct offenses, when they would not agree that the evidence was sufficient to find him guilty of any one particular sale. Or, as it is well put by the court in State v. Crimmins, 31 Kan. 376-380, “If evidence was introduced tending to prove twelve or more different offenses, the jury might find him guilty without any two of the jurors agreeing that he was guilty of any particular one of such offenses. One juror might believe that he was guilty of one offense, another juror of another, and so on with respect to all the jurors and all the offenses; each juror believing that the defendant was guilty of some one of the offenses which the evidence possibly tended to prove, but no two jurors agreeing that he was guilty of the same identical offense.” This, it [15]
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The following opinion was filed May 12, 1888:
Cole, C. J.
We will consider the points relied on for a reversal of the judgment in the order in which they appear on the record.
The plaintiff in error, defendant below, was convicted before a justice of the peace on a verified complaint of the offense of selling malt and intoxicating liquors without first having obtained a license therefor, and appealed the cause to the circuit court of Langlade county. Before the trial in the circuit court he made and filed an affidavit for a change of venue on the ground of the prejudice of the circuit judge, and the motion for a change of venue was denied. This ruling is the first error assigned here. The right to a change of venue is claimed under sec. 4680, R. S., which provides that any defendant in an indictment found or information filed may apply for a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge of the court where such indictment is found or information filed, in the manner provided by law for a change of venue in civil cases. The right to a change of venue is purely statutory (Baker v. State, 56 Wis. 573), and it is clear that this case is not within the letter of the statute. But it is said to be within its spirit, and that the words “ indictment ” and “ information ” are used in the section as descriptive of all cases of criminal prosecution of every kind, and include an appeal in a crim[12]*12inal case from a justice of the peace as well as one on information filed in the circuit court. We do not feel justified in giving the language such a construction. The language is very plain, and it is evident from the whole chapter that the legislature were regulating criminal prosecutions in the circuit court by indictment or information. To say that the provision applied to an appeal from a justice in a criminal case would be amending the statute and pure legislation. In the Baker Case it was decided that this section did not authorize, a change of venue in a bastardy proceeding, though that had often been held to be quasi criminal in its nature. It was said in that case that sec. 4680 limits the right of removal to cases of an information or indictment in a purely criminal case. That ruling is decisive upon the point made here.
The counsel for the prosecution was permitted, against the defendant’s objection, to examine a number of the jurors called as to their qualifications to sit in the case. The examination was quite extended, and disclosed the fact that these persons had been or were members of a club at' Antigo, which, as we infej?, was formed for the purpose of obtaining beer to drink, and with which club the defendant was connected in some relation, or had been active in forming. If the examination of these jurors disclosed anything, it.tended to warrant the inference that the jurors did not stand indifferent in the case, but might have some bias or partiality in favor of the defendant. They, however, swjore that they were not sensible of any bias and could render a verdict according to the evidence and law given them by the court, and they were permitted to sit in the case. The defendant then objected generally to the jurors and to the manner of selecting them, and finally challenged the array. We think the objection to the jurors sworn, as well as the challenge to the array, was utterly untenable and without merit, and was properly overruled by the court.
[13]*13The complaint charged that the defendant did, on the 11th day of June, 1886, unlawfully sell, deal and traffic in, and, for the purpose of evading the law, did give away, certain spirituous, malt, and intoxicating liquors, without first having obtained a license therefor. On the trial it was objected that no offense was stated in the complaint. That the complaint states an offense under the statute is too plain for argument. It is not bad for duplicity. It is in the language of the statute (sec. 4, ch. 296, Laws of 1885); and the several acts stated conjunctively constitute but one offense, for which there can be but one conviction and punishment. State v. Bielby, 21 Wis. 205; State v. Gummer, 22 Wis. 442; Storrs v. State, 3 Mo. 9; Comm. v. Tuttle, 12 Cush. 505.
A witness was sworn who testified to the purchase of beer from the defendant about the 10th day of June, 1886, and then evidence was given, against the defendant’s objection, as to sales of beer or liquor by the defendant to other persons made before that time and subsequent to the 10th day of May previous. It is said the prosecution elected to proceed for a sale made on the 10th day of June, and should have been confined to that specific charge. It is admitted that in cases, of this kind the prosecution is not bound to prove a sale made on the precise day named in the complaint. Time does not enter into the nature of the offense as it does in some crimes; therefore it is not necessary to prove the offense to have been committed on the day specified in the complaint or information. Proof of a sale made before the day named, within the statute of limitations, is sufficient. In prosecutions for the violation of the excise laws the state is often compelled to go to trial without being in possession of the evidence as to the precise time or persons to whom liquors are sold; and it would be a hardship to confine the prosecution to a sale made on the day charged, excluding evidence of a sale made on some [14]*14prior day. The authorities do not restrict the proof to the precise day charged.
