Blanford v. Dudek

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: May 5, 2025
• Docket: 24-2097
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-2097-cv Blanford v. Dudek

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 5th day of May, two thousand twenty-five.

PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH, SARAH A. L. MERRIAM MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, Circuit Judges.

__________________________________________

ROBERT N. BLANFORD,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 24-2097-cv

LELAND DUDEK, Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

Defendant-Appellee. *

* Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), the Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as reflected above. FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: JOHN J. MORAN (Daniel S. Jones, on the brief), Binder & Binder, P.C., New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE: TIMOTHY A. RAZEL (Suzanne M. Haynes, Office of Program Litigation, Social Security Administration, on the brief) for Marc H. Silverman, Acting United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT.

Appeal from the June 10, 2024, judgment of the United States District Court for

the District of Connecticut (Oliver, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, the judgment of the District Court is

AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff-Appellant Robert N. Blanford appeals from the District Court’s judgment

affirming the Commissioner of Social Security’s (“Commissioner”) denial of his

application for Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) benefits under Title XVI of the

Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§401 et seq. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

facts, the procedural history, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer only as

necessary to explain our decision.

“On an appeal from the denial of disability benefits, we focus on the

administrative ruling rather than the district court’s opinion.” Rubin v. O’Malley, 116

F.4th 145, 154 (2d Cir. 2024) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[W]e review the

administrative record de novo to determine whether there is substantial evidence

supporting the Commissioner’s decision and whether the Commissioner applied the

correct legal standard.” Zabala v. Astrue, 595 F.3d 402, 408 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation and

2 quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” and

requires “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion.” Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). “If evidence is susceptible to more than one

rational interpretation, the Commissioner’s conclusion must be upheld.” Rubin, 116 F.4th

at 155 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Indeed, under the substantial evidence

standard, we may reject facts found by the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) “only if a

reasonable factfinder would have to conclude otherwise.” Brault v. Soc. Sec. Admin.,

Comm’r, 683 F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (citation and quotation marks

omitted).

Blanford challenges the Commissioner’s denial of benefits on several fronts. We

address each in turn.

I. The ALJ Properly Evaluated the Medical Opinion Evidence in Determining the RFC, Which Is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

A. Evaluation of the Medical Evidence

New regulations governing the consideration of medical opinions apply to SSI

claims, like Blanford’s, filed on or after March 27, 2017. See 20 C.F.R. §416.920c.

Under the new regulations, which do away with the previous “treating physician rule,”

the Commissioner must evaluate the persuasiveness of every medical opinion pursuant to

the factors listed in §416.920c(c)(1)-(c)(5). See 20 C.F.R. §416.920c(a). “The most

important factors . . . are supportability . . . and consistency.” Id. The Commissioner

must “explain how [the agency] considered the supportability and consistency factors for

3 a medical source’s medical opinions or prior administrative medical findings in [a

claimant’s] determination or decision,” and may choose to explain the other factors. Id.

§416.920c(b)(2). Supportability refers to how well “the objective medical evidence and

supporting explanations presented by a medical source . . . support [that source’s] medical

opinion.” Id. §416.920c(c)(1). Consistency refers to how “consistent a medical opinion[]

. . . is with the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical sources in the

claim.” Id. §416.920c(c)(2). 1

Upon review of the record, we conclude that the ALJ properly evaluated the

medical opinion evidence under Section 416.920c and adequately explained those

evaluations. The ALJ considered the supportability and consistency of each medical

opinion. See Administrative Record (“Admin. R.”) at 47-50. Blanford focuses primarily

on the opinion of Nurse Practitioner (“NP”) Charles. NP Charles completed an

assessment finding that Blanford had several “marked limitations,” and the ALJ found

that assessment “unpersuasive” because it was “not consistent with or well supported by

the record.” Id. at 50. Blanford contends that the ALJ failed to consider the consistency

of NP Charles’s opinion with objective medical evidence and with the opinion of Dr.

1 Blanford contends that this Court has not yet “addressed how an ALJ is required to evaluate medical opinions” under Section 416.920c in a published opinion. Blanford Br. at 25. However, this Court has recently applied the identical language in 20 C.F.R. §404.1520c, which applies to applications for Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits. See Rubin, 116 F.4th at 148; compare §416.920c, with §404.1520c; see also Kohler v. Astrue, 546 F.3d 260, 265 n.4 (2d Cir. 2008) (“The regulations applicable to claims for SSI benefits parallel the regulations applicable to claims for SSDI benefits.”). Our analysis here is consistent with the analysis in Rubin.

4 Mendlinger, a consultative psychiatric examiner. We disagree. The ALJ expressly

considered both the consistency and the supportability of NP Charles’s opinion that

Blanford was “unable to work” and had “moderate to marked limitations in all areas of

mental functioning that trended towards marked limitations in most areas,” finding that

the opinion was not supported by “records from [NP Charles’s] practice” and was

“inconsistent with the most recent treatment records” that showed more mild limitations.

