Glare, O. J.
This is a proceeding by the plaintiff to condemn the one-half interest of the defendants in the water power in question. It is admitted that the line between the two runs to the middle of the stream, the plaintiff owning one-half of the bed of the stream on the south side and the defendants owning the half of the bed of the stream on the north side, for half a mile.
It was suggested for the plaintiff in the outset of the argument that this was not a water powder. If so, certainly the plaintiff has no right to condemn it, for it is not seeking to take the bed of the stream, nor the water as a right of way. Besides the complaint alleges that plaintiff needs it for the water powder.
Neither can we give any weight to the suggestion that the interest of the defendants in this water power is too evanescent and intangible for it to object to the plaintiff taking it away, for the plaintiff admits that it offered $1,000 for the defendants’ interest and that it refused an offer from the defendants of $40,000 for its own interest in the power. Indeed, the jury say the value of defendants’ share in the water power is $10,000, and the plaintiff is seeking to force the defendants to take that sum for its interest.
This is too serious a matter and too important to be minimized. In view of the not distant exhaustion of the coal measures of the country, these sources of heat, and already almost the sole source of artificial lighting, are a matter of the gravest concern to Government and people.
The effort of this plaintiff to take water power from these defendants was settled in the litigation between these same parties, R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., 169, and this is practically an attempt to reverse that decision in an action over this property. It may be observed that if the plaintiff could take the defendants’ interest in this proceeding there is no conceivable reason why the defendants are not equally entitled to take the plaintiff’s interest.
The defendant light and power company was chartered in 1904 to supply light and power to the people of Hendersonville and surrounding country. It puts in evidence that it bought and holds this power for development and use as a necessary auxiliary to its other two powers, having purchased this power for that purpose. Its tract on the north side at this place, called “The Narrows,” on Green River, extends for half a mile, with a fall of 218 feet, through which the water pours with [473]*473great velocity, capable of furnishing water power of perhaps 2,700 h. p., though the witnesses naturally vary in their estimates.. The plaintiff company was organized in South Carolina and as a manufacturing company, but finding it could not condemn water power in North Carolina unless it was a corporation of this State and, under the act of 1907, an interurban railroad also, it later took out incorporation here as an “interurban railway.”
The public policy of a State is defined by its legislature. Probably the most feared combination to be guarded against is the acquisition of the water powers of the country by one or more great aggregations of capital, which in view of the certainty of the exhaustion of our coal measures at no distant date will give such monopolies the full control of - light, heating and power, and with them domination over the very means of existence of the public. With that view, the General Assembly of this State, in conferring the power of condemnation on telephone and electric light and power companies by ch. 74, Laws 1907, inserted a proviso: “Water powers, developed or undeveloped, with the necessary land adjacent thereto for their development, shall not be taken.” To meet this provision, the influences behind these great aggregations of capital were powerful enough, it seems, to procure later at that session the enactment of ch. 302, Laws OL907, which authorizes street and interurban railway companies, “whenever such company shall not own the entire water front, or all the lands, water rights, or other easements which may be needed to fully develop such water power,” to buy same; with further provision that if the company could not agree with the owner for the purchase of such lands, water rights and other easements, the same might be condemned in the manner provided for railroads. The adroit purpose of this alternative probably passed unperceived.
When this same point was presented between these same parties, R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., at p. 169, the Court said: “It would therefore seem that if a company needed a water power to produce electric power, and styled itself an electric and power company, it could not condemn the water power of another for that purpose. Ch. 74, Laws 1907. But if it styled itself ‘a street and interurban railway company,’ and should ‘own land on one or both sides of the stream which can be used in developing water power,’ it might have condemned the additional lands ‘needed to fully develop such water power,’ ch. 302, Laws 1907. In Power Company v. Whitney, 150 N. C., 34, it was held that water powers could not be condemned in this State, it being against our public policy as declared by ch. 74, Laws 1907. While matters were in this state, the Legislature enacted ch. 94, Laws 1913, which was entitled ‘An act to amend chapter 302, Laws 1907, relating to the right of eminent domain.’ The amendment consisted in the addition to the said chapter 302, sec. 1, Laws 1907, of the following words: ‘Provided [474]*474further, that sucb company or companies shall not have the power to condemn any water power, right or property of any person, firm or corporation engaged in the actual service of the general public, where such power, right or property is being used or held to be used or to be developed for use, or in connection with, or in addition to any power actually used by such persons, firms or corporations serving the general public.’ ”
It appearing in that case, as it does in this, that this particular property was held to be used and developed in connection with and in addition to the power actually used by the defendant light and power company in supplying electric lights and power to Hendersonville and surrounding country, this Court held that judgment should have been entered for the defendants.
