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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: April 7, 2025
4 NO. S-1-SC-39065
5 BLANCHARD CORONA 6 RANCH, LLC,
7 Plaintiff-Respondent, 8 v.
9 STEPHANIE GARCIA 10 RICHARD, Commissioner 11 of Public Lands of the State 12 of New Mexico,
13 Defendant-Petitioner.
14 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI 15 John P. Sugg, District Judge 16 New Mexico State Land Office 17 Ari Biernoff, General Counsel 18 John L. Sullivan, Senior Counsel 19 Richard H. Moore, Associate Counsel 20 Santa Fe, NM
21 for Petitioner
22 Domenici Law Firm, P.C. 23 Pete V. Domenici, Jr. 24 Lorraine Hollingsworth 25 Albuquerque, NM
26 for Respondent 1 OPINION
2 VARGAS, Justice.
3 {1} This case asks us to clarify what it means for a suit to have an “interest in
4 lands” as its object under New Mexico’s venue statute. See NMSA 1978, Section
5 38-3-1(D)(1) (1988). In the underlying suit, Blanchard Corona Ranch, LLC
6 (Blanchard) seeks a judgment declaring that the Commissioner of Public Lands of
7 the State of New Mexico, Stephanie Garcia Richard (the Commissioner) violated
8 State Land Office rules when she issued two wind energy leases 1 that overlapped
9 with some of the land she had previously leased to Blanchard for grazing. On
10 interlocutory appeal, the Commissioner challenges the district court’s order that
11 venue is proper in Lincoln County under Section 38-3-1(D)(1). See § 38-3-1(D)(1)
12 (“When lands or any interest in lands are the object of any suit in whole or in part,
13 the suit shall be brought in the county where the land or any portion of the land is
14 situate.” (emphasis added)).
15 {2} Adopting the holding in Kaywal, Inc. v. Avangrid Renewables, LLC, 2021-
16 NMCA-037, ¶ 59, 495 P.3d 550, we conclude that venue is improper in Lincoln
The parties interchangeably refer to the two wind energy leases as the 1
“renewable energy leases,” “business leases,” “commercial wind leases,” and “commercial leases.” For consistency, we refer to them as the “wind energy leases.” 1 County under Section 38-3-1(D)(1) because the relief that Blanchard seeks does not
2 implicate an interest in lands as its object. We reverse the district court’s order and
3 remand to dismiss the case without prejudice for improper venue.
4 I. BACKGROUND
5 {3} In 2019, the Commissioner renewed Agricultural Lease No. GM-1324-0001
6 (the Agricultural Lease) between the Commissioner and Blanchard, providing for
7 grazing rights on 3478.40 acres of state trust land in Lincoln County for a five-year
8 term. Blanchard’s grazing rights are subject to reservations detailed in the
9 Agricultural Lease. The Commissioner reserved the right to execute additional
10 leases on the same land for mining and extracting purposes; to issue permits for
11 utility easements and rights-of-way; and to execute leases “for renewable energy
12 projects on the land.” Section 21 of the Agricultural Lease details the reservation
13 regarding renewable energy projects:
14 In addition to the reservations stated in [the Lease], . . . Lessor reserves 15 the right to execute leases for renewable energy projects on the land 16 hereby leased, lessee consents to any such lease and agrees to cooperate 17 in any such lease, and lessee’s failure to do so shall constitute a 18 violation [of the Lease].
19 {4} On February 20, 2020, Blanchard filed a complaint seeking declaratory and
20 injunctive relief related to the Commissioner’s auctioning of two wind energy leases
21 that overlapped with some of the land leased to Blanchard under the Agricultural
2 1 Lease. On June 1, 2020, while the claim above was pending, and with the auction
2 process complete, the Commissioner issued two wind energy leases “for the
3 planning and development of a wind power facility” for a term of fifty-five years on
4 land that overlapped with several hundred acres of the Agricultural Lease. The two
5 wind energy leases authorize the lessee to use the leased land for wind energy
6 development projects.
