Reed, C.
It is conceded that the wrecking of a portion of the train, such portion consisting of one engine and four cars, one being the express-car in which the goods were being carried, was by “ the act of God,” and inevitable. It is also conceded in argument that having a coal fire burning in a stove, and a lighted lamp in the compartment, as testified to, was not negligence on the part of the carrier. Counsel for plaintiffs in error in reply say: “ In the brief of defendant in error, counsel have assumed for us a claim which we have not made, and they then proceed to demolish such assumed claim. They assume for us that we claim there was negligence in carrying in the car a stove with fire in it. * * * There Avas negligence, — ■ we may call it by that name, — but such negligence was in not making the requisite efforts to save the goods after the peril had been incurred. We make no claim that there was negligence in carrying a stove in the car.” By these concessions, two important questions are eliminated, and the issues are narrowed, the only questions remaining being:
First. Was “the act of God” the,proximate and direct cause of the loss sustained, so as to exonerate the carrier from liability, or was it the remote cause, and the fire against which the carrier is supposed to be an insurer the proximate and direct cause?
Second. After the wrecking and overturning of the train by “ the act of God,” was the carrier guilty of negligence in failing to protect and secure the goods in the burning car?
Great ability and research have been expended in attempting to arrive at and determine upon some general [336]*336definition of the terms “proximate” and “remote” causes, and establish, a rule and a line of demarcation between the two. Such efforts appear to have been but ‘partially successful. Both have received various definitions, though differently worded, amounting to practically the same thing. But, in almost every instance where they have been attempted to be applied, their applicability seems to have been determined by the peculiar circumstances of the case under consideration. Webster defines “proximate cause,” “ that which immediately precedes and produces the effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing cause.” And. Diet. Law: “The nearest, the immediate, the direct cause; the efficient cause; the cause that sets another or other causes in operation, or dominant cause.” But with these definitions in view, when two causes unite to produce the loss, the question still remains, which was the proximate cause?
In Insurance Co. v. Tweed, 7 Wall. 52, the late lamented Mr. Justice Miller said: “We have had cited to us a general review of the doctrine of proximate and remote causes, as it has arisen and been decided in the courts in a great variety of cases. It would be an unprofitable labor to enter into an examination of these cases. If we could deduce from them the best possible expression of the rule, it would remain after all to decide each case largely upon the special facts belonging to it, and often upon the very nicest discriminations.”
In Howard Fire Ins. Co. v. Norwich & N. Y. Transp. Co. 12 Wall. 199, in delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Justice Strong said: “And certainly, that cause which set the other in motion, and gave to it its efficiency to do harm at the time of the disaster, must rank as predominant.”
In Railroad Co. v. Kellogg, 94 U. S. 475, it is said: “The inquiry must, therefore, always be whether there was any intermediate cause disconnected from the primary fault, and self-operating, which produced the injury.”
[337]*337In Insurance Co. v. Boon, 95 U. S. 130, it is said: “ The proximate cause is the efficient cause; the one that necessarily sets the other causes in operation. The causes that are merely incidental, or instruments of a superior or controlling agency, are not the proximate causes and the responsible ones, though they may be nearer in time to the result. It is only when the causes are independent of each other that the nearest is, of course, to be charged with the disaster.”
Leaving out of consideration, as we must, by concession of counsel, all question of negligence in regard to the burning fire in the stove,.a lighted kerosene lamp, and regarding each of them as securely protected against damage as prudence would require, and applying the rules above laid fdown, it becomes apparent that the overturning and wrecking of the car by the violence of the wind was the proximate, direct and efficient cause of the loss, and the fire following, if not instantaneously, immediately after, without negligence or any wrongful act of the carrier intervening to produce it, must be regarded as resulting and incidental.
It is ably contended in argument, and many supposed authorities in support of the position are cited, that the negligence of the, carrier in failing to use proper exertion to save the contents of the car, after it was overturned, rendered the defendant liable for the loss. If, by proper diligence and attention, the goods could have been rescued, a failure to secure them would have fixed the liability of the carrier. There can be no doubt of the correctness of this conclusion.
