Bleecker v. Lynch

1 Bradf. 458

Opinion

The Surrogate.

The will of Jane Lynch was admitted to probate after some contest by several of the children of Henry Lynch, deceased, on the 19th of September, 1849. On the 19th of September, 1850, allegations were filed in the name of John V. B. Bleecker, and Sarah R., his wife, in the right of the latter as one of the next of kin of the testatrix. One of the grounds of objection was the want of service of a citation to attend the original probate, upon Mr. Bleecker. The statute directs the Surrogate on an application to prove a will, to ascertain 'in limine, “the names and places of residence of the heirs, widow, and next of kin,” and then requires the citation to issue to “ the proper person.” The letter of the law does not require the husband of one of the heirs or next of kin to be cited, though when the rights of husband and wife were different from what they now are, it may have been proper to do so. Such has been the practice, but since the passage of the acts giving to married women the same right as a feme sole in their separate property, if the decedent has died since the enactment of those statutes, there seems to be no necessity for citing.the husband. I do not, there fore, think the original probate irregular. If it were, the same party making the objection having now appeared, and in conjunction with his wife, put the executrix to proof de novo, and been admitted to contest the will, he has substantially enjoyed the right of a hearing.

The testatrix, Mrs. Jane Lynch, the widow of Dominick Lynch, deceased, made the will Hay 1Y, 1843, and died in July, 1849. The allegations charge incapacity on the part of the testatrix, and also procuration of the will by the artifice and undue influence of Hiss Louisa Lynch, the sole legatee. The subscribing witnesses affirm a sound state of mind and memory; and the burden of showing the contrary at the time the will was made, is upon the contestants. To establish this, and to show undue influence, they called five witnesses.

Dr. Hosack, who visited the testatrix professionally some time in 1840,1841, or 1842, expresses the opinion that she was not then capable of “ making a testamentary disposition of her property with sense and judgment that although she was not an imbecile, her mind was impaired as to memory, and he does not think she was “ capable of remembering all her children at the moment, if she were asked, and were unaided.” He says himself that this is only an opinion, and he cannot say he ever brought it to a test. He mentions, however, her own statement, that “ she was getting old, her mind was failing, and she did not depend upon herself at all. She said she now remembered nothing.” The Doctor adds that he would not say it was so bad as that. He also states, that “ she appeared to surrender herself wholly to her daughter’s care and control, and was, as I think, entirely dependent upon her.” These general expressions and opinions are strongly expressed, but I cannot overlook the circumstance, that the Doctor specifies no particular fact indicating loss of memory, while he says affirmatively, that she “ would talk well and consistently upon ordinary topics of conversation.”

The Eev. Dr. 01in,who firstsaw the testatrix in Decern her, 1843, six months after the date.of the will, gives the opinion that “her mind was then very much impaired,” and bases this conclusion upon “ her manner and incoherency” in attempting to explain to him where her residence was situated, when many years since she resided in Ghent or Bruges. He had been a year or two in Belgium, and she did not seem to him to describe her former residence “ intelligibly.” He also states, that he was prepared, from what he had previously heard, “ to find her faculties impaired.”

Mrs. Fitzgerald testifies to observing a change in the mind of the testatrix, and specifies the period of Dr. Olin’s marriage and visit, as the time when the change was more noticed than at any other, and she spoke of it to that gentleman “to prepare him for what he might expect of (her) grandmother, as her mind was impaired.”

Edward Lynch shows that the testatrix, for five or six years before her death, frequently mistook him for his cousin Dominick L. Lawrence, but after having been a few minutes in the room, she would tell him of her mistake. Mr. Lawrence mentions a similar occurrence when he called to see her, but does not think it was as early as 1845 ; and Mrs. Bolton mentions a single case of the kind, she thinks in April, 1843, when Mrs. Lynch mistook her for Mrs. Pringle. All these parties were grandchildren of the testatrix, and none of them express an unfavorable opinion as to her capacity.

