SANBORN, Circuit Judge,
after slating the ease as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The prohibition of the constitution of Colorado is against the creation of a debt in excess of the limit there prescribed. If the Parks judgment against the board of county commissioners of Lake county on April 16, 1891, evidenced a vaíid indebtedness of that county, the issue of the bonds 1‘rom which the coupons in suit were cut in payment of that judgment was not (he creation of a debt, and did not fall under the ban of the constitution. It was but the extension of the time of payment of a debt already existing and due, pursuant to plenary authority given to the board oí county commissioners by the legislature of Colorado. Sess. Laws Colo. 1889, pp. 81, 82. Hor could the validity of the bonds be affected by any fraudulent agreement as to their issue, if the judgment evidenced a valid debt, because the judgment Ayas satisfied by the delivery of the bonds. There is no claim that the county sustained any loss or injury by the mere extensión of the time of the payment of the debt, and fraud without damage constitutes no cause of action, and no defense to a legal claim. Cotinsel for the plaintiff in error is thus driven to maintain the position that the judgment in favor of Parks was void, as a basis for his contention that the bonds created a debt. His complaint of the court below accordingly is that it should have held that the judgment in favor of Parks was void, because the debt evidenced by it was in excess of the limit prescribed by the constitution, and because it was procured by collusion and fraud. Let us consider the grounds of this [570]*570complaint in their order. The first contention is that the fact that the amount of the debt evidenced by the Parks judgment was in excess of the constitutional limitation rendered that judgment void, because the board had no jjower to incur such a debt, and the district court of Arapahoe county had no power to hold that such a debt did exist. ' The soundness of this position depends upon th,e ' jurisdiction of that court to hear and determine the question whether or not the board of county commissioners of Lake county had authority to create a debt to Parks for $60,000 for his services during the series of years named in his complaint. Judgments of courts within the scope of their power to hear and determine are not void, whether right or wrong, and they are impregnable to collateral attack; but judgments of courts in cases beyond the scope of their power to hear and determine are nullities. Had the district court of Arapahoe county, by the law of its organization, authority to hear and decide the question of the power of the board under the constitution of Colorado to incur the debt of $60,000 to Parks? The powers of every corporation are limited. Ño corporation has the power to do every act or to make every contract which an individual can do or make. Hence, whenever a corporation seeks to do an act by means of the judgment of a court, or is charged in a court with default in the performance of one of its contracts, the first question the court must hear and determine is whether the act or contract was within the powers vested in the corporation through its franchise. Nor does the rightfulness of its decision of this question affect the conclusiveness of it‘s judgment. We had occasion to examine this matter with some care in Foltz v. St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co., 19 U. S. App. 576, 8 C. C. A. 635, and 60 Fed. 316. In that case the railway corporation, which had no power whatever to condemn land in the state of Arkansas, had obtained a judgment of condemnation of a tract of land in that state in an action in which the defendant appeared, but did not plead the want of the power of eminent domain in the corporation. After the railway company had taken possession of the land condemned, the defendant brought an action of ejectment for it, and the railway company brought a bill to enjoin that action. It was argued in that case, as it is .in this, that since the court erroneously decided that the corporation had the power which it never did have, and inasmuch as the existence of that power lay at the foundation of the right to the judgment, I that judgment was void. Our conclusion was expressed in these words:
“Jurisdiction of tlie subject-matter is tbe power to deal with the general abstract question, to hear the particular facts in any case relating to this question, and to determine whether or not they are sufficient to invoke the exercise of that power. It is not confined to eases in which the particular facts constitute a.good cause of action, but it includes every issue within the scope of the general power vested in the court, by the law of its organization, to deal with the abstract question. Nor is this jurisdiction limited to making correct decisions. It empowers the court to determine every issue within the scope of its authority according to its own view of the law and the evidence, whether its decision is right or wrong; and every judgment or decision SO' rendered is final and conclusive upon t^he parties to it, unless reversed by writ of error [571]*571or appeal, or impeached for fraud. Insley v. U. S., 14 Sup. Ct 158; Cornett v. Williams, 20 Wall. 226; Des Moines Nav. & R. Co. v. Iowa, Homestead Co., 123 U. S. 552, 8 Sup. Ct. 217; In re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 221, 8 Sup. Ct. 482; Skillerns v. May’s Ex’rs, 6 Cranch, 267; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192; Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217; Colton v. Beardsley, 38 Barb. 30, 52; Otis v. The Rio Grande, 1 Woods, 279, Fed. Cas. No. 10,613; Hamilton v. Railroad Co., 1 Md. Ch. 107; Evans v. Haefner, 29 Mo. 141, 147; State v. Weatherby, 45 Mo. 17; Rosenheim v. Hartsock, 90 Mo. 357, 365, 2 S. W. 473; State v. Southern Ry. Co., 100 Mo. 59, 13 S. W. 398; Hope v. Blair, 105 Mo. 85, 93, 16 S. W. 595; Musick v. Railway Co., 114 Mo. 309, 315, 21 S. W. 491. Wherever the right and the duty of the court to exercise its jurisdiction depend upon the decision of the qxxestion it is invested with power to hear and determine, there its judgment, right or wrong, is impregnable to collateral attack, unless impeached for fraud.”