Id. Those conclusions are adequately supported by the record. Notably, NP Charles’s

opinion was contradicted by the opinion of Blanford’s primary treating provider, Social

Worker Bracero, who met with Blanford twice a week. Bracero opined that Blanford had

only mild limitations, thanks to progressive symptom management and responsiveness to

treatment. 2 The ALJ further explained that more recent medical records reflected milder

limitations. We find no error in the ALJ’s assessment of NP Charles’s opinion.

Blanford also contends that the ALJ erred by “fail[ing] to sufficiently explain what

overwhelming evidence permitted rejection” of Dr. Mendlinger’s opinion for lack of

consistency. Blanford Br. at 35. As an initial matter, the ALJ is not required to identify

2 Blanford argues that it is “fundamentally unfair to reject NP Charles’s opinions” on the basis that “‘records from her practice’ purportedly did not support her findings” because the ALJ failed to obtain records from NP Charles’s practice – Accumedic/Fortune Society – from April 2020 to October 2021. Blanford Br. at 33. But the Administrative Record includes progress notes from Bracero, Blanford’s treating social worker at Accumedic, from July 2020, October 2020, February 2021, and May 2021. And contrary to Blanford’s arguments in his reply brief, those records do record symptoms, mental status findings, and recommended treatment. See, e.g., Admin. R. at 1077 (progress note reporting that Blanford endorsed residual psychotic symptoms, including auditory hallucinations, and recommending continued treatment).

5 “overwhelming evidence” inconsistent with a medical opinion – particularly the opinion

of a consulting evaluator – to find that opinion unpersuasive. The ALJ acknowledged

that Dr. Mendlinger’s conclusions about Blanford’s limitations were “fairly well

supported by [Blanford’s] inability to complete a number of tasks due to low motivation.”

Admin. R. at 49. But the ALJ also observed that “the record as a whole,” including the

treating provider opinions, did not support a finding that “lack of motivation” was a

significant problem for Blanford, identifying several records reporting Blanford’s

motivation and eagerness to engage in treatment. Id. To the extent that Blanford argues

that the ALJ erred by not mentioning other evidence relevant to Blanford’s symptoms in

evaluating Dr. Mendlinger’s opinion, “an ALJ is not required to discuss every piece of

evidence submitted,” and “failure to cite specific evidence does not indicate that such

evidence was not considered.” Brault, 683 F.3d at 448 (citation and quotation marks

Likewise, we disagree with Blanford’s contention that the ALJ failed to adequately

explain how he weighed the opinion of Dr. Sprung, an agency consultative examiner.

Again, the ALJ adequately explained his assessment of Dr. Sprung’s opinion and his

reasons for finding it “partially persuasive.” Admin. R. at 48.

In sum, the ALJ adequately explained how he assessed the persuasiveness of each

medical opinion, discussed the consistency and supportability of each opinion, and

documented inconsistencies among medical opinions with citations to the record. We

discern no legal error in the ALJ’s determinations.

6 B. Substantial Evidence

Blanford also contends that the ALJ’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) finding

is not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.

“[T]he ALJ is entitled to weigh all of the evidence available to make an RFC

finding that is consistent with the record as a whole.” Schillo v. Kijakazi, 31 F.4th 64, 78

(2d Cir. 2022) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The ALJ determined that

Blanford’s RFC allowed for “medium work” with non-exertional limitations of “simple,

repetitive, routine tasks that can be explained” and which “involve making simple

decisions and only occasional changes in routine,” and “a low contact environment

involving” no contact with the public and “only occasional contact with coworkers and

supervisors.” Admin. R. at 43.

The RFC finding is supported by the treatment records, Blanford’s subjective

statements, and the medical opinion evidence. The opinion of Dr. Sprung, on which the

ALJ partially relied, found moderate limitations in Blanford’s ability to “sustain

concentration and perform a task at a consistent pace, use reason and judgment to make

work-related decisions, and understand, remember, or apply complex directions and

instructions.” Id. at 48. The ALJ also considered that Dr. Sprung’s opinion was fairly

consistent with “examination findings from treating providers who noted [Blanford’s]

generally stable mental status even during periods of symptom exacerbations and

paranoia.” Id. The RFC is also supported by the assessment of an agency psychological

consultant, Dr. Bruni, upon which the ALJ partially relied. Id. Dr. Bruni found that

Blanford “would benefit from a work setting with limited contact with coworkers and the

7 public due to difficulty with social interactions.” Id. In fact, in determining Blanford’s

RFC, the ALJ found unpersuasive numerous opinions that found only mild limitations –

including that of Blanford’s treating social worker, Bracero – recognizing that mild

limitations did not account for Blanford’s “residual paranoia and occasional symptom

exacerbations.” Id. at 48-49.

Blanford contends that the RFC determination is flawed because it “did not

include any limitations in Mr. Blanford’s ability to sustain an ordinary routine and regular

attendance nor his ability to regulate his emotions/behavior, be aware of normal hazards,

or maintain appropriate hygiene.” Blanford Br. at 38. He is mistaken. As to attendance,

while the consulting evaluators found moderate to marked limitations, Bracero – who

saw Blanford twice a week – found only mild limitations in that area. And the RFC

includes limitations addressing the remaining concerns; it requires that Blanford’s work

should have no public contact, should involve only limited contact with coworkers, and

“should not involve hazards.” Admin. R. at 43.