This is all the evidence adduced to show the incompetency of the testatrix, and on its face it is palpably insufficient to establish a want of testable capacity, a deprivation of reason, or loss of understanding. Mrs. Fitzgerald points to no fact upon which her opinion was based ; Dr. Olin’s opinion hinges upon a failure to identify satisfactorily the house in which she abode in Belgium, at an early period of life; and Dr. Hosack expresses a general opinion as to the failure of her mind and memory. Hot one of the witnesses on the part of the contestants, except Dr. Hosack and Mrs. Bolton, speaks to the time of the execution of the will. The evidence of the others refers to a posterior date. I may remark here, that where the soundness of the mind is in question, it is only from positive facts and circumstances indicating mental derangement or imbecility, that we have reason to infer aberration or departure from the ordinary condition of the understanding. Proof of a rational state must generally be little more than a negation, by those who have enjoyed opportunities of observation, of such appearances or conduct, as show imbecility or loss of intellect. The strongest deduction from the testimony adduced to impeach the capacity of the testatrix, reaches no further than defect of memory, which, unless it be total, or appertain to things very essential, is not sufficient to create incompetency. The memory is the first faculty to wane in the progress of age. Its acquisitive power fails more than its retentive. Its weakness is shown not so much in forgetting old, as in not holding recent facts. As an instance of the fugitive nature of impressions made late in life, Dr. Bush mentions a German, who, at the age of 40, acquired our language, and though continuing to live here, had forgotten every word of it at 80, but still talked German fluently. Bishop Watson’s father married and had a family very late in life, and when extremely aged, would ask twenty times a day the name of the lad (his son) at college, though he could “ repeat without -a blunder hundreds of lines out of classic authors.” The- soundness and vigor of the mind may remain after the memory is impaired. I attach but little importance to the testatrix’s momentary mistakes as to her grandchildren, especially when they themselves do not undertake to question her general intelligence at the time. And with regard to the circumstance mentioned by Dr. Olin, it was the. most natural thing in the world that she should not, after the lapse of many years, succeed in making him comprehend the precise locality of her residence in a foreign city. ■ Such an identification would depend much upon the subsequent changes in the place spoken of, and a variety of circumstances, besides the advantages the party had enjoyed for recognizing the description. It must be confessed that all these facts have no great weight in themselves, and would not be deserving of much consideration, were it not for the great age of the decedent. The effect of age upon the vigor of the mind varies so much according to individual constitution, that it is difficult to form a sound general conclusion on the mere fact of advanced age. In an intellectual sense, there is nothing in the mind, abstractly speaking, tending to decay; its loss of tone and power is consequent upon the ravages of time and disease upon the body, and especially the brain, upon which the understanding is dependent for manifestation. It is said that not more than 78 in 1000 die of old age; and it is scarcely possible to define the natural period of life, or its more frequent and regular limit, independent of disease and accident. Blumenbach observes, that by an accurate examination of numerous bills of mortality, he had ascertained the remarkable fact, “ that a pretty large proportion of Europeans reach their 84th year.” Haller gave a list of 221 persons who lived from 100 to 169 years ; Easton, a list of 1112 who attained a century and upwards. The condition of the mind in these cases of course varied. In Hadden’s six tables of the ages of the most distinguished modern philosophers, jurists, artists, and authors, and in D’lsraeli’s Ho tes on “ the progress of old age in new studies,” there are the names of many men whose genius shone in full splendor to the close of an advanced life. I do not mean to gauge all cases by such remarkable instances, but advert to them to show that each individual must be judged by himself. The power and brilliancy of the mind in old age is an exception, but so is longevity itself. It may be observed in this connection, that the system frequently makes, an effort at renovation in extreme old age, which is evinced in the cutting of teeth, the recovery of the original color of the hair, and of perfect vision and hearing. This is said to occur more frequently in females, and indicates tone and strength in the nervous system, great vital power and recuperative energy. A fact of this kind occurred to the decedent, who about the timé the will was made, recovered her vision, was able to read without spectacles, and to thread the finest needle. Taking the case, then, on the evidence of the contestants alone, I cannot perceive sufficient ground for believing the mind of the testatrix to have been seriously impaired.

