TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00764-CV
Bobby Webb, Appellant
v.
Texas Property and Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. GN303708, HONORABLE DARLENE BYRNE, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
In 1998, while driving through Louisiana, appellant Bobby Webb was involved in an
accident caused by a vehicle driven by Leroy Shiloh. Shiloh was employed by and acting in the
course and scope of his employment with CX Transportation, a subdivision of TIC United
Corporation, which is a Texas resident. In March 1999, Webb sued Shiloh and CX Transportation
in a Louisiana district court, and TIC United appeared on behalf of CX Transportation, submitting
to the jurisdiction of the Louisiana court. While that suit was pending, TIC United filed for
bankruptcy in Texas. While TIC United's bankruptcy proceeding was pending, Webb amended his
lawsuit to add as a defendant Reliance National Insurance Company, TIC United's insurer, which
had home offices in Wisconsin and administrative offices in New York. Thereafter, Reliance
National was declared an impaired insurer by the Pennsylvania Department of Insurance.
In September 2003, Webb filed this suit against appellee the Texas Property and
Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association ("the Association"), asserting a right to recover under the
Texas Property and Casualty Insurance Guaranty Act ("the Guaranty Act" or "the Act"). See Tex.
Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28-C (West Supp. 2004-05). The Association filed a plea to the jurisdiction,
asserting that Webb lacked standing to sue the Association, basing its argument on the general rule
that an injured third-party lacks standing to sue an insurer until liability is established. See Owens
v. Allstate Ins. Co., 996 S.W.2d 207, 208 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1998, pet. denied). The Association
further argued that there was no justiciable controversy without a determination of Reliance
National's legal obligation to pay damages and that without that determination, Webb was seeking
an improper advisory opinion. Webb countered that he need not show that he would be able to bring
a direct action against Reliance National because the language of the Guaranty Act provides for a
direct action against the Association and an action against TIC United would be a waste of time and
resources. The trial court granted the Association's plea and dismissed the case. Webb appeals,
contending that he should be allowed to proceed directly against the Association without being
required first to obtain a judgment against TIC United, which is bankrupt and whose insurer is in
liquidation. Webb contends that the Association is obligated to pay his "covered claim" and that
requiring him to obtain a judgment against TIC United would thwart the purposes of the Guaranty
Act. We affirm the trial court's order granting the plea to the jurisdiction.
Standard of Review
A plea to the jurisdiction seeks the dismissal of a cause of action without regard to
the merits of the claims. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). In
reviewing the granting of a plea to the jurisdiction, we liberally construe the pleadings in favor of
jurisdiction and look to the plaintiff's intent. Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852
S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993); City of San Angelo v. Smith, 69 S.W.3d 303, 305-06 (Tex.
App.--Austin 2002, pet. denied). To prevail on its plea to the jurisdiction, the defendant must show
that, assuming all factual allegations in the plaintiff's pleadings are true, there is a jurisdictional
defect apparent on the face of the pleadings that would be impossible to cure. Smith, 69 S.W.3d at
305. In deciding a plea to the jurisdiction, the trial court should hear evidence as necessary to the
jurisdictional issues, but the plaintiff is not required to preview his case on the merits to establish
jurisdiction. Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 554-55.
Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to the kind of controversies a court has authority
to hear, authority conferred by constitution, statutes, and the pleadings. CSR Ltd. v. Link, 925
S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex. 1996). Subject-matter jurisdiction includes the issues of standing and
ripeness. Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 249 (Tex. 2001) (ripeness); Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 553-54
(standing). Standing implicates the Texas Constitution's open courts provision, which contemplates
court access only for litigants suffering an injury. Texas Ass'n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 444. "The
general test for standing in Texas requires that there '(a) shall be a real controversy between the
parties, which (b) will be actually determined by the judicial declaration sought.'" Id. at 446
(quoting Board of Water Engineers v. City of San Antonio, 283 S.W.2d 722, 724 (Tex. 1955)).
Ripeness is one aspect of justiciability. Perry, 66 S.W.3d at 249. In examining the ripeness of a
claim, we determine whether a dispute has matured to a point warranting a court decision, asking
whether the claim involves uncertain or contingent future events. Id. An opinion issued in an unripe
case is an improper advisory opinion because it addresses only hypothetical injuries and does not
remedy actual or imminent harm. See Texas Ass'n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 444. A claimant seeking
to establish ripeness need only show that the facts have developed sufficiently that injury is imminent
or likely. Waco Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Gibson, 22 S.W.3d 849, 852 (Tex. 2000).
Discussion
On appeal, Webb asserts that the Guaranty Act provides him, an injured third-party,
a direct cause of action against the Association. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28-C. The
Association argues that Webb is barred from bringing this suit by both standing and ripeness
considerations. Neither party disputes that there has been no judicial determination of liability
against CX Transportation, TIC United, or any related entity. The record does not reflect whether
Reliance National made any kind of coverage decision before being declared impaired, and it does
not appear that Webb filed a claim with Reliance National's receiver or that the receiver or any other
responsible party has made any coverage determination.