Ultimately, we conclude that the RFC is supported by substantial evidence.

II. The ALJ’s Credibility Determination Was Not Error.

Blanford next contends that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate his credibility

when determining his RFC because the ALJ found, in a “boilerplate conclusion,” that

Blanford’s “medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause

the alleged symptoms,” but his “statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting

effects of his symptoms appear inconsistent with the objective evidence of record.”

Blanford Br. at 44 (citation and quotation marks omitted). We find no error.

8 “[A]n ALJ’s credibility determination is generally entitled to deference on appeal.”

Selian, 708 F.3d at 420. “When determining a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ is required to

take the claimant’s reports of pain and other limitations into account, . . . but is not

required to accept the claimant’s subjective complaints without question; he may exercise

discretion in weighing the credibility of the claimant’s testimony in light of the other

evidence in the record.” Genier v. Astrue, 606 F.3d 46, 49 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam)

(citations omitted); see also 20 C.F.R. §416.929.

In evaluating Blanford’s subjective statements, the ALJ noted discord between his

statements, on one hand, and the treatment record and objective medical evidence, on the

other hand, as well as inconsistencies within Blanford’s own statements. For example,

the ALJ noted that there were “some inconsistencies in activities of daily living [reported]

to various examiners during the relevant period, [but] the longitudinal record since the

application date shows [Blanford] continued to live independently with his aunt without

any episodes of decompensation that required inpatient treatment or hospitalization even

during periods when [Blanford] was not compliant with treatment.” Admin. R. at 47. 3

The ALJ also observed that although Blanford had stated that he could not work due to an

inability to focus and hallucinations, the medical evidence from the relevant period

3 Blanford also contends that the ALJ “placed undue weight on evidence of Mr. Blanford’s minimal activities of daily living.” Blanford Br. at 45. We disagree. The regulations specifically direct an ALJ to consider a claimant’s daily activities in evaluating his reported symptoms. See 20 C.F.R. §416.929(c)(3)(i). The ALJ did not err in considering Blanford’s statement that “he could attend to personal care, manage his finances, shop for necessities, prepare simple meals, and socialize with family” and that he went “out three to four times a week either by walking or using public transportation and indicated that he could shop for clothes and food.” Admin. R. at 47.

9 indicated that Blanford’s hallucinations responded well to treatment. The ALJ agreed that

there was a “need for limitations to accommodate” Blanford’s symptoms, but he found

that the medical records did not support the “full extent” of Blanford’s “subjective

symptom reports.” Id. (emphasis added). The ALJ was well within his province to

“weigh[] the credibility of [Blanford’s] testimony in light of the other evidence in the

record” and to discount it accordingly. Genier, 606 F.3d at 49. We find no error.

III. The New Evidence Presented to the Appeals Council Does Not Alter the Outcome.

Finally, the Appeals Council did not err in denying review based on new evidence

– a report from Dr. Ryser – that Blanford submitted two months after the ALJ’s decision.

The Appeals Council found that “some of [Dr. Ryser’s report] does not relate to the

period at issue” and therefore “does not affect the decision about whether [Blanford was]

disabled on or before August 19, 2022,” and that “the evidence that does relate to the

period at issue . . . does not show a reasonable probability that it would change the

outcome of the decision.” Admin. R. at 2.

The Appeals Council will consider evidence that was not presented to the ALJ

when it is (1) new, (2) material, (3) “relates to the period on or before the date of the

hearing decision,” and (4) “there is a reasonable probability that the additional evidence

would change the outcome of the decision.” 20 C.F.R. §416.1470(a)(5). “When the

Appeals Council denies review after considering new evidence, we simply review the

entire administrative record, which includes the new evidence, and determine, as in every

10 case, whether there is substantial evidence to support the decision of the

[Commissioner].” Perez v. Chater, 77 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir. 1996).

Even assuming that the entirety of Dr. Ryser’s report applies to the claim period,

we agree with the Appeals Council that there is not a reasonable probability that the

report would have changed the ALJ’s decision. Dr. Ryser’s report is materially similar to

NP Charles’s report, which the ALJ properly considered and found unpersuasive. In fact,

Dr. Ryser opined that Blanford had fewer marked limitations than NP Charles identified.

Compare Admin. R. at 11 (Dr. Ryser’s report), with id. at 1543 (NP Charles’s report). 4

Where, as here, “excluded evidence is essentially duplicative of evidence considered by

the ALJ,” remand is not required. Zabala, 595 F.3d at 409; see also Castillo v. O’Malley,

No. 24-41-cv, 2024 WL 4707253, at *4 (2d Cir. Nov. 7, 2024) (summary order).

We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments and find them to be without

merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

4 Dr. Ryser’s report, which was based on a single evaluation of Blanford, is not entirely consistent with the record. For instance, Dr. Ryser found that Blanford has a marked limitation in his ability to use public transportation – a skill he reported having. Furthermore, many of the limitations identified by Dr. Ryser are addressed by the limitations included in the RFC finding.