Recurring to the evidence on the other side, the foundation of this conclusion is greatly strengthened. The subscribing witnesses, both intelligent men, one of them of much experience, had opportunities of frequent intercourse with the testatrix, and one of them had been for years her co-trustee in the management of a large estate at Rome, in which she was interested. Mr. Hone says he “ was always struck with the intelligence she displayed for a lady of her age.” Mr. De Peyster states that she was, “ in every sense of the word, of sound mind and memory,” that “ he had unusual opportunities for ascertaining her capacity for business, from the transaction of the business of the trust with her. At the execution of the will, and some years afterwards, she was singularly intelligent. Her capacity was remarkable for a person of her age, or of any age.” Mr. Ogden, who for ten years preceding her decease, was in the habit of calling on her once a year, on New Year’s day, states that she was a woman of superior mind, and that in 1843 he observed “ no loss of intelligence or memory. Her mind was then very good.” Mrs. Davis, who visited her once a year after 1840, and generally spent an hour or two in conversation, says, that for the first three years she never observed any loss of memory ; but after that period, how soon she does not recollect, she noticed a change; her hearing appeared worse, and she seemed more quiet. Mr. Roberts, who had been for many years agent of the Rome estate, and thus had the means, from personal intercourse and business transac tions, of forming a reliable judgment as to her capacity, saw her in August and September, 1843, and says, that at that time, “ her mind appeared to be vigorous and strong,” she was “ in full possession of all her faculties,” and he iC observed no change in the powers or character of her mind from what he had previously known,” nor “ any loss of memory, weakness or imbecility, or that her faculties were any way impaired.” Doctor Carter, who attended her daughter Louisa, in August, 1843, and saw the testatrix daily for several days, declares that he has “ no reason now to doubt that her mind was then in a very good state.” Judging from her conversation, and an argument she had with him on the subject of the church, he was of opinion, “ she was a woman of very fine mind,” and made that observation to others. Mr. Astor, an old acquaintance of the testatrix, and who visited her once a year, says, “ before 1845,1 never observed any thing that indicated a loss of intelligence or memory, but she seemed to be in excellent preservation of body and mind.” Mrs. Schmidt, an intimate friend of the deceased from childhood, and a constant visitor at her house till her death, saw her in August and in October, 1843, and states that she appeared at that time “ to be perfectly herself,” and showed “ no loss of intelligence or memory ;” she also observes generally, “ her mind was very strong and intelligent; I never left her without remarking how well she had retained her mind.” Mrs. Astor, who visited the testatrix three or four times a year, testifies that in her opinion “ her mind in its character was very bright; she was a woman of education and decision of character.” In the fall of 1843, after Miss Lynch’s illness, she called on her, and “ did not observe any thing which indicated any loss of intelligence or memory.” Mrs. Patterson states, that “ she was a woman of very strong mind and decision of character,” and also fixes the fall of 1843 as a period when she did not notice the least thing “ that indicated any loss of decision of character and intelligence.” Mr. Lawrence, a grandson of the deceased, who lived many years in her family, until his marriage in 1839, and subsequently visited her weekly, states that “ her mind was of a very strong and very decided character,” that he saw her frequently in 1843, and “ observed not the least loss of mind, memory, or intelligence.”

The force of this evidence is irresistible, and I have no doubt that the mind of the testatrix was not only sound, but in a state of excellent preservation, unimpaired by the infirmities of age to any material degree. It is true that at the time of making the will she was infirm in body, kept her room, and depended upon her daughter for the management of her household affairs ; but in the language of Swinborne, “ it is not the integrity of the body, but of the mind, that is requisite in testaments.” {Part 2, § 5.) That illustrious Jurist, who lived to become a striking instance of clearness and vigor of the intellect at a. venerable age, and who, under the constitutional provision which unseated a Judge at 60, retired from the bench to adorn the science of the law with a treatise remarkable for its research and learning, its lucid and perspicuous reasoning, its felicitous and comprehensive generalization, as well as for its classic elegance of style, made in a case somewhat similar to the present, some just remarks in relation to the will of a testator between 90 and 100 years of age, which he sustained by his decision. (Van Alst vs. Hunter, 5 J. C. R., 148.) It is well understood, he said, and has been the doctrine of law in every age, that provided he has the competent possession of his mental faculties, “ a man may freely make his testament, how old soever he may be.” He adds in touching language, “ it is one of the painful consequences of extreme old age, that it ceases to excite interest, and is apt to be left solitary and neglected. The control which the law still gives to a man over the disposal of his property, is one of the most efficient means which he has in protracted life, to command the attention due to his infirmities. The will of such an aged man ought to be regarded with great tenderness, when it appears not to have been procured by fraudulent acts, but contains those very dispositions which the circumstances of his situation, and the course of the natural affections dictated.”