The questions, what was the proximate cause of the loss, and of negligence, were questions of fact to be determined i by the jury from the evidence, under proper instructions' from the court. There was not much conflict of testimony. In Railroad Co. v. Kellogg, supra, it is said: “ In the nature of things, there is in every transaction' a succession of events, moré or less dependent. upon those preceding, and-[338]*338it is the province of the jury to look at this succession of events or facts, and ascertain whether they are naturally and probably connected with each other by a continuous sequence, or are dissevered by new and independent agencies ; and this must be determined in view of the circumstances existing at the time.”
¿The jury found as a fact that the “ act of .God ” was the roximate cause, and also found as a fact that there was no egligence. Viewed in the light of all the evidence, and of attendant circumstances, the finding of the jury was fully ■warranted. The force of the gale was such as to blow the cars from the track over the embankment. It was shown to be almost impossible for men to stand or walk, and they were compelled to prostrate themselves under the lee of the track or bank to escape its fury. The air was so full of dust and flying material that scarcely anything could be seen. The car contained inflammable material, and the fire succeeded the overturning almost instantaneously. The messenger escaped with great difficulty, and not without injury from the flames. The position of the car was such that all movable goods must have been hurled into the corner of the top of the car. From the force of the wind and combustible material of the car, it is obvious that the destruction of the car and contents was inevitable in a very brief space of time, and that any attempt to rescue the goods would have been unavailing.
Considerable criticism is directed to the instructions of the court. Some of those criticised, and upon which errors are assigned, are in regard to negligence in the use of the stove and lamp. As counsel concedes in his final argument that there was no negligence in that respect, a review of them becomes unnecessary.
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Reed, C.
It is conceded that the wrecking of a portion of the train, such portion consisting of one engine and four cars, one being the express-car in which the goods were being carried, was by “ the act of God,” and inevitable. It is also conceded in argument that having a coal fire burning in a stove, and a lighted lamp in the compartment, as testified to, was not negligence on the part of the carrier. Counsel for plaintiffs in error in reply say: “ In the brief of defendant in error, counsel have assumed for us a claim which we have not made, and they then proceed to demolish such assumed claim. They assume for us that we claim there was negligence in carrying in the car a stove with fire in it. * * * There Avas negligence, — ■ we may call it by that name, — but such negligence was in not making the requisite efforts to save the goods after the peril had been incurred. We make no claim that there was negligence in carrying a stove in the car.” By these concessions, two important questions are eliminated, and the issues are narrowed, the only questions remaining being:
First. Was “the act of God” the,proximate and direct cause of the loss sustained, so as to exonerate the carrier from liability, or was it the remote cause, and the fire against which the carrier is supposed to be an insurer the proximate and direct cause?
Second. After the wrecking and overturning of the train by “ the act of God,” was the carrier guilty of negligence in failing to protect and secure the goods in the burning car?
Great ability and research have been expended in attempting to arrive at and determine upon some general [336]*336definition of the terms “proximate” and “remote” causes, and establish, a rule and a line of demarcation between the two. Such efforts appear to have been but ‘partially successful. Both have received various definitions, though differently worded, amounting to practically the same thing. But, in almost every instance where they have been attempted to be applied, their applicability seems to have been determined by the peculiar circumstances of the case under consideration. Webster defines “proximate cause,” “ that which immediately precedes and produces the effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing cause.” And. Diet. Law: “The nearest, the immediate, the direct cause; the efficient cause; the cause that sets another or other causes in operation, or dominant cause.” But with these definitions in view, when two causes unite to produce the loss, the question still remains, which was the proximate cause?
In Insurance Co. v. Tweed, 7 Wall. 52, the late lamented Mr. Justice Miller said: “We have had cited to us a general review of the doctrine of proximate and remote causes, as it has arisen and been decided in the courts in a great variety of cases. It would be an unprofitable labor to enter into an examination of these cases. If we could deduce from them the best possible expression of the rule, it would remain after all to decide each case largely upon the special facts belonging to it, and often upon the very nicest discriminations.”
In Howard Fire Ins. Co. v. Norwich & N. Y. Transp. Co. 12 Wall. 199, in delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Justice Strong said: “And certainly, that cause which set the other in motion, and gave to it its efficiency to do harm at the time of the disaster, must rank as predominant.”