In this new proceeding the plaintiff seeks to evade that decision by setting up the plea that the defendants cannot use or develop one-half interest in said water power, and therefore the plaintiff is entitled to condemn the same and take the whole of it for its own use. If this were true, the defendants would have equal right to condemn the plaintiff’s half interest in the property for their own use, the more especially as the plaintiff offered the defendants only $1,000 for their half interest and the defendants offered the plaintiff $40,000 for its half interest, which the plaintiff admits that it declined.
In R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., at p. 172, the Court said, as to condemning water power, “The matter turns, therefore, on the question whether under the terms of ch. 94, Laws 1913, the land in question is subject to condemnation,” and the Court further held that it could not be condemned if it was “held to be used or to be developed for use in connection with or in addition to any power actually used.”
On this trial the court submitted the following two issues to the jury:
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Glare, O. J.
This is a proceeding by the plaintiff to condemn the one-half interest of the defendants in the water power in question. It is admitted that the line between the two runs to the middle of the stream, the plaintiff owning one-half of the bed of the stream on the south side and the defendants owning the half of the bed of the stream on the north side, for half a mile.
It was suggested for the plaintiff in the outset of the argument that this was not a water powder. If so, certainly the plaintiff has no right to condemn it, for it is not seeking to take the bed of the stream, nor the water as a right of way. Besides the complaint alleges that plaintiff needs it for the water powder.
Neither can we give any weight to the suggestion that the interest of the defendants in this water power is too evanescent and intangible for it to object to the plaintiff taking it away, for the plaintiff admits that it offered $1,000 for the defendants’ interest and that it refused an offer from the defendants of $40,000 for its own interest in the power. Indeed, the jury say the value of defendants’ share in the water power is $10,000, and the plaintiff is seeking to force the defendants to take that sum for its interest.
This is too serious a matter and too important to be minimized. In view of the not distant exhaustion of the coal measures of the country, these sources of heat, and already almost the sole source of artificial lighting, are a matter of the gravest concern to Government and people.
The effort of this plaintiff to take water power from these defendants was settled in the litigation between these same parties, R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., 169, and this is practically an attempt to reverse that decision in an action over this property. It may be observed that if the plaintiff could take the defendants’ interest in this proceeding there is no conceivable reason why the defendants are not equally entitled to take the plaintiff’s interest.
The defendant light and power company was chartered in 1904 to supply light and power to the people of Hendersonville and surrounding country. It puts in evidence that it bought and holds this power for development and use as a necessary auxiliary to its other two powers, having purchased this power for that purpose. Its tract on the north side at this place, called “The Narrows,” on Green River, extends for half a mile, with a fall of 218 feet, through which the water pours with [473]*473great velocity, capable of furnishing water power of perhaps 2,700 h. p., though the witnesses naturally vary in their estimates.. The plaintiff company was organized in South Carolina and as a manufacturing company, but finding it could not condemn water power in North Carolina unless it was a corporation of this State and, under the act of 1907, an interurban railroad also, it later took out incorporation here as an “interurban railway.”
The public policy of a State is defined by its legislature. Probably the most feared combination to be guarded against is the acquisition of the water powers of the country by one or more great aggregations of capital, which in view of the certainty of the exhaustion of our coal measures at no distant date will give such monopolies the full control of - light, heating and power, and with them domination over the very means of existence of the public. With that view, the General Assembly of this State, in conferring the power of condemnation on telephone and electric light and power companies by ch. 74, Laws 1907, inserted a proviso: “Water powers, developed or undeveloped, with the necessary land adjacent thereto for their development, shall not be taken.” To meet this provision, the influences behind these great aggregations of capital were powerful enough, it seems, to procure later at that session the enactment of ch. 302, Laws OL907, which authorizes street and interurban railway companies, “whenever such company shall not own the entire water front, or all the lands, water rights, or other easements which may be needed to fully develop such water power,” to buy same; with further provision that if the company could not agree with the owner for the purchase of such lands, water rights and other easements, the same might be condemned in the manner provided for railroads. The adroit purpose of this alternative probably passed unperceived.
