STONE, J.
-It has long been the policy of this State to equalize the burdens of taxation between individuals, and between natural and artifical persons, as nearly as was practicable. To this end, the constitution of 1868, art. 9, sec. 1, ordained, that “ all taxes levied on property in this State shall be assessed in exact proportion to the value of such property.” Art. 13, sec. 4: “ The property of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall forever be subject to taxation, the same as property of individuals, except corporations for educational and charitable purposes.” The constitution of 1875 contains clauses substantially the same, except that its provisions are expressly confined to private corporations. Art. 11, sections 1 and 6. The purpose of these clauses was discussed and declared in Mayor of Mobile v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 53 Ala. 570.
Our legislation has also • disclosed a policy not to impose duplicate taxation on one and the same species of property, We should adopt such rule of interpretation as will not subject the same property to be twice taxed, unless it is required by the express words of the statute, or by necessary implication. “ It is,” says Judge Cooley, “a fundamental maxim in taxation, that the same property shall not be subject to a double tax, payable by the same party, either directly or indirectly ; and when it is once decided that any kind or class of property is liable to be taxed under one provision of the statutes, it has been held to follow, as a legal conclusion, that the legislature could not have intended the same property should be subject to another tax, though there may be gen[274]*274eral words in the law which would seem to imply that it may be taxed a second time.” — Cooley on Taxation, 165. This principle, however, applies only to cases which fall within its terms. If the proposed subject of taxation is not taxed, or subject to be taxed, under some express provision of the law, then, if it fall within any general clause of the revenue law, it will be subject to assessment under that general clause, and if a mass of property, covered by a general clause, fall partly within, and partly without the terms of a special clause, then we would hold that, to the extent such mass was not embraced in the special clause, it should be assessed under the general clause. This construction is necessary to prevent a double taxation on the one hand, and an escape of taxation on the other. It is part and parcel of the policy of adjusting the burdens of taxation upon all, as equally as may be.
Corporations, it is true, are artificial beings — existing entities — distinct and separate from the various shareholders, who practically own and represent their monetary interests. They are distinct existences, and when we speak of the one, we are not understood as meaning the other. The one is the aggregate whole, the other the constituent parts or membership, so far as pecuniary values are implied. The profit or loss of the one is, ex necessitate, the profit or loss of the other. The difference, in interest, between a monetary, manufacturing, or trading corporation aggregate, and the shareholders who own it, is the difference between a private partnership, or unchartered association of persons, and the several members composing the partnership or association. The membership of each feels and suffers alike the burdens and losses which fall on the collective whole. The acquisitions and gains of the one organization enure to its membership, precisely as do the acquisitions and gains of the other. The profits of a corporation are the profits of its shareholders ; the gains of a partnership are the gains of its members. Hence, when a tax is levied on the aggregate property or income of such corporation, or association of persons, it is, in effect, levied on the property or income of each member who composes it. The whole includes the several parts.
Commencing with February 22d, 1866, several revenue systems have been enacted in this State. The one approved on that day begins on page 3, Pamph. Acts 1865-6. Pamphlet Acts 1866-7, p. 259, is the act approved February 19, 1867. Pamph. Acts 1868, p. 297, - is the act approved December 31, 1868. Pamph. Acts 1874-5, page 3, is the act approved March 19,1875. This act contains a general repealing clause of all previous, general revenue laws in conflict with it. Pamph. Acts 1875-6, p. 43, contains the act approved March [275]*2756, 1876. There is a clause levying a tax “ on the capital stock actually paid in of all incorporated companies created under any law of this State, except railroads,” &c., in the first three of the above-named statutes. The language is slightly varied in the last two, but not so as to affect this case.
In the acts of February 22d, 1866, section 2, and of February 19th, 1867, section 2, a tax is imposed “ on all dividends declared, or earned and not divided, by any incorporated companies created under the laws of this State, except railroads.” In the act approved 81st December, 1868, is the same clause, with the words “ except railroads,” omitted. See section 12. In the acts approved March 19, 1875, section 10, and March 6,1876, chapter 3, section 5, is the following clause : “ On all dividends declared or earned, and not divided, by incorporated companies doing business in this State, and not otherwise herein assessed, and declaring the same, a tax,” &e.
Each of the revenue laws named has a clause, levying a tax on “ All other property, real and personal, not otherwise specified herein, or exempt by law from taxation.”
In the act approved February 19, 1867, a tax is levied “ upon the annual gains, profits or incomes, of every person residing within the State, from whatever sources derived, and upon salaries and fees of public officers, and upon the salaries of all other persons, upon the excess of such gains,” &o. Section 3. A similar clause is found in the act approved December 31, 1868, section 13. In the act approved March 19, 1875, section 11, is the following clause: “ That there shall be assessed and collected upon all salaries and fees of public officers, and upon the salaries of all other persons, over five hundred dollars, at the rate,” &o. In the act approved March 6, 1876, section 4, a tax is levied “ Upon all salaries, gains, incomes and profits for the preceding year.” — Code of 187U, § 362.
