UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
M. GREGG BLOCHE, M.D. and JONATHAN H. MARKS,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 07-2050 (HHK/JMF)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Currently pending and ready for resolution is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend
Complaint [#24]. For the reasons stated herein, plaintiffs’ motion will be denied.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs are M. Gregg Bloche, M.D. and Jonathan H. Marks, experts on bioethics.
Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief (“Compl.”) ¶ 3. This case arises from a series
of Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552 et seq.,1 requests made by plaintiffs to
various federal agencies. Compl. ¶ 4. In these requests, plaintiffs seek “to compel the defendants
to release records relating to the participation of doctors and other healthcare professionals in the
interrogation of military prisoners and individuals detained by the United States government on
the basis of alleged terrorist activities.” Compl. ¶ 1.
1 All references to the United States Code are to the electronic versions found on W estlaw and Lexis. In the motion currently before the Court, plaintiffs seek to amend their complaint to add
facts not known to them at the time of the filing of their initial complaint, pursuant to Rule
15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Points and
Authorities in Support of Motion to Amend Complaint (“Plains. Mem.”) at 1. Specifically,
plaintiffs seek to add to their original complaint the fact that although they resubmitted their
FOIA requests to the Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”) in December of 2008, to date they
have not received any documents or a response to their request. Id.
DISCUSSION
I. The Parties’ Arguments
Defendants oppose plaintiffs’ motion on several grounds. First, defendants argue that
plaintiffs have mischaracterized their motion in that it is not a motion to amend but rather one to
supplement their complaint pursuant to Rule 15(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure since
it seeks to “set out events that occurred after the original complaint was filed.” Defendants’
Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint (“Defs. Opp.”) at 3. As such,
defendants argue that the Court should deny the motion because plaintiffs could pursue their
December 2008 claims against the CIA in a separate FOIA action. Id. Next, defendants argue
that they would be prejudiced if the Court were to allow plaintiffs to supplement their complaint
because the claims currently before the Court, which are close to final resolution, would be
delayed while the CIA processes plaintiffs’ new requests. Id. at 4. Finally, defendants contend
that if the Court were to allow plaintiffs to supplement their complaint, it would be akin to
permitting plaintiffs to nullify the Court’s November 20, 2008 Memorandum Opinion wherein
the Court concluded that plaintiffs had failed to comply with FOIA regulations because the CIA
never received two of plaintiffs’ four requests. Id. at 5-7.
2 II. The Nature of Plaintiffs’ Motion
Plaintiffs seek to amend their complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, which simply states that “a party may amend its pleading only with the
opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Rule 15(d), on
the other hand, as defendants argue, more aptly describes plaintiffs’ objectives, namely to
supplement their original complaint by “setting out any transaction, occurrence, or event that
happened after the date of the pleading to be supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). In their own
words, plaintiffs’ stated desire in seeking to “amend” the original complaint is “to reflect the
resubmission [of plaintiffs’ 2006 FOIA requests] and the CIA’s continued failure to issue any
determination or release any documents in response to these requests.” Plains. Mem. at 1.
Plaintiffs’ motion is clearly, therefore, one that seeks supplementation rather than amendment.
See Hall v. CIA, 437 F.3d 94, 100 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“The addition of a new FOIA request is
plainly a supplemental pleading as defined by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d).”). The
next question is whether there is any significance to this distinction.
III. Supplementation Would Cause Undue Delay
In Aftergood v. CIA, 225 F. Supp. 2d 27 (D.D.C. 2002), the Court described the various
factors to be considered when assessing a party’s motion to supplement its complaint:
A party may file supplemental pleadings “setting forth transactions or occurrences or events which have happened since the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). Supplemental pleadings may introduce new causes of action not alleged in the original complaint so long as their introduction does not create surprise or prejudice the rights of the adverse party. Montgomery Envtl. Coalition v. Fri, 366 F. Supp. 261, 265-66 (D.D.C. 1973). Moreover, “leave to file a supplemental pleading should be freely permitted when the supplemental facts connect it to the original pleading.” Quaratino v. Tiffany & Co., 71 F.3d 58, 66 (2d Cir. 1995). Finally, the purpose of pleading “is to facilitate
3 a proper decision on the merits” and avoid the dismissal of potentially meritorious claims due to procedural missteps. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 48, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).
Id. at 30.