In the case now before me, there is an entire destitution of any evidence tending to impute fraud or undue influence to Hiss Louisa Lynch, or indeed any interference whatever in the procuration of this will. Mr. De Peyster, who drew it, communicated with the testatrix and with her alone. Mot a word passed between him and Louisa Lynch, on the subject of its contents, but he received the instructions from the testatrix in person, left the will, when drawn, with her for examination, and the next day attended on its execution. The only attempt to specify any fact from which an unfavorable inference might be drawn, relates not to the acts and conduct of the legatee, but to the declarations of the testatrix. Mrs. Bolton and Mrs. Fitzgerald state, that in 1843, the testatrix, as a reason for not giving presents, said, that her daughter Louisa “ held the purse strings,” or “ had the money, she had none.” These expressions were apparently apologetic, and their construction depends much upon this, as upon the tone and manner in which they were uttered. Besides, such declarations are uniformly considered in the cases, as of little, if any weight, especially when related at a distance of time; the accurate recollection of the precise words and the attending circumstances, and a proper understanding of the motives of the speaker, all being requisite to their just interpretation. It is urged, however, that the testatrix was dependent upon her daughter, for the management of her pecuniary and domestic affairs. In this there is no ground for imputation of fraud, unless it be shown that circumstance was used as a means of coercion, restraint or imposition. To imply fraud from filial virtue would be monstrous. That Miss Lynch was living alone with her mother at the time, does not justify an inference of undue influence. Says Senator Verplanck, in Remsen vs. Brinckerhoff, 26 Wendell, 340, “ the naked fact of a testatrix preferring those relations or descendants, with whom she resides, to others at a distance, rather tends to support the will than to invalidate it; and at any rate, ought not to expose any one to the imputation of criminal artifice.” The amount of the property passing by this will, is some fifty thousand dollars; the object of the testatrix’s bounty was already in comfortable circumstances, and it is argued from this, that the will is unreasonable. It is at all times dangerous, in the absence of any affirmative proof of an inconsistency between the provisions of a will and the testamentary intentions otherwise expressed or declared, to attempt an inquiry into the motives of the testator, for the reason that it is very difficult to place ourselves in his position. But with the light afforded on this point by the evidence, I cannot say that the will is not consonant with the state of the decedent’s feelings and dispositions, or that in view of the situation of her family, it was an unreasonable act. And it is certainly not unworthy of remark, that' only one of her descendants presents these allegations, though others' of the children of Henry Lynch opposed the original probate. It is sufficient, however, in the absence of proven fraud or undue influence, and where the requisite capacity exists, to stand by the will. If its provisions be grossly unreasonable or absurd, or opposed to the ascertained dispositions and affections of the party, these circumstances, if shown, may be of importancq, as they reflect upon the question of capacity; but a person of competent mind “ is the disposer of his own property, and-his will stands as a reason for his acts.” This aged lady had her only unmarried daughter living with her. They never were separated; the declining years of the parent were tended with filial duty; “ it was she,” in the language of Chancellor Kent, “ who alone survived to nurse her with a daughter’s care, and to rock the cradle of reposing age.” To presume, without any other evidence than the mark of affection and ( gratitude contained in this will, that this tie, broken only ' by death, was made the medium of undue control or arti- ¡ fice, that advantage was taken of existing relations, to \ work wrong and injustice, would be to surrender the mind ,i to surmise and suspicion. I am constrained, therefore,

, after the best consideration I can give the case to pro-i nounce against the allegations, and to confirm the original \ probate.