In this case the court allowed evidence of sales made by the defendant on any day between the 10th of May and the 11th day of June, 1886. But proof was also given, against objection, of distinct sales made to different persons between these days. In the former opinion this proof was held to be admissible, but we were not satisfied that this view was correct. Consequently a reargument of the cause was granted. We are now clearly of the opinion that our first view upon this question was unsound and not in accord with the authorities or well-established principles. We have stated that the defendant was charged with a single violation of the statute in the complaint. Now, if evidence is admitted to prove several distinct offenses, it is apparent it would often work hardship and injustice to the defendant; for, -while charged with the commission of but one offense, he might be tried, under such a rule, for a great number of distinct and independent offenses of which he had no notice in the complaint, and had made no preparation to meet. But the still more serious objection is that the jury might find him guilty under proof of several distinct offenses, when they would not agree that the evidence was sufficient to find him guilty of any one particular sale. Or, as it is well put by the court in State v. Crimmins, 31 Kan. 376-380, “If evidence was introduced tending to prove twelve or more different offenses, the jury might find him guilty without any two of the jurors agreeing that he was guilty of any particular one of such offenses. One juror might believe that he was guilty of one offense, another juror of another, and so on with respect to all the jurors and all the offenses; each juror believing that the defendant was guilty of some one of the offenses which the evidence possibly tended to prove, but no two jurors agreeing that he was guilty of the same identical offense.” This, it [15]*15seems to us, is a most weighty and insuperable objection to allowing evidence tending to prove several separate and distinct offenses under a complaint or information which charges the defendant with the commission of but a single one.
Sometimes, in these cases, the defendant is charged with selling on different days to different persons; that is, is charged with a sale made on a specified day and on divers other days between such day and another named. That was the form of the complaint in State v. Gummer, 22 Wis. 442. In such a case the trial court, when necessary to secure the defendant a fair trial, has discretion at a proper stage.of the cause to compel the prosecution to make its election for what sales it will rely on for a conviction, and the evidence is limited accordingly. But to sanction the practice adopted in this case would be dangerous to the rights of the accused, and contrary to authority. Mr. Wharton says: “ Where a specific offense is charged, the indictment cannot be sustained by proof of a second offense, even on the same day. This results from the general principles that evidence of offenses collateral to that in the indictment cannot be received, and that the issue should be single. And should it happen that the evidence discloses several successive offenses, any one of which could sustain a conviction, the prosecution (unless the charge is for a continuous offense) must elect the offense which it will pursue; and when this is done proof of the other offenses will be excluded, under the limitations above expressed.” Sec. 104, Whart. Crim. Ev.; Lebkovitz v. State, 12 Western Rep. (Ind.), 179. The same rule is approved and illustrated in Comm. v. Elwell, 1 Gray, 463; Comm. v. Dean, 109 Mass. 349; Hughes v. State, 35 Ala. 351; Goodhue v. People, 94 Ill. 37; People v. Jenness, 5 Mich. 305; People v. Sweeney, 55 Mich. 586; and State v. Crimmins, supra. Where two or more misdemeanors of the same, kind are set forth in [16]*16different counts in the information, there a general verdict necessarily implies that the defendant is found guilty of each offense, the same as though it were charged in a separate information. Mr. liishop says: “Two or more misdemeanors growing out of separate and distinct transactions may, according to the doctrine which appears to prevail everywhere, be joined in the same indictment when embraced in different counts.” 1 Bish. Crim. Proc. §§ 448-452, and cases referred to in the notes. It is obvious that in such a case the evidence is properly confined to acts of which the defendant has notice and should be prepared to meet. But in the case at bar the prosecution was allowed to prove any number of sales of liquor to different persons, within the period named, under a complaint which charged but a single sale. The court refused to compel the prosecution to elect on what sale it would ask for a conviction of to confine its evidence to the sales made on or about June 10th. Under the circumstances it would seem but right and fair to have required the state to make an election; certainly before the defendant was called upon to make his defense. But without deciding the point it may perhaps be held that this was a matter resting in the discretion of the court. But we are clearly of the opinion that the. court should have directed the jury that they must find the defendant guilty of making some one specific sale in order to convict. But the court charged in effect that if the jury was satisfied that the defendant made any sale to any one between the 10th day of May and the 11th day of June, they were authorized to convict him. For the reasons given, we think this was error, which must work a reversal of the judgment. The jury were not instructed, as they should have been, that they must be' satisfied from the proof that the defendant made a sale upon some day prior to the day specified, and that they must all agree that he was guilty of the same identical offense. We think the court was bound to give such an instruction, in view of the evi[17]*17dence admitted and of the third instruction asked on the part of the defendant, which was refused.
It may not be necessary to notice the other points made for a reversal of the judgment, though possibly the same things may occur on another trial, and we will therefore add what was said in the former opinion in respect to these exceptions. There was no error in the court permitting the prosecution to examine the jurors called as to their qualifications to sit in the case. The extent of such examination was a matter resting within the discretion of the court. It is true, most of these jurors admitted that they had bought liquors at the defendant’s saloon, and were, or had been, members of the beer club. This might imply at least a probabilitj’- of bias or partiality on their part in favor of the defendant, who did not object that they were unfriendly to him. The first two instructions asked on the part of the defendant were not applicable to the evidence as we understand it, and were properly refused. It is idle to claim, upon the testimony, that the defendant merely acted as agent for those to whom he delivered liquor. He sold liquor to these persons, and was paid for it. The evidence establishes that fact if it proves anything. An agent does not usually demand pay from his principal for delivering to the latter his liquor which the agent distributes. What the learned circuit judge said about members of the beer club being permitted to remain on the jury could have done the defendant no harm. It was calculated to provoke comment that the state should suffer these persons to remain on the jury.
It may well be that the defendant is guilty of the offense charged against him, but he is entitled to a fair trial according to the established rules of procedure and principles of law.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.