7 {5} Blanchard dismissed its initial complaint and subsequently re-filed on
8 September 10, 2020, forming the basis of this appeal. In its new complaint,
9 Blanchard requested that the district court enter a judgment declaring that the
10 Commissioner violated the requirements of State Land Office rules, 19.2.9.21(A)-
11 (B) NMAC, when she failed to (1) “make the necessary determinations . . . that the
12 proposed [wind energy] leases will not unreasonably interfere with [Blanchard’s]
13 authorized uses under [the] existing [Agricultural Lease]”; (2) “provide notice to
14 [Blanchard] that new [wind energy] leases were issued for lands that were already
15 subject to [the] existing [Agricultural Lease]”; (3) include “the necessary protections
16 for the existing [A]gricultural [L]ease in the new [wind energy] leases”; and (4)
17 “obtain [Blanchard’s] written consent to the new [wind energy] leases.” Lastly,
18 Blanchard asked the district court to declare that Section 21 of the Agricultural
19 Lease, reserving the right to execute leases for renewable energy projects to the
3 1 Commissioner, is “void and unenforceable” because it also violates State Land
2 Office rules.
3 {6} The Commissioner moved to dismiss the complaint, alleging, in pertinent part,
4 that venue in Lincoln County was improper. The Commissioner argued that Section
5 38-3-1(D)(1) does not control because the object of the suit “is not to determine
6 ownership or possessory interest in real estate but to challenge the lawfulness of the
7 Commissioner’s leasing process.” The district court denied the Commissioner’s
8 motion to dismiss, concluding that the declaratory judgment action “involves
9 [Blanchard’s] interest in land located in Lincoln County . . . [because Blanchard]
10 seeks a declaration from the [c]ourt as to what impact the [wind energy] leases issued
11 to [the wind energy company] have on [its] interest.”
12 {7} In the Court of Appeals, the Commissioner filed a writ of error and an
13 application for interlocutory appeal. The Court of Appeals denied both. The
14 Commissioner then filed a writ of certiorari with this Court. This Court granted
15 certiorari on one question: whether this suit has as its object an interest in lands under
16 Section 38-3-1(D)(1) of New Mexico’s venue statute.
4 1 II. DISCUSSION
2 A. Standard of Review
3 {8} The Commissioner asks the Court to reverse the district court and dismiss this
4 case without prejudice for improper venue. “A motion to dismiss for improper venue
5 involves questions of law that we review de novo.” Gardiner v. Galles Chevrolet
6 Co., 2007-NMSC-052, ¶ 4, 142 N.M. 544, 168 P.3d 116. In construing New
7 Mexico’s venue statute, “we keep in mind that our venue rules are meant to balance
8 the interests of defendants to be sued in a convenient forum against the interests of
9 plaintiffs to choose the forum in which to sue.” Id.
10 B. New Mexico Venue Statute
11 {9} The Commissioner appeals the district court’s order concluding that venue is
12 proper in Lincoln County. Instead, the Commissioner argues that venue is proper in
13 the county where Plaintiff resides (Bernalillo County) or the county where
14 Defendant resides (Santa Fe County), per Section 38-3-1(G). Section 38-3-1(G)
15 states that “[s]uits against any state officers as such shall be brought in the court of
16 the county in which their offices are located, at the capital or in the county where a
17 plaintiff, or any one of them in case there is more than one, resides.”
18 {10} Blanchard, on the other hand, argues that venue is proper in Lincoln County,
19 the county where the land in question is situated pursuant to Section 38-3-1(D)(1).
5 1 That section states,“[w]hen lands or any interest in lands are the object of any suit in
2 whole or in part, the suit shall be brought in the county where the land or any portion
3 of the land is situate.” Blanchard argues that an interest in lands is the object of this
4 suit because Blanchard “is seeking a declaratory judgment as to what impact the
5 [wind energy] leases have on [Blanchard’s] interest in lands under the [A]gricultural
6 [L]ease.” Specifically, Blanchard alleges that the Commissioner’s “failure to follow
7 proper procedures . . . in the issuance of the [wind energy leases] impacts
8 [Blanchard’s] possessory interests in the land leased from the State Land Office.”
9 {11} The question of venue in this case therefore hinges on whether the object of
10 this suit is an interest in lands. Blanchard argues that it is, thus, Section 38-3-1(D)(1)
11 should control and venue is proper in Lincoln County. The Commissioner argues
12 that an interest in land is not the object of the suit, Section 38-3-1(G) controls, and
13 venue is proper in Bernalillo County or Santa Fe County.