When this same point was presented between these same parties, R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., at p. 169, the Court said: “It would therefore seem that if a company needed a water power to produce electric power, and styled itself an electric and power company, it could not condemn the water power of another for that purpose. Ch. 74, Laws 1907. But if it styled itself ‘a street and interurban railway company,’ and should ‘own land on one or both sides of the stream which can be used in developing water power,’ it might have condemned the additional lands ‘needed to fully develop such water power,’ ch. 302, Laws 1907. In Power Company v. Whitney, 150 N. C., 34, it was held that water powers could not be condemned in this State, it being against our public policy as declared by ch. 74, Laws 1907. While matters were in this state, the Legislature enacted ch. 94, Laws 1913, which was entitled ‘An act to amend chapter 302, Laws 1907, relating to the right of eminent domain.’ The amendment consisted in the addition to the said chapter 302, sec. 1, Laws 1907, of the following words: ‘Provided [474]*474further, that sucb company or companies shall not have the power to condemn any water power, right or property of any person, firm or corporation engaged in the actual service of the general public, where such power, right or property is being used or held to be used or to be developed for use, or in connection with, or in addition to any power actually used by such persons, firms or corporations serving the general public.’ ”
It appearing in that case, as it does in this, that this particular property was held to be used and developed in connection with and in addition to the power actually used by the defendant light and power company in supplying electric lights and power to Hendersonville and surrounding country, this Court held that judgment should have been entered for the defendants.
In this new proceeding the plaintiff seeks to evade that decision by setting up the plea that the defendants cannot use or develop one-half interest in said water power, and therefore the plaintiff is entitled to condemn the same and take the whole of it for its own use. If this were true, the defendants would have equal right to condemn the plaintiff’s half interest in the property for their own use, the more especially as the plaintiff offered the defendants only $1,000 for their half interest and the defendants offered the plaintiff $40,000 for its half interest, which the plaintiff admits that it declined.
In R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., at p. 172, the Court said, as to condemning water power, “The matter turns, therefore, on the question whether under the terms of ch. 94, Laws 1913, the land in question is subject to condemnation,” and the Court further held that it could not be condemned if it was “held to be used or to be developed for use in connection with or in addition to any power actually used.”
On this trial the court submitted the following two issues to the jury:
(1) Are the water powers, rights and properties on the land of the respondents, as described in the petition, capable of being developed for the production of electric power for use in connection with and in addition to the electric power already developed and in use by the respondent Hendersonville Light and Power Company?
(2) Are the water powers, rights or properties on the land of the respondents, as described in the petition, being held by the respondent, Hendersonville Light and Power Company, to be used and to be developed for use in connection with or in addition to any power now actually used by the said respondent, Hendersonville Light and Power Company?
There was much and conflicting evidence on these propositions, and the defendants were certainly entitled to have these issues submitted to the jury. The defendants could not be deprived of their property without diie process of law and according to the law of the land. They had the right to have these issues of fact found by a jury, and upon such findings the court should have imposed judgment of law, subject to [475]*475review on appeal. The court, however, withdrew this right from these defendants and directed the jury to answer both issues against them.
The defendants offered full evidence that the water could be divided by a dam extending halfway across the stream, then up the middle of the stream. It is a self-evident proposition, not requiring evidence, that such a dam would ordinarily allow more water to go down the plaintiff’s side, as that would be without an obstruction, while on the defendants’ side the water might be ponded back. But in a stream like this, falling 218 feet in half a mile, such a dam would accurately divide the water, provided the stream is the same depth all the way across, and if not, a mathematical calculation would regulate the location of the dam to make an even division.
This is not a navigable stream, and the defendants, owning to the bed of the stream, could build a dam all the way up on their line. To do so would throw no water on the plaintiff’s side and take none from it. Neither would there be this effect if the defendants built their wing dam on their line only part of the way. Above the commencement of the wing dam and below its end the water would be unaffected. For the space of the wing dam the cross dam to its lower end would po-nd the water on the defendants’ side, but would in no wise affect its height either by raising or lowering it on the plaintiff’s side. The defendants do not propose to take one drop of water out of the stream, but merely to take out of it that intangible, invisible, imperceptible power known as the force of gravity which by turbine wheels or otherwise will generate the electricity which will run their street cars, electric lights and heating in the town of Hendersonville, and will enable them to execute their contracts.