In Aftergood, the Court allowed the complaint to be supplemented inter alia because
discovery had not yet begun. Id. at 31. A similar decision was rendered by the Court in Judicial
Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 191 F. Supp. 2d 138 (D.D.C. 2002). In that case, the Court
permitted the plaintiff to supplement its complaint because at the time plaintiff sought leave to
supplement, plaintiff still had not received responses to its FOIA requests from three of the nine
targeted agencies. Id. at 140. In the case at bar, however, although supplementation of the
complaint would not create any undue surprise for defendants and although the supplemental
facts are clearly connected to the original pleading, the parties are close to final resolution of the
case, less than one month shy of the filing of dispositive motions. The only remaining
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
M. GREGG BLOCHE, M.D. and JONATHAN H. MARKS,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 07-2050 (HHK/JMF)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Currently pending and ready for resolution is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend
Complaint [#24]. For the reasons stated herein, plaintiffs’ motion will be denied.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs are M. Gregg Bloche, M.D. and Jonathan H. Marks, experts on bioethics.
Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief (“Compl.”) ¶ 3. This case arises from a series
of Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552 et seq.,1 requests made by plaintiffs to
various federal agencies. Compl. ¶ 4. In these requests, plaintiffs seek “to compel the defendants
to release records relating to the participation of doctors and other healthcare professionals in the
interrogation of military prisoners and individuals detained by the United States government on
the basis of alleged terrorist activities.” Compl. ¶ 1.
1 All references to the United States Code are to the electronic versions found on W estlaw and Lexis. In the motion currently before the Court, plaintiffs seek to amend their complaint to add
facts not known to them at the time of the filing of their initial complaint, pursuant to Rule
15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Points and
Authorities in Support of Motion to Amend Complaint (“Plains. Mem.”) at 1. Specifically,
plaintiffs seek to add to their original complaint the fact that although they resubmitted their
FOIA requests to the Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”) in December of 2008, to date they
have not received any documents or a response to their request. Id.
DISCUSSION
I. The Parties’ Arguments
Defendants oppose plaintiffs’ motion on several grounds. First, defendants argue that
plaintiffs have mischaracterized their motion in that it is not a motion to amend but rather one to
supplement their complaint pursuant to Rule 15(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure since
it seeks to “set out events that occurred after the original complaint was filed.” Defendants’
Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint (“Defs. Opp.”) at 3. As such,
defendants argue that the Court should deny the motion because plaintiffs could pursue their
December 2008 claims against the CIA in a separate FOIA action. Id. Next, defendants argue
that they would be prejudiced if the Court were to allow plaintiffs to supplement their complaint
because the claims currently before the Court, which are close to final resolution, would be
delayed while the CIA processes plaintiffs’ new requests. Id. at 4. Finally, defendants contend
that if the Court were to allow plaintiffs to supplement their complaint, it would be akin to
permitting plaintiffs to nullify the Court’s November 20, 2008 Memorandum Opinion wherein
the Court concluded that plaintiffs had failed to comply with FOIA regulations because the CIA
never received two of plaintiffs’ four requests. Id. at 5-7.
2 II. The Nature of Plaintiffs’ Motion
Plaintiffs seek to amend their complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, which simply states that “a party may amend its pleading only with the
opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Rule 15(d), on
the other hand, as defendants argue, more aptly describes plaintiffs’ objectives, namely to
supplement their original complaint by “setting out any transaction, occurrence, or event that
happened after the date of the pleading to be supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). In their own
words, plaintiffs’ stated desire in seeking to “amend” the original complaint is “to reflect the
resubmission [of plaintiffs’ 2006 FOIA requests] and the CIA’s continued failure to issue any
determination or release any documents in response to these requests.” Plains. Mem. at 1.
Plaintiffs’ motion is clearly, therefore, one that seeks supplementation rather than amendment.
See Hall v. CIA, 437 F.3d 94, 100 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“The addition of a new FOIA request is
plainly a supplemental pleading as defined by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d).”). The
next question is whether there is any significance to this distinction.
III. Supplementation Would Cause Undue Delay
In Aftergood v. CIA, 225 F. Supp. 2d 27 (D.D.C. 2002), the Court described the various
factors to be considered when assessing a party’s motion to supplement its complaint:
A party may file supplemental pleadings “setting forth transactions or occurrences or events which have happened since the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). Supplemental pleadings may introduce new causes of action not alleged in the original complaint so long as their introduction does not create surprise or prejudice the rights of the adverse party. Montgomery Envtl. Coalition v. Fri, 366 F. Supp. 261, 265-66 (D.D.C. 1973). Moreover, “leave to file a supplemental pleading should be freely permitted when the supplemental facts connect it to the original pleading.” Quaratino v. Tiffany & Co., 71 F.3d 58, 66 (2d Cir. 1995). Finally, the purpose of pleading “is to facilitate
3 a proper decision on the merits” and avoid the dismissal of potentially meritorious claims due to procedural missteps. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 48, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).
Id. at 30.