14 1. Statutory construction of Section 38-3-1(D)(1)
15 {12} The parties fundamentally disagree about what it means for land to be the
16 object of the suit under Section 38-3-1(D)(1). According to the Commissioner, an
17 interest in lands is the object of a suit if the judgment sought would establish an
18 interest in lands. Blanchard’s arguments, on the other hand, reflect a less stringent
6 1 requirement: if the suit is related to an interest in lands, then it is the object of the
2 suit.
3 {13} “When construing statutes, our guiding principle is to determine and give
4 effect to legislative intent.” N.M. Indus. Energy Consumers v. N.M. Pub. Regul.
5 Comm’n, 2007-NMSC-053, ¶ 20, 142 N.M. 533, 168 P.3d 105. “Under the rules of
6 statutory construction, we first turn to the plain meaning of the words at issue, often
7 using the dictionary for guidance.” N.M. Att’y Gen. v. N.M. Pub. Regul. Comm’n,
8 2013-NMSC-042, ¶ 26, 309 P.3d 89. “We must give effect to the statute as written
9 without room for construction unless the language is doubtful, ambiguous, or would
10 lead to injustice, absurdity or contradiction, in which case the statute is to be
11 construed according to its obvious spirit or reason.” Sw. Pub. Serv. Co. v. N.M. Pub.
12 Regul. Comm’n, 2024-NMSC-012, ¶ 19, 548 P.3d 97 (text only)2 (citation omitted).
13 {14} Black’s Law Dictionary defines object of an action as “the legal relief that a
14 plaintiff seeks; the remedy demanded or relief sought in a lawsuit.” Object, Black’s
15 Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). If we apply the dictionary definition of object of an
16 action to the facts here, the relief that Blanchard seeks does not appear to have an
“(Text only)” indicates the omission of nonessential punctuation marks— 2
including internal quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets—that are present in the text of the quoted source, leaving the quoted text otherwise unchanged.
7 1 interest in lands as its object; the legal relief that Blanchard seeks would not itself
2 delineate, limit, or otherwise alter the parties’ property interests. Instead, Blanchard
3 requests that the district court enter a judgment declaring that the Commissioner
4 violated her obligations under State Land Office rules when she failed to give
5 Blanchard proper notice of the wind energy leases. Further, Blanchard contends the
6 section of the Agricultural Lease allowing the Commissioner to execute additional
7 leases on the land for renewable energy projects is void and unenforceable because
8 the section “is contrary to and in violation of the requirements of [State Land Office
9 rules].” Indeed, Blanchard concedes it “is not requesting that the district court
10 rescind or revoke the Wind Leases. Rather, Blanchard is only requesting declarations
11 relating to the Commissioner’s adherence to State Land Office rules in her leasing
12 process.”
13 {15} Blanchard takes the meaning of “[w]hen lands or any interest in lands are the
14 object of any suit” too far. See § 38-3-1(D)(1). Blanchard argues that “[t]he character
15 of the judgment sought by [Blanchard] is directly related to [Blanchard’s]
16 possessory interest in the land at issue.” Essentially, Blanchard asks this Court to
17 conclude the relation of the land to the suit is sufficient to satisfy the requirement
18 the lands be the “object of” the suit. See 38-3-1(D)(1). There is no doubt that
19 Blanchard has an interest in lands pursuant to the Agricultural Lease. See Resol. Tr.
8 1 Corp. v. Binford, 1992-NMSC-068, ¶ 23, 114 N.M. 560, 844 P.2d 810 (“While the
2 lease is personalty, the leasehold estate is an interest in land.” (internal quotation
3 marks and citation omitted)). Also, there is no question that this case is related to
4 that lease. But these two facts do not add up to the conclusion that the object of this
5 suit is an interest in lands. It is not enough that “the very regulatory provisions [in
6 question] . . . are directly related to the existing lessee’s right to possess and use the
7 leased property,” as Blanchard contends. Just because the action is “related in some
8 way to land” does not mean that the case should be brought in the county where the
9 land is located. See Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 41. The declarations that Blanchard
10 seeks would not themselves affect Blanchard’s possessory interest or any interest
11 established by the Agricultural Lease. As Blanchard concedes, the wind energy
12 leases, at this juncture, have only a “potential” to impact the land, which is dependent
13 upon the property possibly becoming unusable at some time in the future. Given that
14 any potential impact on Blanchard’s interest lies in the future and therefore requires
15 speculation, the object of this suit does not concern a question of Blanchard’s actual,
16 current possessory interest in the leased land.