The action which Parks brought against the plaintiff in error was a simple action upon contract. The court in which he brought it was a court of general jurisdiction of the state in which the parties resided, and in which the contract was made. The power of that court to hear and determine every question essential to the disposition of that action is beyond question. In every action for damages for the failure of a corporation to perform a contract, the court must decide these four questions before it can enter a judgment for the plaintiff: First. Had the corporation the power to make the agreement? Second. Did it make it? Third. Has it performed it? Fourth. What is the amount of the damages? The district court of Arapahoe county necessarily decided the first three of these questions in the affirmative, and found the damages to be 860.000, before it entered the judgment for Parks. It was its right a.nd its duty to determine these quéstions, and it did so. If its decision was erroneous, its judgment could be reversed on appeal. But its determination of the question, which the plaintiff in error is seeking to retry in this case, was the exercise by that court —and the rightful exercise—of its jurisdiction; and, whether its decision was rigid or wrong, it cannot be successfully attacked in this collateral proceeding.
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SANBORN, Circuit Judge,
after slating the ease as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The prohibition of the constitution of Colorado is against the creation of a debt in excess of the limit there prescribed. If the Parks judgment against the board of county commissioners of Lake county on April 16, 1891, evidenced a vaíid indebtedness of that county, the issue of the bonds 1‘rom which the coupons in suit were cut in payment of that judgment was not (he creation of a debt, and did not fall under the ban of the constitution. It was but the extension of the time of payment of a debt already existing and due, pursuant to plenary authority given to the board oí county commissioners by the legislature of Colorado. Sess. Laws Colo. 1889, pp. 81, 82. Hor could the validity of the bonds be affected by any fraudulent agreement as to their issue, if the judgment evidenced a valid debt, because the judgment Ayas satisfied by the delivery of the bonds. There is no claim that the county sustained any loss or injury by the mere extensión of the time of the payment of the debt, and fraud without damage constitutes no cause of action, and no defense to a legal claim. Cotinsel for the plaintiff in error is thus driven to maintain the position that the judgment in favor of Parks was void, as a basis for his contention that the bonds created a debt. His complaint of the court below accordingly is that it should have held that the judgment in favor of Parks was void, because the debt evidenced by it was in excess of the limit prescribed by the constitution, and because it was procured by collusion and fraud. Let us consider the grounds of this [570]*570complaint in their order. The first contention is that the fact that the amount of the debt evidenced by the Parks judgment was in excess of the constitutional limitation rendered that judgment void, because the board had no jjower to incur such a debt, and the district court of Arapahoe county had no power to hold that such a debt did exist. ' The soundness of this position depends upon th,e ' jurisdiction of that court to hear and determine the question whether or not the board of county commissioners of Lake county had authority to create a debt to Parks for $60,000 for his services during the series of years named in his complaint. Judgments of courts within the scope of their power to hear and determine are not void, whether right or wrong, and they are impregnable to collateral attack; but judgments of courts in cases beyond the scope of their power to hear and determine are nullities. Had the district court of Arapahoe county, by the law of its organization, authority to hear and decide the question of the power of the board under the constitution of Colorado to incur the debt of $60,000 to Parks? The powers of every corporation are limited. Ño corporation has the power to do every act or to make every contract which an individual can do or make. Hence, whenever a corporation seeks to do an act by means of the judgment of a court, or is charged in a court with default in the performance of one of its contracts, the first question