Article 21.28-C is to be construed with article 21.28. See Berkel v. Texas Prop. &
Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 92 S.W.3d 584, 588 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, pet. denied); Chandler v.
Jorge A. Gutierrez, P.C., 906 S.W.2d 195, 199 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied). Under
article 21.28, which governs the liquidation, reorganization, and conservation of insolvent insurers,
a receiver stands in place of an insolvent insurer. Eagle Life Ins. Co. v. Hernandez, 743 S.W.2d 671,
671 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1987, writ denied); see Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28 (West Supp. 2004-05). If a liquidation, rehabilitation, or conservation order is entered, all parties with claims against
the insolvent insurer must submit their claims to the receiver within the time frame provided by the
court. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28, § 3(a). To sue a receiver for a rejected claim, a party must
provide proof that it timely filed its claim with the receiver. Chandler, 906 S.W.2d at 199.
The Guaranty Act is intended to "provide a mechanism for the payment of covered
claims under certain insurance policies to avoid excessive delay in payment" and to "avoid financial
loss to claimants or policyholders because of the impairment of an insurer." Tex. Ins. Code Ann.
art. 21.28-C, § 2; see Chandler, 906 S.W.2d at 199. The Guaranty Act is required to pay "covered
claims" against an insolvent insurer, Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28-C, §§ 2, 8(a), and is to
"undertake to discharge the policy obligations" of an impaired insurer as far as those obligations are
covered by the Act, id., § 8(b), but the Association is not considered to be in the business of
insurance or to have assumed the impaired insurer's liabilities. Id. Article 21.28 specifically
includes unliquidated or undetermined claims in its provisions for filing claims with a receiver. Id.
art. 21.28, § 3(d). The Guaranty Act, however, does not refer to unliquidated or undetermined claims
in its definition of a "covered claim." Id. art. 21.28-C, § 5(8). A "covered claim" is "an unpaid
claim of an insured or third-party liability claimant that arises out of and is within the coverage."
Id.
Webb acknowledges that generally an injured third-party claimant cannot sue an
insurer directly until there has been a determination of the insured's liability and, therefore, the
insurer's obligation to pay the claim. See Moxon v. Ray, 81 S.W.2d 488, 489 (Tex. 1935); Jones v.
CGU Ins. Co., 78 S.W.3d 626, 629 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.); Owens, 996 S.W.2d at 208.
He likens his situation to that of the claimant in Bailey v. Brodhead, however, and argues that under
Bailey's logic, he should be allowed to proceed with a direct action against the Association without
first obtaining a judgment against TIC United. See 838 S.W.2d 922 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no
writ).
In Bailey, an injured third-party claimant filed a claim with an insolvent insurer's
receiver within the timetable set out by article 21.28. Id. at 924. The receiver rejected the claim, and
the claimant sued within the statutorily mandated timetable. Id. The receiver then asserted a
limitations defense, arguing that, although the claim and lawsuit were timely filed under article
21.28, the two-year statute of limitations had run as to the claimant's claim against the insured. Id.
Because the claimant no longer had a viable claim against the insured, the receiver argued that it had
no obligation to pay the claim. Id. We held that because the statute allows for the filing of a claim
with a receiver and a claimant need not obtain a judgment against the insured to win a suit against
a receiver, it was not necessary to sue the insured, a "potentially useless act," before suing on a claim
timely filed with and rejected by the receiver. Id. at 925. Instead, the timely filing of the claim with
the receiver tolled the running of limitations as to a claim against the insured and defeated the
receiver's defense of limitations. Id.
First, we note that the claims in Bailey were brought pursuant to article 21.28, not
under the Guaranty Act. Id. at 925. Second, Bailey sued the receiver, not the Association. Id. at
924. Finally, the suit was brought after the receiver made a liability and coverage determination and
rejected the claim. Id. Article 21.28 allows a claimant to bring an action against a receiver after the
rejection of a claim. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28, § 3(h). The Guaranty Act contains no such
provisions for an action against the Association. (1) Thus, Bailey is distinguishable from this case.
As we discussed in Berkel, the Guaranty Act was intended to provide funds "that a
receiver may draw upon to pay covered claims." 92 S.W.3d at 588 (emphasis added). The
Association is charged with investigating, compromising, settling, and paying claims owed by an
impaired insurer as required by statute. Id. at 589. However, it is for a receiver to initially approve
or reject a claim filed against an insurer, and, if the claim is covered by a guaranty fund, refer the
claim to the appropriate guaranty association for processing. Id. at 590-91 & n.4 (citing Tex. Ins.
Code Ann. art. 21.28, § 3(h), (i)). The Association must pay "covered claims." Id. at 591 (citing
Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28-C, § 8(a)). In other words, a claimant must first file his claim with
the receiver, who determines whether the claim is covered. If the receiver rejects the claim, the
claimant may then proceed against the receiver in the receivership court. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann.
art. 21.28, § 3(h); Berkel, 92 S.W.3d at 590; Bailey, 838 S.W.2d at 925. If the receiver determines
the claim is covered by the fund created under the Act, he or she should then refer the claim to the
Association for payment. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28, § 3(i); Berkel, 92 S.W.3d at 588. The
receiver, not the Association, makes factual determinations as to what claims are covered. Berkel,
92 S.W.3d at 590 (receiver's "determination is final and binding unless set aside in the manner
authorized by the statutes").