In Railroad Co. v. Kellogg, 94 U. S. 475, it is said: “The inquiry must, therefore, always be whether there was any intermediate cause disconnected from the primary fault, and self-operating, which produced the injury.”
[337]*337In Insurance Co. v. Boon, 95 U. S. 130, it is said: “ The proximate cause is the efficient cause; the one that necessarily sets the other causes in operation. The causes that are merely incidental, or instruments of a superior or controlling agency, are not the proximate causes and the responsible ones, though they may be nearer in time to the result. It is only when the causes are independent of each other that the nearest is, of course, to be charged with the disaster.”
Leaving out of consideration, as we must, by concession of counsel, all question of negligence in regard to the burning fire in the stove,.a lighted kerosene lamp, and regarding each of them as securely protected against damage as prudence would require, and applying the rules above laid fdown, it becomes apparent that the overturning and wrecking of the car by the violence of the wind was the proximate, direct and efficient cause of the loss, and the fire following, if not instantaneously, immediately after, without negligence or any wrongful act of the carrier intervening to produce it, must be regarded as resulting and incidental.
It is ably contended in argument, and many supposed authorities in support of the position are cited, that the negligence of the, carrier in failing to use proper exertion to save the contents of the car, after it was overturned, rendered the defendant liable for the loss. If, by proper diligence and attention, the goods could have been rescued, a failure to secure them would have fixed the liability of the carrier. There can be no doubt of the correctness of this conclusion.
The questions, what was the proximate cause of the loss, and of negligence, were questions of fact to be determined i by the jury from the evidence, under proper instructions' from the court. There was not much conflict of testimony. In Railroad Co. v. Kellogg, supra, it is said: “ In the nature of things, there is in every transaction' a succession of events, moré or less dependent. upon those preceding, and-[338]*338it is the province of the jury to look at this succession of events or facts, and ascertain whether they are naturally and probably connected with each other by a continuous sequence, or are dissevered by new and independent agencies ; and this must be determined in view of the circumstances existing at the time.”
¿The jury found as a fact that the “ act of .God ” was the roximate cause, and also found as a fact that there was no egligence. Viewed in the light of all the evidence, and of attendant circumstances, the finding of the jury was fully ■warranted. The force of the gale was such as to blow the cars from the track over the embankment. It was shown to be almost impossible for men to stand or walk, and they were compelled to prostrate themselves under the lee of the track or bank to escape its fury. The air was so full of dust and flying material that scarcely anything could be seen. The car contained inflammable material, and the fire succeeded the overturning almost instantaneously. The messenger escaped with great difficulty, and not without injury from the flames. The position of the car was such that all movable goods must have been hurled into the corner of the top of the car. From the force of the wind and combustible material of the car, it is obvious that the destruction of the car and contents was inevitable in a very brief space of time, and that any attempt to rescue the goods would have been unavailing.
Considerable criticism is directed to the instructions of the court. Some of those criticised, and upon which errors are assigned, are in regard to negligence in the use of the stove and lamp. As counsel concedes in his final argument that there was no negligence in that respect, a review of them becomes unnecessary. Considerable attention is given to the eighth instruction, in which the learned judge /charged: “ "Where one is pursuing a lawful avocation, in a /lawful manner, and something occurs which no human skill I or precaution could foresee or prevent, and as a consequence \(^he accident takes place, this is called ‘ inevitable accident5 [339]*339or the £ act of God.’ ” The objection urged is more technical than substantial. "While it is, possibly, not technically correct, and while there is a legal distinction between “ inevitable accident ” and the “ act of God ” we can see nothing in it to the prejudice of the plaintiff, or that could have misled the jury. The immediate resulting cause producing the loss was the fire, which might properly he termed an “ inevitable accident ” growing out of the former disaster; while the direct cause of the agency that worked the destruction was the “ act of God,” putting the resulting agent at work. "We think the charge, taken as á whole, was a fair and impartial statement of the law, and should be sustained. "We advise that the judgment be affirmed.
Richmond and Bissell, CO., concurring.
Per Curiam.
For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion the judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Mr. Justice Elliott, having tried this cause below, did not participate in this decision.