In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-15-00087-CR NO. 09-15-00088-CR ____________________
BOBBY GENE MARTIN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee _______________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 221st District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 14-08-08496-CR (Counts 1 and 2) ________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal, Bobby Gene Martin challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his convictions for driving while intoxicated and retaliation.
Martin received life sentences from the jury after pleading “true” to the State’s
habitual offender allegations. We overrule the issues and affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
1 We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction under the
standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia. 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Brooks v.
State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The Jackson standard is the
only standard that we apply in an evidentiary-sufficiency review. Adames v. State,
353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Under that standard, we view all of
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine, based on that
evidence and any reasonable inferences therefrom, whether any rational factfinder
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Jackson, 443
U.S. at 318–19). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility and weight to be
attached to the testimony of the witnesses. Id. In this role, the jury may choose to
believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v.
State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Further, the jury is permitted
to draw multiple reasonable inferences from facts as long as each is supported by
the evidence presented at trial. Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 360. When the record
supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved those conflicts
in favor of the verdict and therefore defer to that determination. Id.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence
in the record, regardless of whether it was properly admitted. Clayton v. State, 235
2 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Direct and circumstantial evidence are
equally probative of an actor’s guilt, and “‘circumstantial evidence alone can be
sufficient to establish guilt.’” Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 359 (quoting Hooper v. State,
214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). In a circumstantial evidence case, each
fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant so long
as the combined and cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances
warrants the conclusion that the defendant is guilty. Id. (quoting Johnson v. State,
871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. “After
giving proper deference to the factfinder’s role, we will uphold the verdict unless a
rational factfinder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential element.”
Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
“[I]n order for the evidence to be sufficient to support a conviction for
driving while intoxicated, there must be a temporal link between . . . a defendant’s
intoxication and his driving. But a conviction can be supported solely by
circumstantial evidence.” Kuciemba v. State, 310 S.W.3d 460, 462 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). A high blood alcohol limit found in a sample taken at the scene of an
accident “supports an inference either that appellant was recently involved in the
accident or that he had been intoxicated for quite a while.” Id. at 463. The
3 appellant’s flight from the scene supports an inference of guilt. Clayton, 235
S.W.3d at 780.
In his appeal brief, Martin argues the State failed to prove that he was the
person that 911 callers observed driving a truck erratically on the roadway before it
came to rest in a ditch. A wrecker driver, Jason Kroll, testified that he responded to
a dispatch call and arrived at the scene of an accident that night. Kroll identified
Martin as the person he saw standing in the middle of the road as he approached
the scene in his wrecker. Martin was approximately ten feet away from a truck in
the ditch. Martin appeared to be intoxicated, stumbling several times as he walked
100 feet to where Kroll had stopped his wrecker. Kroll did not see Martin behind
the wheel or driving the truck, but no one else was around, and Martin did not
mention that anyone was in the vehicle with him. According to Kroll, Martin asked
him to “get him out of there before the cops got there because he couldn’t afford
another DWI.” Kroll stated that when he refused to help, Martin walked away
towards the woods. When the police arrived five or ten minutes later, Kroll
directed the officers to the spot where Martin approached the tree line.
Deputy Johnathon Jordan testified that he was dispatched in response to 911
calls describing a male subject wearing dark clothing standing near a black vehicle
in the ditch. As Deputy Jordan pulled up to the scene, he noticed a black pickup
4 truck in the ditch. Kroll pointed down the road and said it looked like Martin went
into the woods. Deputy Jordan found Martin in the creek in chest deep water. It
appeared that Martin was trying to hide, because he was holding a bush or a branch
in front of himself. Martin ignored Deputy Jordan’s attempts to coax him out of the
water for a while, but he eventually climbed out on his own. Deputy Jordan was
able to obtain Martin’s name and date of birth and ran the information through
dispatch. Martin told the officer he was drunk but refused to say whether he had
been driving. The keys on Martin’s belt belonged to the vehicle that was in the
ditch. Martin showed all six signs of intoxication on the horizontal gaze nystagmus
field sobriety test. Martin displayed seven of eight intoxication clues on the walk-
and-turn field sobriety test. Deputy Jordan decided not to administer the one-leg
stand test out of concern for Martin’s safety. Deputy Jordan obtained a warrant for
a blood sample. A blood sample obtained three hours after Deputy Jordan arrived
on the scene revealed that Martin had a blood alcohol concentration level of
approximately 0.217.
The truck in the ditch was registered to a woman at the same address as the
address that Martin listed in his records with the Department of Public Safety.