This division of the water of a stream by wing dams without in any wise lowering or raising the water in the plaintiff’s half of the stream is a matter of common knowledge. In the evidence in -this case the 'witness Seaver tells of two such developments near Waynesville in this State. The witness Sherrer also tells of a similar development in Caldwell Coimty. Both of these witnesses were experienced engineers and found by the court to be experts.
In the “Official Electrical Directory of the United States” there are named many “wing-dam developments” of water power in one-half of the stream, among them the famous Keokuk plant on the Mississippi at Keokuk, Iowa, developing in this manner 200,000 h. p. Another is at McCall’s Ferry on the Susquehanna Kiver, which furnished all the power 'for Baltimore, Md. At Minneapolis, Minn., is the similar well known development of power on either side of the river for Minneapolis and St. Paul. Another is at St. Croix, Wisconsin, where half the power is on the Minnesota side and the other half on the Wisconsin side. Likewise, there is a similar development at International Falls, Minne[476]*476sota, where the Canada half is operated on the Ontario side and the other half in Minnesota. The most striking instance, however, is the development of water power on both banks of the Niagara River.
The defendants offered evidence that their offer of $40,000 for the plaintiff’s half was bona fide and that they wished to use the entire 2,700 h. p. if the plaintiff would sell, and if it would not, that the 1,350 h. p. on their own side is an absolute necessity to enable them to carry out the contracts already made, for which their other plants were insufficient unless they had the aid of their half interest in this power.
In Power Co. v. Navigation Co., 152 N. C., 472, the objection was made by the lower proprietor against the upper proprietor on the same side, that the water was diverted out of the stream by a canal which carried the water behind the lower proprietor’s mill and emptied into the river several miles below, thus, as the lower proprietor claimed, reducing the quantity of water which could have been utilized for running bis own mill lower down on the same side with the defendant’s intake.
Here the plaintiff and defendants are opposite owners and the defendants are only seeking to place a dam on their line in the middle of the stream curving back to the bank by which they will not take any water out of the stream, but will take the half which comes down their side of the dividing line, conduct it by a flume to the turbines which will take out the intangible force that by means of the turbine will generate electricity, thus leaving the water on the plaintiff’s side of the stream at no time higher or lower than it would be without the dam on the dividing line. The plaintiff contends that this can not be done. The defendants offered evidence that it could be, giving the opinion of expert engineers who testified as to many places in which this is being done. The matter should have been submitted to the jury as an issue of -fact.
The defendants, as riparian owners on one side of the stream, had the right to make a reasonable use of the water on their side, either for domestic or manufacturing purposes, and whether their proposed use would be unreasonable was a question for the jury to determine under all the facts and circumstances. If the jury should find, upon the evidence, that the defendants’ half of the water power could be used as they propose, to generate electricity without building entirely across the stream, then this water power was specifically exempt from condemnation by eh. 94, Laws 1913. It was so held in the litigation between these same parties in R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., 170.
The question whether the use made by the riparian owner of the water of a stream upon its own riparian land is a reasonable use is one of fact and not of law. Prentiss v. Geiger, 74 N. Y., 341; Bullard v. Mfg. Co., 77 N. Y., 525; Gould on Waters, sec. 220; Dumont v. Kellog, [477]*47718 Am. Rep. (Mich.), 102); Hayes v. Waldron, 84 Am. Dec. (N. H.), 105; Merryfield v. Worcester, 14 Am. Rep. (Mass.), 592; Ulbritch v. Water Co., 4 L. R. A. (Ala.), 474. A riparian owner may temporarily retain water by dams in order to furnish, power to run machinery, when the amount is reasonable (Pierson v. Spyer, 12 Am. St. (N. Y.), 499), and there are very numerous other cases with which the boohs are filled.
The defendants asked the court to charge: “If the stream, Green River, in its entirety within the land described in the petition, and the land adjoining said stream on the opposite side thereof, constituted a water power, then one-half of said stream, being an integral part of said water-power right or property, would not be subject to condemnation, and you will answer the second issue ‘Yes.’ ” Under chapter 94, Laws 1918, and the decision in R. R. v. Oates, 164 N. C., 167, it was error not to give this instruction. In any aspect it was error for the court to take the issue from the jury and to answer it himself.