For general purposes of assessment, the tax year begins with January 1st, and ends with December 31st. Property, real or personal, owned on the first day of January, is required to be given in by the owner for assessment and taxation that year. It is assessed to the then owner. The rule as to salaries, gains, incomes, is different. The tax on these is given in, assessed and paid, the year after they accrue. This, for the obvious reason that they can not be known till then.
From this resume of our statutes, it is manifest that, since February 19, 1867, it has been the policy of our legislature to assess and collect taxes on property owned by the taxpayer on the first day of January, and on his salary, gains and income, received by him during the preceding year. In [276]*276'this way, it may, and does often happen, that taxes apparently double are paid in one year, and rightfully paid, on the same property ; once, for the year preceding the assessment, as a jgain or profit; and a second time, as being the owner of it / on the first day of the year in which it is assessed.
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STONE, J.
-It has long been the policy of this State to equalize the burdens of taxation between individuals, and between natural and artifical persons, as nearly as was practicable. To this end, the constitution of 1868, art. 9, sec. 1, ordained, that “ all taxes levied on property in this State shall be assessed in exact proportion to the value of such property.” Art. 13, sec. 4: “ The property of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall forever be subject to taxation, the same as property of individuals, except corporations for educational and charitable purposes.” The constitution of 1875 contains clauses substantially the same, except that its provisions are expressly confined to private corporations. Art. 11, sections 1 and 6. The purpose of these clauses was discussed and declared in Mayor of Mobile v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 53 Ala. 570.
Our legislation has also • disclosed a policy not to impose duplicate taxation on one and the same species of property, We should adopt such rule of interpretation as will not subject the same property to be twice taxed, unless it is required by the express words of the statute, or by necessary implication. “ It is,” says Judge Cooley, “a fundamental maxim in taxation, that the same property shall not be subject to a double tax, payable by the same party, either directly or indirectly ; and when it is once decided that any kind or class of property is liable to be taxed under one provision of the statutes, it has been held to follow, as a legal conclusion, that the legislature could not have intended the same property should be subject to another tax, though there may be gen[274]*274eral words in the law which would seem to imply that it may be taxed a second time.” — Cooley on Taxation, 165. This principle, however, applies only to cases which fall within its terms. If the proposed subject of taxation is not taxed, or subject to be taxed, under some express provision of the law, then, if it fall within any general clause of the revenue law, it will be subject to assessment under that general clause, and if a mass of property, covered by a general clause, fall partly within, and partly without the terms of a special clause, then we would hold that, to the extent such mass was not embraced in the special clause, it should be assessed under the general clause. This construction is necessary to prevent a double taxation on the one hand, and an escape of taxation on the other. It is part and parcel of the policy of adjusting the burdens of taxation upon all, as equally as may be.
Corporations, it is true, are artificial beings — existing entities — distinct and separate from the various shareholders, who practically own and represent their monetary interests. They are distinct existences, and when we speak of the one, we are not understood as meaning the other. The one is the aggregate whole, the other the constituent parts or membership, so far as pecuniary values are implied. The profit or loss of the one is, ex necessitate, the profit or loss of the other. The difference, in interest, between a monetary, manufacturing, or trading corporation aggregate, and the shareholders who own it, is the difference between a private partnership, or unchartered association of persons, and the several members composing the partnership or association. The membership of each feels and suffers alike the burdens and losses which fall on the collective whole. The acquisitions and gains of the one organization enure to its membership, precisely as do the acquisitions and gains of the other. The profits of a corporation are the profits of its shareholders ; the gains of a partnership are the gains of its members. Hence, when a tax is levied on the aggregate property or income of such corporation, or association of persons, it is, in effect, levied on the property or income of each member who composes it. The whole includes the several parts.
Commencing with February 22d, 1866, several revenue systems have been enacted in this State. The one approved on that day begins on page 3, Pamph. Acts 1865-6. Pamphlet Acts 1866-7, p. 259, is the act approved February 19, 1867. Pamph. Acts 1868, p. 297, - is the act approved December 31, 1868. Pamph. Acts 1874-5, page 3, is the act approved March 19,1875. This act contains a general repealing clause of all previous, general revenue laws in conflict with it. Pamph. Acts 1875-6, p. 43, contains the act approved March [275]*2756, 1876. There is a clause levying a tax “ on the capital stock actually paid in of all incorporated companies created under any law of this State, except railroads,” &c., in the first three of the above-named statutes. The language is slightly varied in the last two, but not so as to affect this case.
In the acts of February 22d, 1866, section 2, and of February 19th, 1867, section 2, a tax is imposed “ on all dividends declared, or earned and not divided, by any incorporated companies created under the laws of this State, except railroads.” In the act approved 81st December, 1868, is the same clause, with the words “ except railroads,” omitted. See section 12. In the acts approved March 19, 1875, section 10, and March 6,1876, chapter 3, section 5, is the following clause : “ On all dividends declared or earned, and not divided, by incorporated companies doing business in this State, and not otherwise herein assessed, and declaring the same, a tax,” &e.