Martin repeatedly referred to the vehicle as his truck and told Deputy Jordan, “I am
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-15-00087-CR NO. 09-15-00088-CR ____________________
BOBBY GENE MARTIN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee _______________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 221st District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 14-08-08496-CR (Counts 1 and 2) ________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal, Bobby Gene Martin challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his convictions for driving while intoxicated and retaliation.
Martin received life sentences from the jury after pleading “true” to the State’s
habitual offender allegations. We overrule the issues and affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
1 We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction under the
standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia. 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Brooks v.
State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The Jackson standard is the
only standard that we apply in an evidentiary-sufficiency review. Adames v. State,
353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Under that standard, we view all of
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine, based on that
evidence and any reasonable inferences therefrom, whether any rational factfinder
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Jackson, 443
U.S. at 318–19). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility and weight to be
attached to the testimony of the witnesses. Id. In this role, the jury may choose to
believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v.
State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Further, the jury is permitted
to draw multiple reasonable inferences from facts as long as each is supported by
the evidence presented at trial. Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 360. When the record
supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved those conflicts
in favor of the verdict and therefore defer to that determination. Id.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence
in the record, regardless of whether it was properly admitted. Clayton v. State, 235
2 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Direct and circumstantial evidence are
equally probative of an actor’s guilt, and “‘circumstantial evidence alone can be
sufficient to establish guilt.’” Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 359 (quoting Hooper v. State,
214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). In a circumstantial evidence case, each
fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant so long
as the combined and cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances
warrants the conclusion that the defendant is guilty. Id. (quoting Johnson v. State,
871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. “After
giving proper deference to the factfinder’s role, we will uphold the verdict unless a
rational factfinder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential element.”
Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
“[I]n order for the evidence to be sufficient to support a conviction for
driving while intoxicated, there must be a temporal link between . . . a defendant’s
intoxication and his driving. But a conviction can be supported solely by
circumstantial evidence.” Kuciemba v. State, 310 S.W.3d 460, 462 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). A high blood alcohol limit found in a sample taken at the scene of an
accident “supports an inference either that appellant was recently involved in the
accident or that he had been intoxicated for quite a while.” Id. at 463. The
3 appellant’s flight from the scene supports an inference of guilt. Clayton, 235
S.W.3d at 780.
In his appeal brief, Martin argues the State failed to prove that he was the
person that 911 callers observed driving a truck erratically on the roadway before it
came to rest in a ditch. A wrecker driver, Jason Kroll, testified that he responded to
a dispatch call and arrived at the scene of an accident that night. Kroll identified
Martin as the person he saw standing in the middle of the road as he approached
the scene in his wrecker. Martin was approximately ten feet away from a truck in
the ditch. Martin appeared to be intoxicated, stumbling several times as he walked
100 feet to where Kroll had stopped his wrecker. Kroll did not see Martin behind
the wheel or driving the truck, but no one else was around, and Martin did not
mention that anyone was in the vehicle with him. According to Kroll, Martin asked
him to “get him out of there before the cops got there because he couldn’t afford
another DWI.” Kroll stated that when he refused to help, Martin walked away
towards the woods. When the police arrived five or ten minutes later, Kroll
directed the officers to the spot where Martin approached the tree line.
Deputy Johnathon Jordan testified that he was dispatched in response to 911
calls describing a male subject wearing dark clothing standing near a black vehicle
in the ditch. As Deputy Jordan pulled up to the scene, he noticed a black pickup
4 truck in the ditch. Kroll pointed down the road and said it looked like Martin went
into the woods. Deputy Jordan found Martin in the creek in chest deep water. It
appeared that Martin was trying to hide, because he was holding a bush or a branch
in front of himself. Martin ignored Deputy Jordan’s attempts to coax him out of the
water for a while, but he eventually climbed out on his own. Deputy Jordan was
able to obtain Martin’s name and date of birth and ran the information through
dispatch. Martin told the officer he was drunk but refused to say whether he had
been driving. The keys on Martin’s belt belonged to the vehicle that was in the
ditch. Martin showed all six signs of intoxication on the horizontal gaze nystagmus
field sobriety test. Martin displayed seven of eight intoxication clues on the walk-
and-turn field sobriety test. Deputy Jordan decided not to administer the one-leg
stand test out of concern for Martin’s safety. Deputy Jordan obtained a warrant for
a blood sample. A blood sample obtained three hours after Deputy Jordan arrived
on the scene revealed that Martin had a blood alcohol concentration level of
approximately 0.217.
The truck in the ditch was registered to a woman at the same address as the
address that Martin listed in his records with the Department of Public Safety.