The defendants further requested the court to charge: “The entire stream, Green River, along the water front of the respondents’ land is a water power, and if the one-half of said stream owned by the defendants is condemned for the use of the plaintiff, then the value of said one-half should be taken into consideration in estimating the amount of damages to which the defendants are entitled, as well as all the other facts and circumstances tending to show the value of the proposed water-power development of the plaintiff, of which development the lands of the respondents form an integral and necessary part, according to the contentions of the plaintiff.”
If the plaintiff had been legally entitled to condemn the water-power of the defendants at all, this prayer should have been given. The court, however, refused to so charge, and instructed in lieu thereof, that “the defendants would only entitled to the present value of their 76 acres of land, lessened by reason of the diversion of the water which the plaintiff seeks to take,” saying, in effect, in his charge, that the defendants were not entitled to the value-of the water-power which was to be taken from them by the “strong arm,” but they were only entitled to the diminution in the value of their land by the plaintiff’s taking one-half of the water from the stream.
The result of this charge is practically shown by the fact that though the defendants had offered the plaintiff $40,000 for its half interest in the water-power, and the plaintiff admitted on the stand that it had declined that offer, and would not take it, the jury assessed the value of the defendants’ damages by reason of its half being taken from them by the plaintiff at $10,000 — a patent loss of at least $30,000, and, according to their evidence, very much more damage thán this was inflicted upon these defendants, who would be prevented' from filling their contracts.
[478]*478'The defendants also requested tbe court to charge: “If the jury should find from the evidence that the stream, Green River, in its entirety between the land described in the petition and the land of the petitioner on the opposite side of the stream contains a water-power capable of development, and that such development when made has a market value, then it would be the duty of 'the jury, in estimating the compensation to be awarded the defendants for the condemnation for their lands, to consider the value of such development to which such water-power may be adaptable; and if the jury should find that the respondents owned one-half of the water-power capable of development, then it would be the duty of the jury to award as compensation to the defendants for the taking of their land or water rights one-half the value of such waterpower capable of such development.”
This proposition is so clear that no argument should be required. The defendants were certainly entitled to the value of the property which was taken from them, and under certain circumstances they were entitled to more than the above measure, because if, as their testimony shows, this water-power was necessary to enable them to execute the contracts which they.had taken, or proposed to take, in furnishing light and power, the loss of this power might inflict a much greater loss upon them by reason of the disability thus inflicted upon them, for it may well be that there is no other water-power of ready access which they Can acquire for their purposes at the same price.
The right of the defendants to the use of the water along their frontage, provided only they returned the water to the stream in undiminished quantity before it reaches the next lower proprietor, is fully recognized in the very full discussion by Walker, J., in Power Co. v. Navigation Co., 152 N. C., 472, and that is all the defendants propose. They will not divert the water itself out of the stream beyond their lower line. They will merely transmit the power generated by the weight of falling water over cables to their other plants, but the water itself will pass on in undiminished volume. If not, it will be for the lower proprietor to complain. The plaintiff, the opposite proprietor, cannot object so long as the defendants do not use in generating power more than half the water. This is not a navigable stream.
The defendant, the Hendersonville Light and Power Company, is engaged in serving the general public, and holds its half interest in this property for development in connection with its other plants. In the former case between these parties, 164 N. C., 167, this Court told this plaintiff that it could not take water power from the defendants except with their consent, by purchase. It can make no difference that the defendants own only one-half of the power instead of the whole. The plaintiff could not condemn one-half of a graveyard or half a dwelling-house, because it or some one else owned the other half, and, for a [479]*479stronger reason, because it is against public policy, tbe plaintiff cannot take the defendants’ half of this water-power, especially when the plaintiff has refused to sell its own half to the defendants at four times the price for which it seeks to make the defendants yield their half.
Upon the face of the complaint the plaintiff is endeavoring to take the property of the defendants and devote it for their own benefit to the very same purpose for which the defendants are holding it, i. e., for the development of a water-power for public use. This cannot be done. 2 Lewis Em. Dom. (3 Ed.), 400.
In refusing to submit the issues to the jury there was
Error.