17 {16} In sum, we conclude that the plain language of Section 38-3-1(D)(1) points to
18 the conclusion that Blanchard’s suit does not have an interest in lands as its object
19 because the relief Blanchard seeks would not affect a current possessory interest or
9 1 any interest established by the Agricultural Lease and would only potentially affect
2 the usability of the land in the future. Further, our reading of the plain meaning of
3 Section 38-3-1(D)(1) aligns with its intended purpose. The “traditional rationale for
4 local actions,” or actions brought in the county where the land in question is located,
5 is to “ensur[e] that distant courts do not confuse title to local lands.” Kaywal, 2021-
6 NMCA-037, ¶ 40. “‘[W]here the action, though related in some way to land, will not
7 have an impact on title, there is no need to require the action to be brought where the
8 land is located.’” Team Bank v. Meridian Oil Inc., 1994-NMSC-083, ¶ 6, 118 N.M.
9 147, 879 P.2d 779 (quoting T.E. Occhialino, Walden’s Civil Procedure in New
10 Mexico, at 2-19 (2d ed. 1988)). In this case, there is no danger of a distant court
11 confusing title or possessory interests to the lands in question because the relief that
12 Blanchard seeks, if granted, would not have an impact on the leasehold interests in
13 question. Thus, there is no need to require the action to be brought in Lincoln
14 County.
15 2. New Mexico case law on Section 38-3-1(D)(1)
16 {17} New Mexico case law interpreting Section 38-3-1(D)(1) of the venue statute
17 is also instructive. The Commissioner primarily relies on Kaywal to support her
18 argument that an interest in land is not the object of Blanchard’s suit. In Kaywal, the
19 Court of Appeals held that an interest in lands is the object of a suit under Section
10 1 38-3-1(D)(1) for suits “which have ownership or possessory interests in property as
2 their direct purpose.” 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 38. Specifically, Kaywal held that actions
3 for trespass and nuisance do not have as their object an interest in lands under Section
4 38-3-1(D)(1) when “the judgment sought does not create, transfer, or revoke an
5 interest in property.” Id. ¶ 59.
6 {18} In Kaywal, the defendant operated a wind energy facility on state trust land
7 next to the plaintiff’s ranch. Id. ¶ 2. After the plaintiff refused the defendant
8 easements and licenses to access his land via the plaintiff’s ranch, the defendant
9 began trespassing on the plaintiff’s property. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. Specifically, the defendant
10 used a road on the plaintiff’s ranch, built a new “wood-plank road” on the ranch,
11 transported and disposed of materials on the plaintiff’s ranch, dug holes under the
12 fence that bordered the plaintiff’s ranch, and installed electric equipment along the
13 plaintiff’s fence. Id. ¶ 4. The plaintiff brought an action seeking monetary and
14 injunctive relief for trespass, nuisance, and unjust enrichment in Chaves County, the
15 county where the plaintiff resided. Id. ¶ 6. The defendant moved to dismiss for
16 improper venue, arguing that, under Section 38-3-1(D)(1), the case should have been
17 brought in Torrance County, the county where the property in question was located.
18 Id. The district court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss for improper venue,
11 1 concluding that the complaint did not have as its object an interest in lands for
2 purposes of Section 38-3-1(D)(1). Id. ¶ 1.
3 {19} On interlocutory appeal, the Court of Appeals in Kaywal affirmed the district
4 court. Id. The Court of Appeals reasoned that an action for trespass, even one seeking
5 relief to enjoin a party from future trespass, “does not involve title to land” and “does
6 not have the effect of settling title as between the parties.” Id. ¶ 30. Further, the Court
7 of Appeals in Kaywal reasoned that “an ordinary trespass action seeks to vindicate
8 an existing legal, possessory interest in land, and/or to protect it from tortious
9 interference—it does not seek to create, transfer, or revoke the interest itself.” Id. ¶
10 32. Thus, the Court of Appeals held that the suit did not have as its object land or
11 interest in lands within the meaning of Section 38-3-1(D)(1) of the venue statute and
12 was properly filed in Chaves County, where the plaintiff resided. Id. ¶ 44.
13 {20} Blanchard and the Commissioner disagree on Kaywal’s applicability here.