Martin repeatedly referred to the vehicle as his truck and told Deputy Jordan, “I am
5 a better driver than that.” Deputy Jordan never saw anyone other than Martin who
could have been driving the truck that evening.
The jury heard recordings of motorists who called 911. One caller reported
that it appeared that a man had been drinking and was driving. The caller stated
that he observed the vehicle swerving and followed it until it ran off the road into a
ditch. Another caller reported that an older white male wrecked his black truck.
She stated the driver was standing by the guardrail 100 feet from the truck. A third
caller, the tow truck driver, reported that the vehicle was in the ditch and the
driver, wearing solid black clothing, was out in the road and in danger of being
struck by passing vehicles. He reported that the driver of the vehicle asked to be
pulled out of the ditch. Another caller reported that a vehicle drove into the ditch.
The caller stated that she had spoken to the man who drove his truck into the ditch.
She indicated that he was so intoxicated that he could barely speak or walk but had
proceeded along the guardrail and off of the side of the road. None of the callers
observed another person in the vehicle. Additionally, on one recording that was
published to the jury, Martin can be heard stating, “I can’t believe I run the truck
over the [expletive] ditch, you know that? I’m a better [expletive] driver than that.”
Martin also argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove that he was
driving while intoxicated because none of the witnesses saw him driving. He
6 concedes that the jury heard 911 recordings in which callers reported following an
erratically-driven vehicle until the vehicle went into the ditch, and a caller
described Martin as he stood on the side of the road after the accident, but he
argues none of the callers identified Martin as the person operating the truck.
Martin argues that his statement to the wrecker driver that he could not afford
another DWI amounted to nothing more than his realization that the police would
accuse him because he was the only one at the scene. He claims his statement that
he was a better driver than that was intended to be a comparison with the real
driver, as opposed to a comment on his own driving, and that his expressed
concern about the truck arose from the fact that he would be held accountable for
the damage and not because he caused it.
Evidence that supports a conclusion that Martin operated the vehicle
includes his being outside the truck immediately after the accident, asking for
assistance removing the vehicle before the police arrived, attempting to escape
from the scene of the accident, and his admission to the driver of the wrecker that
he would be arrested for driving while intoxicated. The truck was registered to a
person at Martin’s residential address, but that person was not at the scene and
Martin was, and the keys used to operate the truck were in his pocket. Martin was,
by his own admission, intoxicated immediately after the accident and for hours
7 thereafter. “Being intoxicated at the scene of a traffic accident in which the actor
was a driver is some circumstantial evidence that the actor’s intoxication caused
the accident[.]” Kuciemba, 310 S.W.3d at 462. The jury could reasonably infer that
Martin drove the vehicle on a public roadway, because shortly after a truck was
observed being driven erratically into a ditch on a country road, a person matching
Martin’s description was seen trying to leave the scene and a few minutes later,
Martin was hiding in the creek with the keys to the truck in his pocket. Viewed in
the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could conclude that Martin drove
the vehicle on a public roadway while he was intoxicated.
Martin argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction for
retaliation. A person commits the offense of retaliation if the person intentionally
or knowingly harms or threatens to harm another by an unlawful act in retaliation
for or on account of the service or status of another as a public servant. See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 36.06(a)(1)(A) (West Supp. 2016). “Comments can be
evaluated as threats based, not just on the language used, but also the context
within which they are uttered, even veiled threats.” Meyer v. State, 366 S.W.3d
728, 731 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.). Martin became verbally abusive
after being arrested by Deputy Jordan. Martin threatened to kill Deputy Jordan and
his family and repeated this threat several times during his transport and booking.
8 Martin argues his threats were merely drunken ramblings expressing his anger over
being arrested but lacking any intent or ability to act on the threat. An intent to
follow through with the threat is not an element of the crime of retaliation. Lebleu
v. State, 192 S.W.3d 205, 211 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).
“The [retaliation] statute does not require the threatened retaliatory harm be
imminent, nor does it require that the actor actually intend to carry out his threat.”
In the Matter of B.P.H., 83 S.W.3d 400, 407 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no
pet.). Among other threatening statements made in this case, Martin stated, “If you
don’t get these cuffs off me, I’m going to kill your brains out.” When Deputy
Jordan was preparing to remove the handcuffs at the jail, Martin stated he would
“whop your A.” The jury could infer that Martin intentionally and knowingly
threatened Deputy Jordan on account of Deputy Jordan’s service as a law
enforcement officer. Therefore, the evidence is legally sufficient to support a
conviction for retaliation. We overrule issues one and two. The trial court’s
judgments and sentences are affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
________________________________ CHARLES KREGER Justice
9 Submitted on February 1, 2016 Opinion Delivered January 18, 2017 Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.