the court must hear and determine is whether the act or contract was within the powers vested in the corporation through its franchise. Nor does the rightfulness of its decision of this question affect the conclusiveness of it‘s judgment. We had occasion to examine this matter with some care in Foltz v. St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co., 19 U. S. App. 576, 8 C. C. A. 635, and 60 Fed. 316. In that case the railway corporation, which had no power whatever to condemn land in the state of Arkansas, had obtained a judgment of condemnation of a tract of land in that state in an action in which the defendant appeared, but did not plead the want of the power of eminent domain in the corporation. After the railway company had taken possession of the land condemned, the defendant brought an action of ejectment for it, and the railway company brought a bill to enjoin that action. It was argued in that case, as it is .in this, that since the court erroneously decided that the corporation had the power which it never did have, and inasmuch as the existence of that power lay at the foundation of the right to the judgment, I that judgment was void. Our conclusion was expressed in these words:
“Jurisdiction of tlie subject-matter is tbe power to deal with the general abstract question, to hear the particular facts in any case relating to this question, and to determine whether or not they are sufficient to invoke the exercise of that power. It is not confined to eases in which the particular facts constitute a.good cause of action, but it includes every issue within the scope of the general power vested in the court, by the law of its organization, to deal with the abstract question. Nor is this jurisdiction limited to making correct decisions. It empowers the court to determine every issue within the scope of its authority according to its own view of the law and the evidence, whether its decision is right or wrong; and every judgment or decision SO' rendered is final and conclusive upon t^he parties to it, unless reversed by writ of error [571]*571or appeal, or impeached for fraud. Insley v. U. S., 14 Sup. Ct 158; Cornett v. Williams, 20 Wall. 226; Des Moines Nav. & R. Co. v. Iowa, Homestead Co., 123 U. S. 552, 8 Sup. Ct. 217; In re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 221, 8 Sup. Ct. 482; Skillerns v. May’s Ex’rs, 6 Cranch, 267; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192; Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 217; Colton v. Beardsley, 38 Barb. 30, 52; Otis v. The Rio Grande, 1 Woods, 279, Fed. Cas. No. 10,613; Hamilton v. Railroad Co., 1 Md. Ch. 107; Evans v. Haefner, 29 Mo. 141, 147; State v. Weatherby, 45 Mo. 17; Rosenheim v. Hartsock, 90 Mo. 357, 365, 2 S. W. 473; State v. Southern Ry. Co., 100 Mo. 59, 13 S. W. 398; Hope v. Blair, 105 Mo. 85, 93, 16 S. W. 595; Musick v. Railway Co., 114 Mo. 309, 315, 21 S. W. 491. Wherever the right and the duty of the court to exercise its jurisdiction depend upon the decision of the qxxestion it is invested with power to hear and determine, there its judgment, right or wrong, is impregnable to collateral attack, unless impeached for fraud.”
The action which Parks brought against the plaintiff in error was a simple action upon contract. The court in which he brought it was a court of general jurisdiction of the state in which the parties resided, and in which the contract was made. The power of that court to hear and determine every question essential to the disposition of that action is beyond question. In every action for damages for the failure of a corporation to perform a contract, the court must decide these four questions before it can enter a judgment for the plaintiff: First. Had the corporation the power to make the agreement? Second. Did it make it? Third. Has it performed it? Fourth. What is the amount of the damages? The district court of Arapahoe county necessarily decided the first three of these questions in the affirmative, and found the damages to be 860.000, before it entered the judgment for Parks. It was its right a.nd its duty to determine these quéstions, and it did so. If its decision was erroneous, its judgment could be reversed on appeal. But its determination of the question, which the plaintiff in error is seeking to retry in this case, was the exercise by that court —and the rightful exercise—of its jurisdiction; and, whether its decision was rigid or wrong, it cannot be successfully attacked in this collateral proceeding.