14 The Commissioner contends that, under Kaywal, a suit “has an interest in lands as
15 its object only when it seeks a judgment which would create, transfer, or revoke title
16 or a possessory interest in land.” According to the Commissioner, the judgment that
17 Blanchard seeks in this case “would have far less of a direct effect on the use of the
18 land than the judgment sought in Kaywal.” In Kaywal, the relief sought “would have
19 a direct and immediate impact on the use of the land involved” because the plaintiff
12 1 sought to enjoin the defendants from entering the plaintiff’s property. But here, the
2 Commissioner argues, the declaratory relief sought by Blanchard “would not itself
3 prohibit any use of the leased state trust land.”
4 {21} Blanchard, on the other hand, argues that “Kaywal does not limit venue in this
5 case” because Kaywal was a “transitory action[] for trespass and nuisance” which,
6 the Kaywal Court concluded, “does not have as its object an interest in lands.”
7 Blanchard states, “[T]he only thing that the Court [of Appeals in Kaywal]
8 determined is that the venue statute does not require actions for trespass to be filed
9 in the county where the property is located.” In this case, according to Blanchard,
10 there is a question of “rightful possession,” raising “issues directly related to its
11 possessory interest in the [A]gricultural [L]ease . . . including the impact on that
12 property interest resulting from the . . . wind [energy] leases.”
13 {22} Still, Blanchard does rely on Kaywal for the proposition that adjudications of
14 title are not the only types of actions that have as their object an interest in lands;
15 “[q]uestions of rightful possession” do too. Blanchard quotes Kaywal for the
16 proposition that a suit does not have an interest in lands as its object if it does not
17 claim “to establish title, possession, or any other property interest in the land at
18 issue,” and then interprets this Kaywal quote to mean “lawsuits that address
19 possessory rights in land, including efforts to protect those possessory interests, have
13 1 as their object an interest in lands.” But, by emphasizing “possession[] or any other
2 property interest,” Blanchard overlooks a key part of that same Kaywal quote: a suit
3 has an interest in lands as its object when there is a “claim[] to establish” a
4 possessory interest. Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 33 (emphasis added). It is not
5 merely that the claim must “address” or relate to such possessory interest; the claim
6 for relief must ask the court to make a determination about the validity of an action
7 to establish title, possession, or any other property interest in the land at issue. Put
8 another way, the claim must seek to create, transfer, or revoke a possessory interest
9 itself for land to be the object of the suit.
10 {23} Our own review of the case law leads us to agree with the Commissioner’s
11 reading of Kaywal. We adopt the holding in Kaywal that a suit has an interest in
12 lands as its object under Section 38-3-1(D)(1) when the judgment sought could
13 create, transfer, or revoke title or a possessory interest in land. 2021-NMCA-037, ¶
14 59. Our case law interpreting Section 38-3-1(D)(1) supports this conclusion. For
15 example, our courts have held that the following types of suits have as their object
16 an interest in lands: (1) suit to quiet title, Jemez Land Co. v. Garcia, 1910-NMSC-
17 013, ¶ 18, 15 N.M. 316, 107 P. 683, overruled on other grounds by Kalosha v.
18 Novick, 1973-NMSC-010, ¶ 12, 84 N.M. 502, 505 P.2d 845, (2) suit to set aside a
19 conveyance, Atler v. Stolz, 1934-NMSC-079, ¶¶ 3-5, 38 N.M. 529, 37 P.2d 243,
14 1 overruled on other grounds by Kalosha, 1973-NMSC-010, ¶ 12, (3) suit to compel
2 a conveyance, Catron v. Gallup Fire Brick Co., 1929-NMSC-029, ¶¶ 7-12, 34 N.M.
3 45, 277 P. 32, overruled on other grounds by Kalosha, 1973-NMSC-010, ¶ 12, (4)
4 suit seeking to prohibit a party from obtaining title, Naumburg v. Cummins, 1982-
5 NMSC-086, ¶ 5, 98 N.M. 274, 648 P.2d 313, and (5) actions where the parties sought
6 a declaration of their interests in property, Heath v. Gray, 1954-NMSC-087, ¶¶ 3-5,
7 12-17, 58 N.M. 665, 274 P.2d 620, overruled on other grounds by Kalosha, 1973-
8 NMSC-010, ¶ 12; Marquez v. Juan Tafoya Land Corp., 1981-NMSC-080, ¶¶ 3, 8-
9 10, 14, 96 N.M. 503, 632 P.2d 738; Elephant Butte Irrigation Dist. v. Regents of
10 N.M. State Univ., 1993-NMCA-009, ¶¶ 2, 4, 35, 115 N.M. 229, 849 P.2d 372. These
11 are all suits where the judgment sought would create, transfer, or revoke title or a
12 possessory interest in land.