In Aftergood, the Court allowed the complaint to be supplemented inter alia because
discovery had not yet begun. Id. at 31. A similar decision was rendered by the Court in Judicial
Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 191 F. Supp. 2d 138 (D.D.C. 2002). In that case, the Court
permitted the plaintiff to supplement its complaint because at the time plaintiff sought leave to
supplement, plaintiff still had not received responses to its FOIA requests from three of the nine
targeted agencies. Id. at 140. In the case at bar, however, although supplementation of the
complaint would not create any undue surprise for defendants and although the supplemental
facts are clearly connected to the original pleading, the parties are close to final resolution of the
case, less than one month shy of the filing of dispositive motions. The only remaining
production in this case is the submission of the CIA’s Vaughn2 Index, which is due by May 15,
2009. See Memorandum Order dated November 11, 2008 [#23] (“Mem. Order”) at 12.
Therefore, unlike Aftergood and Judicial Watch, both parties and the Court will have to put this
case to one side while everyone awaits further developments as to the December 2008 requests.
It is hard to understand what possible purpose would be served by permitting plaintiffs to
supplement their complaint by pleading that the CIA had not “issued a determination” with
respect to FOIA requests that were submitted in July 2006. First, as the government correctly
points out, I have already ruled that the presumption that the requests, having been mailed, were
received by the CIA, is overcome by the unequivocal assertion by the CIA that the agency did
2 See Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973).
4 not receive them: “Without proof that the CIA actually received the letters, plaintiffs’ claim,
even when viewed alongside the presumption created by the mailbox rule, lacks any force.”
Mem. Order at 5-6. Thus, the assertion that the requests were submitted in July 2006 is defeated
by countervailing proof. Permitting plaintiffs to make an incorrect assertion is wasteful.
Second, as the government also points out, the CIA has advised plaintiffs by letter dated
February 4, 20093 that it was not going to meet the 20 day FOIA deadline for an agency response
and suggested that, although plaintiffs could deem the statement a denial and proceed to court, it
would be more practical to await the processing of their request and then appeal once the CIA
was finished. Id.
That was wise advice, whether plaintiffs contemplated an agency appeal or filed suit in
this Court. As to the latter, if not permitted to supplement their complaint, plaintiffs will have to
file another action that may, as they suggest, be deemed a related action to this one and be
assigned to Judge Kennedy. But, whether asserted in this case or in a new one, the FOIA request
that was submitted in December 2008 will, because of my order, be treated in the same way. If
the CIA has finished processing the December 2008 request, it will need time to prepare a
Vaughn index for submission to the Court as the premise for its inevitable motion for summary
judgment. If the CIA has not finished processing that request, it will move pursuant to Open
America4 for an enlargement of time within which to process the December 6, 2008 request and,
if that motion is granted, then file its Vaughn affidavit. It would make the same motion in any
new lawsuit, whether related or not. Thus, in either case, the exact same result can be
3 The letter is an exhibit to Defs. Opp.
4 See Open Am. v. W atergate Special Prosecution Force, 547 F.2d 605 (D.C. Cir. 1976).
5 anticipated. It would follow then that the only practical consequence of the denial of this motion
to supplement would be to save plaintiffs the filing fee of the new suit. That is hardly enough
reason to preclude this case from coming to its prompt conclusion pursuant to the Orders that
have been issued.
Finally, although irrelevant to the Court’s decision to deny plaintiffs’ motion for leave,
the Court finds defendants’ argument that permitting the plaintiffs to supplement their complaint
with facts relating to the status of the resubmission of their second and third FOIA requests to
the CIA on December 1, 2008 is the same as “permitting them to move to the head of the queue
of individuals already waiting for the CIA to respond to FOIA requests, in contravention of these
published rules” unpersuasive. See Defs. Opp. at 5. If the Court were to allow plaintiffs to
supplement their complaint, the Court would permit the CIA the time needed to prepare its
Vaughn index. Thus, whether or not the motion to supplement were granted or denied, and
whether, if denied, the plaintiffs filed a new and related action, the CIA would get the same time
within which to respond. Because plaintiffs’ original submission of its second and third FOIA
requests was faulty, plaintiffs’ resubmission of those requests on December 1, 2008 is actually
the submission of a new fifth request and places plaintiffs in the same position as any one else
who submitted a claim on December 1, 2008, did not get an answer within the 20 days FOIA
permits, and filed suit.
CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement their original complaint will be denied. The CIA’s final
submission to plaintiffs is due within a few days and then the parties will be ready to file
dispositive motions. I see no just cause in the further delay of the Court’s resolution of
plaintiffs’ first and fourth requests. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
6 /S/ JOHN M. FACCIOLA UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE Dated: May 13, 2009