Counsel for the plaintiff in error makes another attempt to escape from the effect of this judgment on the ground that it does not estop the board from showing in this action that the debt it evidenced was in excess of the constitutional limitation, because that defense was not pleaded in the original action, because the judgment in that action was by default, and because the parties and the demand in controversy are not the same in this case as they were in that case. The settled rule upon this subject was so clearly stated in the leading case of Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U. S. 353, 352, that it has been universally followed in the courts of the United States. It is that in an action between the same parties, or those in privity with them, upon the same claim or demand, a judgment upon the merits is conclusive, not only as to every matter offered, but as to every admissible matter which might have been offered to sustain or defeat, the claim or demand. But in a case in which the second action is upon a different claim or demand, the prior judgment is an estoppel as to those matters in issue or points of controversy upon the determination of which [572]*572the finding or verdict was rendered. In Dickson v. Wilkinson, 3 How. 57, 61, Mr. Justice McKinley, in delivering the opinion of the supreme court, said: “It is a universal rule of law that if the party fail to plead matter in bar to the original action, and judgment pass against him, he cannot afterwards plead it in another action founded on that judgment.” In Dimock v. Copper Co., 117 U. S. 559, 565, 6 Sup. Ct. 855, the defendant procured his discharge in bankruptcy five days before a judgment was rendered against him in a state court of Massachusetts, but he did not plead it, or call it to the attention of that court. To an action upon this judgment brought in a state court of New York he pleaded this discharge. The supreme court held that his failure to plead it in the original action, and the original judgment against him in Massachusetts, estopped' him from presenting the discharge as a defense in the action .upon that judgment in New York, although it was a perfect defense to the original debt. In Last Chance Min. Co. v. Tyler Min. Co., 157 U. S. 683, 691, 15 Sup. Ct. 733, the supreme court declared that “a judgment by default is just as conclusive an adjudication between the parties of whatever is essential to support the judgment as one rendered after answer and contest.” If, therefore, Parks or his assignees had sued the plaintiff in error upon his judgment, or upon the debt which it evidenced, that judgment would have conclusively estopped the plaintiff in error from making the defense that its indebtedness was in excess of the constitutional limitation. But this action is upon a part of the same debt represented by that judgment. The bonds and coupons issued in satisfaction of the judgment evidence the same indebtedness that the judgment represented, and the holder of each bond and of each coupon is, in legal effect, an assignee of the debt pro tanto. Thus the defendant in error is in privity with Parks, and is entitled to invoke every presumption and every estoppel in support of his claim which Parks could have called to his aid if he had brought this action upon his judgment.- Iron Co. v. Eells, 32 U. S. App. 348, 15 C. C. A. 189, 201, and 68 Fed. 24, 36. Our conclusion is that in an action to enforce the collection of a judgment or the collection of bonds or coupons issued in payment of a judgment against a municipal or quasi municipal corporation, the judgment conclusively estops the corporation from making the defense that the original indebtedness evidenced by it was in excess of the amount which the corporation had the power to create, under the limitations of the constitution of the state in which it was incorporated. Biddle v. Wilkins, 1 Pet. 686, 692; Dickson v. Wilkinson, 3 How. 57, 61; U. S. v. New Orleans, 98 U. S. 381. 395; Davenport v. County of Dodge, 105 U. S. 237; Louisiana v. St. Martin’s Parish, 111 U. S. 716, 4 Sup. Ct. 648; Boynton v. Ball, 121 U. S. 457, 461, 7 Sup. Ct. 981; Franklin Co. v. German Sav. Bank, 142 U. S. 93, 101, 12 Sup. Ct. 147; Last Chance Min. Co. v. Tyler Min. Co., 157 U. S. 683, 691, 15 Sup. Ct. 733; Cutler v. Huston, 158 U. S. 423, 15 Sup. Ct. 868; Breeze v. Haley, 11 Colo. 351, 355, 18 Pac. 551; Water Co. v. Middaugh, 12 Colo. 434, 21 Pac. 565; Board v. Burpee (Colo. Sup.; decided in 1897) [573]*57348 Pac. 539; Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Lyon Co., 44 Fed. 329, 344; U. S. v. Board of Auditors, 28 Fed. 407; Railroad Co. v. Baker (Wyo.) 45 Pac. 494. 501; State v. Gloyd (Wash.) 44 Pac. 103; Sioux City & St. P. R. Co. v. Osceola Co., 45 Iowa, 168, 175; Id., 52 Iowa, 26, 2 N. W. 593; Edmundson v. School Dist. (Iowa) 67 N. W. 671; Howard v. City of Huron (S. D.) 59 N. W. 833, 834; Id., 60 N. W. 803, 805. The cases of Commissioners v. Loague, 129 U. S. 493, 503, 505, 9 Sup. Ct. 327, and Kelly v. Town of Milan, 21 Fed. 842; Id., 127 U. S. 139, 8 Sup. Ct. 1101,—are not in conflict with this conclusion. The opinion and the (Meet of the decision in the former-case are explained and limited in Franklin Co. v. German Sav. Bank, 142 U. S. 93, 100, 12 Sup. Ct. 147. The latter case rests upon the proposition that the decree invoked was based upon an agreement "of compromise by which the municipality contracted to admit the validity of certain bonds which it never had the power to issue, and the court held that the agreement was as void, forward; of power-, as were the bonds, and that, as there was no adjudication by the court of the validity of the bonds, the decree was not an estoppel upon the municipality from contesting them.