Each of the revenue laws named has a clause, levying a tax on “ All other property, real and personal, not otherwise specified herein, or exempt by law from taxation.”
In the act approved February 19, 1867, a tax is levied “ upon the annual gains, profits or incomes, of every person residing within the State, from whatever sources derived, and upon salaries and fees of public officers, and upon the salaries of all other persons, upon the excess of such gains,” &o. Section 3. A similar clause is found in the act approved December 31, 1868, section 13. In the act approved March 19, 1875, section 11, is the following clause: “ That there shall be assessed and collected upon all salaries and fees of public officers, and upon the salaries of all other persons, over five hundred dollars, at the rate,” &o. In the act approved March 6, 1876, section 4, a tax is levied “ Upon all salaries, gains, incomes and profits for the preceding year.” — Code of 187U, § 362.
For general purposes of assessment, the tax year begins with January 1st, and ends with December 31st. Property, real or personal, owned on the first day of January, is required to be given in by the owner for assessment and taxation that year. It is assessed to the then owner. The rule as to salaries, gains, incomes, is different. The tax on these is given in, assessed and paid, the year after they accrue. This, for the obvious reason that they can not be known till then.
From this resume of our statutes, it is manifest that, since February 19, 1867, it has been the policy of our legislature to assess and collect taxes on property owned by the taxpayer on the first day of January, and on his salary, gains and income, received by him during the preceding year. In [276]*276'this way, it may, and does often happen, that taxes apparently double are paid in one year, and rightfully paid, on the same property ; once, for the year preceding the assessment, as a jgain or profit; and a second time, as being the owner of it / on the first day of the year in which it is assessed. If, in the meantime', it has been changed or converted into some other subject of taxation, of which he is the owner on the first of January, it will be subject to assessment in its changed form. This is not double taxation.
When the gas-light company earned, declared and paid out dividends during the current year, such dividends became income and gains of the shareholder, to whom they were paid, and he became liable to have them assessed against him at the next assessment, as gains and income accruing to him during the preceding year. They should not have been assessed both against him and the corporation,' as gains or income. This would be double taxation. As well tax a partnership, and the several members composing it, for a profit realized and divided during the year. There is but one profit, and should be but one taxation. If the dividends declared, divided and paid during the year, were assessed against the shareholders as gains, and the assessment paid, then this part of the tax should not be again assessed, or collected from any one. If not previously assessed and collected, then the July dividends of the years 1867, 1868, 1869 and 1871, if declared and paid out during the several years, should be assessed as gains to the several shareholders. Such, we think, were the policy and purpose of the statutes then in force. In this we but apply the analogy of partnerships. Profits, divided during the year, are the gains of the several members. If they remain undivided at the close of the year, they are gains of the partnership. This mode of assessment of the undivided gains was necessary, as the law then stood, to_ secure the payment of the revenue from this subject of taxation, during the year next succeeding the one in which the gain? accrued; the year the statute required it to be paid.
It results from what we have said, that gains of the gas-company, on hand on the first day of January, whether declared in dividends or not, were subject to taxation against tlm corporation as gains of the preceding year, and also as “ dividends declared or earned, but not divided.” — -Code of 1876, section 869, subdivision 6. The one, as a profit realized during the preceding year; the other, as taxable property owned on the first day of the current year. But this rule of assessment ceased with the adoption of the revenue law of March 19,1875.- — See section 10, subdivision 5. See, also, act of March 6, 1876, chapter 8, section 5, subdivision 5; [277]*277Code of 1876, section 369, subdivision 5. After that time, the duty devolved on the gas-light company to give in this income tax. This embraces the gains and income during the years 1875 and 1876, to be taxed during the years 1876 and 1877. During those years, the corporation should have been assessed and taxed on the gross receipts during the (preceding) year, after deducting the expenses of carrying on the business. This, as a tax on gains and incomes. It leaves in full force subdivision 6 of the same section, 369, as a taxation of money on hand at the beginning of the current tax year.
It has been argued before us that the word ‘ person,’ found in section 3 of the act approved February 19, 1867, and in the later statutes, does not include corporations. If this be true, then natural persons are taxed “upon their annual gains, profits or incomes,” and corporations, or artificial persons, are not. This would violate section 6, article 11 of the constitution of 1875, which ordains that “ The property of private corporations, associations and individuals of this State, shall forever be taxed at the same rate.” See, also, article 13, section 4, constitution of 1868. This construction is too narrow. It is our duty to adopt any reasonable construction of language, rather than pronounce a legislative act unconstitutional. — See, also, Code of 1876, section 357, subdivision 5.
In the single matter of approving the tax assessed for the years 1867, 1868, 1869 and 1871, on gains which had been declared and paid out as dividends before the close of the respective preceding years, the Board of Bevenue of Montgomery county fell into an error. It results, that the judgment of the City Court is reversed, and the cause remanded, that the proper judgment may be there rendered. If deemed necessary, or more convenient, that court may remit the matter to the Board of Bevenue, with instructions to correct the assessment as above pointed out.