This Court has held that a suit brought against the Association by an injured third-party should be dismissed where it is clear that the third-party could not maintain a claim against the
insurer. See Woods v. Texas Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Assn'n, No. 03-01-00138-CV, 2001 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8067, at *6-7 (Austin Dec. 6, 2001, pet. denied) (not designated for publication); Rodriguez
v. Texas. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, No. 03-98-00518-CV, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 6910, at *7-8
(Austin Sept. 10, 1999, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Woods and Rodriguez involved
similar factual situations--in both cases, the third-parties settled their disputes with the insureds,
signing releases that vitiated all claims against the insureds. 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 8067, at *3-4;
1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 6910, at *4-5. In Woods, the Association intervened in the receivership
proceeding in order to assume its statutory duty to process covered claims in the impaired insurer's
estate. 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 8067, at *2. After Woods signed the release, the Association moved
for summary judgment arguing that Woods no longer had a viable claim against the insureds. Id.
at *2-3. In Rodriguez, the plaintiffs obtained an agreed judgment of liability on the part of the
insureds and then filed a claim in the receivership proceeding for the impaired insurer. 1999 Tex.
App. LEXIS 6910, at *3, 5-6. The receivership court rejected the claims, and the plaintiffs then sued
the Association, which moved for summary judgment on the grounds that by signing a release as part
of the agreed judgment, the plaintiffs gave up any claim they had against the insureds. Id. at *5-7.
We held that the releases of liability defeated any suits against the receivers or the Association
because the third-parties no longer had any viable claims against the insureds. 2001 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8067, at *6-7; 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 6910, at *7-8.
We recognize that the situation here is different--Webb has not released CX
Transportation or TIC United from liability. (2) However, neither Woods nor Rodriguez is inconsistent
with our holding today and we believe that the logic underlying those cases carries some weight in
this case. The plaintiffs in Woods and Rodriguez could not succeed in their suits against the
receivers or the Association--the facts showed that their claims against the insureds had no merit
because the insureds were no longer liable to the plaintiffs. In other words, without liability by the
insureds, the Association, through the receivers, had no duty to the plaintiffs. Webb has not sought
to have the insureds' liability determined by the receiver and, thus, has not established that his claims
are covered so as to trigger an Association duty. (3) The statute does not allow a third-party to skip the
filing of a claim with the receiver and proceed with direct action against the Association without any
finding of liability having been made. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28-C, § 8; Berkel, 92 S.W.3d
at 590. Therefore, Webb's suit against the Association is premature and not justiciable. (4)
Conclusion
Webb is correct that the Association is obligated to pay "covered claims" and that
such claims can include claims made by third-parties. However, as discussed above, the Association
does not make an independent determination of which claims are "covered." We hold that a third-party claimant against an impaired insurer may not pursue a direct claim against the Association until
it is shown that a determination has been made as to whether the claim is a "covered claim."
Without such a determination, there is no justiciable dispute or controversy between Webb and the
Association. We therefore affirm the trial court's granting of the Association's plea to the
jurisdiction.
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices B. A. Smith, Puryear and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: June 8, 2005
1. The "actions" referred to in the Act relate to actions taken by the Association and allow
aggrieved insurers to appeal such actions to the Commissioner of Insurance; final actions or orders
by the commissioner are subject to judicial review in Travis County. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art.
21.28-C, §§ 9(f)(3), 10(f), (g) (West Supp. 2004-05).
2. Both Woods and Rodriguez involved claims filed by injured third-parties in receivership
proceedings. Woods v. Texas Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Assn'n, No. 03-01-00138-CV, 2001 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8067, at *2-3 (Austin Dec. 6, 2001, pet. denied) (not designated for publication); Rodriguez
v. Texas. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, No. 03-98-00518-CV, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 6910, at *3-5
(Austin Sept. 10, 1999, no pet.) (not designated for publication).
3. Although Reliance National was not based in or declared impaired in Texas, nothing in the
statutes allows a direct suit against the Association in situations involving non-Texas insurers.
4. Webb asserts that he "will no doubt face a waiver claim if he makes any representation to
the bankruptcy court . . . that he will not seek to enforce a judgment against" TIC United. However,
case law provides that an injured third-party may agree not to enforce a judgment against an insured
and still proceed against the insurer, as long as the third-party does not release the insured from all
liability. Compare Horton v. State Dep't of Ins. Receiver J. Robert Hunter, 905 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex.
App.--Austin 1995, no writ) (third-party settled with insured and signed covenant not to execute
judgment in exchange for assignment of insured's rights to proceed against insurer and receiver; held
that agreement not to enforce does not vitiate all claims against insured and third-party may therefore
proceed against receiver), with Pool v. Durish, 848 S.W.2d 722, 723-24 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992,
writ denied) (third-party settled and executed "full, complete and final discharge and release" of
insured; held that due to release, third-party retained no claim against insured or, therefore, insurer).