.A single question remains: Was the fact, pleaded in the answer, that the judgment in favor of Parks was obtained by fraud and collusion, an avoidance of that judgment, or a defense to this action? Xo fraud was alleged which deprived the board of notice of the suit and of ample time to answer the petition of Parks therein before the judgment was rendered. A direct su'd, may undoubtedly be maintained in a proper* case, to set aside a judgment; for fraud in procuring it. Gaines v. Fuentes, 92 U. S. 10, 21; U. S. v. Norsch, 42 Fed. 417; 1 Black, Judgm. § 321, and cases cited. But until such a suit’ is brought, and until such a decree of avoidance is rendered, the judgment of a state court which had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties is conclusive upon the merits of the controversies determined by that judgment; between the parlies and their privies in every court of the United States, and such a judgment cannot be collaterally impeached for fraud or collusion. Iron Co. v. Fells, 32 U. S. App. 348, 15 C. C. A. 189, 201, and 68 Fed. 24, 35; Christmas v. Russell, 5 Wall. 290, 305; Maxwell v. Stewart, 22 Wall. 77, 81; Anderson v. Anderson, 8 Ohio, 108; Mason v. Messenger, 17 Iowa, 261, 272; Smith v. Smith, 22 Iowa, 516, 518; Railway Co. v. Hall, 37 Iowa, 620, 622. Moreover, this defense of fraud and collusion was barred by the statute of limitations. The judgment in favor of Parks was rendered in 1891. The statutes of Colorado provide that “bills for relief on the- ground of fraud, shall be filed within three years after the discovery by the aggrieved party, of the facts constituting such fraud, and not afterwards.” 2 Mills’ Ann. St. Colo. 1891, p. 1641, § 2911. The answer in this case was filed on September 19,1895, and it shows that the plaintiff in error discovered the facts constituting the fraud it' pleads in 1891. Xo appeal was ever taken from the Parks judgment, nor has it ever been reversed, modified, or set; aside. Upon the principle to which we have adverted, it; constitutes a complete estoppel against the plaintiff in error upon [574]*574every issue which was essential to its rendition, and the allegations of fraud and collusion in its procurement contained in the answer in this case were utterly immaterial, and present no issue in this case. The issue the plaintiff in error sought to tender thereby could not be tried in this collateral way, and the relief which the facts it pleads might once have warranted in a direct proceeding to avoid the judgment was barred by the statute of limitations of the state of Colorado.
A strong plea for the plaintiff in error was made in the brief and argument in this case on the ground that the upholding of the Parks judgment would open the door for corrupt municipal officers to permit unjust judgments to be rendered against their municipalities. But the great majority of municipal officers are upright, honest,, and watchful of the public welfare. The actions of honest and faithful officials cannot be subjected to rules fit only for those who are dishonest and faithless. When a municipality is sued, and appears in court by its duly-authorized officers, that court must not presume that such officers are among the few who are untrue to their trusts, and refuse to give credence to their acts and statements. It is bound to presume that they are of the great majority that are honest, faithful, and worthy of credit. Moreover, municipal officers are the agents of the municipality. Under our system of government they are not selected by the creditors of the city or county, nor by the courts, but they are chosen by the municipality itself. If there is danger that such officers will violate their oaths, and corruptly barter away the rights of the people whom they represent, through the abuse of rules of action which have been established for honest men and faithful officials, the remedy is in the hands of the people. Let them elect honest and faithful agents, and the danger will disappear. It is a general rule of law that the principal, and not the opposite party, to a contract or transaction must suffer for the corrupt and fraudulent acts of the agent within the scope of his authority; and, whether or not this principle applies to a municipality to its full extent in law, it certainly does in morals, and no people who elect corrupt and dishonest officials to represent them can hope to entirely escape the natural and inevitable effects of their action.
The judgment below must be affirmed, with costs, and it is so. ordered.