13 {24} Consistent with Kaywal, New Mexico courts have held that a suit does not
14 have an interest in lands as its object if the judgment sought would not create,
15 transfer, or revoke title or a possessory interest in land. Our courts have held that the
16 following types of suits do not have as their object an interest in lands: (1) action
17 where the plaintiff sought to recover unpaid royalties for natural gas production,
18 Team Bank, 1994-NMSC-083, ¶¶ 2-3, (2) suits seeking damages for trespass and
19 nuisance, Bank of Am. v. Apache Corp., 2008-NMCA-054, ¶¶ 3, 33, 144 N.M. 123,
15 1 184 P.3d 435; Cooper v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 2002-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2-3, 9, 132 N.M.
2 382, 49 P.3d 61, (3) suit seeking damages for misrepresentation in a real estate
3 contract, Rito Cebolla Invs., Ltd. v. Golden W. Land Corp., 1980-NMCA-028, ¶¶ 2-
4 9, 94 N.M. 121, 607 P.2d 659, and (4) insolvency proceedings against a corporation,
5 which had an indirect effect on ownership of the corporation’s real property assets,
6 State ex rel. Parsons Mining Co. v. McClure, 1913-NMSC-034, ¶¶ 1, 6, 17 N.M.
7 694, 133 P. 1063.
8 {25} This case is more like those that did not have an interest in lands as their object
9 than those that did. The judgment that Blanchard seeks, like the judgment sought in
10 Kaywal, would not itself create, transfer, or revoke title or a possessory interest in
11 land. See Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 32. Here, Blanchard’s action does not have
12 the effect of settling possessory interests as between Blanchard and the
13 Commissioner but instead seeks to vindicate Blanchard’s existing leasehold interest
14 by challenging the procedures that the Commissioner followed to enter into the wind
15 energy leases that overlap with the Agricultural Lease.
16 {26} Further, like in McClure, the district court’s judgment here could affect the
17 parties’ possessory interests only indirectly, if at all. See 1913-NMSC-034, ¶ 6. In
18 McClure, this Court concluded that insolvency proceedings did not have an interest
19 in lands as the object of the suit when “sequestration and administration of the
16 1 assets[, mostly real estate in the form of mining property,] of the corporation [was]
2 merely incidental to the main object of the proceeding,” which was an adjudication
3 regarding the corporation’s insolvency. Id. ¶¶ 2, 6. Here, if there was a change in
4 possessory interests, it would be merely incidental to the main object of the
5 proceeding, which is to determine whether the Commissioner violated State Land
6 Office rules in its issuance of the two wind energy leases. If the district court granted
7 the declaratory relief that Blanchard requests, there would only be a change to the
8 existing leasehold interests if the Commissioner initiated additional proceedings to
9 cancel the wind energy leases. Even if the district court did grant the declaratory
10 relief that Blanchard seeks, any change in the existing leasehold interests would still
11 be speculative because, instead of cancelling the wind energy leases, the
12 Commissioner could conduct an evaluation of the wind energy leases under the
13 terms of the State Land Office rules and modify the leases to comply with the
14 regulations. See 19.2.9.21 NMAC. Thus, the mere possibility of a change in
15 Blanchard’s possessory interests could arise only after the commencement of
16 additional proceedings beyond the scope of this action.
17 III. CONCLUSION
18 {27} For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s ruling on venue and
19 remand to dismiss the case without prejudice for improper venue. According to
17 1 Section 38-3-1(D)(1)—looking to its plain language, intended purpose, and New
2 Mexico case law interpreting it—this case does not have as its object an interest in
3 lands because the judgment sought would not create, transfer, or revoke title or a
4 possessory interest in land. See Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 59. Thus, venue is
5 improper in Lincoln County, Section 38-3-1(G) controls, and venue is proper in
6 either Bernalillo County or Santa Fe County.
7 {28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 9 JULIE J. VARGAS, Justice
10 WE CONCUR:
11 12 DAVID K. THOMSON, Chief Justice
13 14 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Justice
15 16 C. SHANNON BACON, Justice
17 18 BRIANA H. ZAMORA, Justice