Blalock v. Barrett

Court of Appeals of Georgia

Blalock v. Barrett

111 S.E. 697, 28 Ga. App. 444, 1922 Ga. App. LEXIS 587

CourtCourt of Appeals of Georgia

DecidedApril 11, 1922

Docket13219

StatusPublished

Cited by6 cases

This text of 111 S.E. 697 (Blalock v. Barrett) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Georgia primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook

Blalock v. Barrett, 111 S.E. 697, 28 Ga. App. 444, 1922 Ga. App. LEXIS 587 (Ga. Ct. App. 1922).

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Opinion

Broyles, C. J.

(After stating the foregoing facts). It is well-settled that where duress is pleaded as a defense to an action on a contract, facts sufficient to show duress in law must be set forth in the polea, and that mere empty threats do not amount to duress. Bond v. Kidd, 1 Ga. App. 801 (57 S. E. 944); Bond v. Kidd, 122 Ga. 812 (50 S. E. 934); Carswell v. Hartridge, 55 Ga. 412. The threat must be sufficient in severity to cause such apprehension as to overcome the mind and will of a person of ordinary firmness. United States v. Huckabee, 16 Wallace, 414 (21 L. ed. 457). And it must appear that the person uttering the threat had the power to make it effective. Wilkerson v. Hood, 65 Mo. App. 491; Horton v. Bloedorn, 37 Neb. 666 (56 N. W. 321); Wilkerson v. Bishop, 7 Coldw. (Tenn.) 25. And a threat for which there is no ground does not constitute duress, as the person [445]*445threatened, if of ordinary intelligence and firmness, could not be put in fear thereby. Knapp v. Hyde, 6 Barb. (N. Y.) 80; Preston v. Boston, 12 Pick. (Mass.) 12. In the instant case the defendant’s plea of duress was as follows: “ This defendant avers that when the said notes were signed this defendant was a telegraph operator in the employ of S. C. Baker, manager for Eobert Moore & Compaq, that the said S. C. Baker was handling future cotton contracts, and that the said Dennis Barrett had been dealing with S.. C. Baker and Eobert Moore & Company in cotton futures; that the said Dennis Barrett, on or about July 20, 1912, came into the office of S. C. Baker, but S. O. Baker was not there, and the plaintiff then requested this defendant to ask S. C. Baker to place an order for cotton futures for the plaintiff. And after plaintiff’s order was given by defendant to said S. C. Baker, the market-price of cotton dropped and said order for cotton futures occasioned plaintiff a financial loss to the amount of said notes. And defendant charges that plaintiff then came to defendant and denied that he (plaintiff) had instructed defendant to place said order for cotton futures, and threatened to report said conduct of defendant to said S. C. Baker if he did not sign the notes set out in plaintiff’s petition, for the purpose of reimbursing plaintiff for his loss in said fall in market for cotton futures, and threatened to cause this defendant’s discharge from the employment of S. C. Baker unless the defendant would sign the notes referred to in plaintiff’s petition. This defendant did, and he executed the said notes under threats and duress on the part of the plaintiff.”

It appears from this plea that the alleged duress consisted of Barrett’s threat to report Blalock to his employer and to cause him to be discharged from his position. It is not, however, alleged in the plea that Barrett could have made this threat effective or even that Blalock feared that Barrett could or would cause him to lose his position. Under the authorities cited above we think that the plea failed to set forth facts showing duress in law, and that it was not error to strike this portion of the plea, on oral motion of the plaintiff.

We think also that the portion of the plea alleging that the notes sued upon “ are without consideration of any sort whatsoever to this defendant ” was insufficient in law and was properly [446]*446stricken on oral motion. A note is not necessarily without any consideration because no benefit flows to the maker thereof.

It is our opinion, however, that the portion of the plea which alleged that the notes sued upon were founded upon an illegal consideration, in that they were given in a transaction involving the sale of cotton futures, was sufficient to withstand an oral motion to strike, and, therefore, that the trial judge erred in striking the entire plea, and that the judge of the superior court erred in overruling the certiorari. Where any part of a plea is good, it is error to strike the entire plea, upon oral motion. See, in this connection, Hudson v. Hudson, 119 Ga. 637 (1) (46 S. E. 874).

Judgment reversed.

Luke and Bloodworth, JJ., concur.

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Broyles, C. J.

(After stating the foregoing facts). It is well-settled that where duress is pleaded as a defense to an action on a contract, facts sufficient to show duress in law must be set forth in the polea, and that mere empty threats do not amount to duress. Bond v. Kidd, 1 Ga. App. 801 (57 S. E. 944); Bond v. Kidd, 122 Ga. 812 (50 S. E. 934); Carswell v. Hartridge, 55 Ga. 412. The threat must be sufficient in severity to cause such apprehension as to overcome the mind and will of a person of ordinary firmness. United States v. Huckabee, 16 Wallace, 414 (21 L. ed. 457). And it must appear that the person uttering the threat had the power to make it effective. Wilkerson v. Hood, 65 Mo. App. 491; Horton v. Bloedorn, 37 Neb. 666 (56 N. W. 321); Wilkerson v. Bishop, 7 Coldw. (Tenn.) 25. And a threat for which there is no ground does not constitute duress, as the person [445]*445threatened, if of ordinary intelligence and firmness, could not be put in fear thereby. Knapp v. Hyde, 6 Barb. (N. Y.) 80; Preston v. Boston, 12 Pick. (Mass.) 12. In the instant case the defendant’s plea of duress was as follows: “ This defendant avers that when the said notes were signed this defendant was a telegraph operator in the employ of S. C. Baker, manager for Eobert Moore & Compaq, that the said S. C. Baker was handling future cotton contracts, and that the said Dennis Barrett had been dealing with S.. C. Baker and Eobert Moore & Company in cotton futures; that the said Dennis Barrett, on or about July 20, 1912, came into the office of S. C. Baker, but S. O. Baker was not there, and the plaintiff then requested this defendant to ask S. C. Baker to place an order for cotton futures for the plaintiff. And after plaintiff’s order was given by defendant to said S. C. Baker, the market-price of cotton dropped and said order for cotton futures occasioned plaintiff a financial loss to the amount of said notes. And defendant charges that plaintiff then came to defendant and denied that he (plaintiff) had instructed defendant to place said order for cotton futures, and threatened to report said conduct of defendant to said S. C. Baker if he did not sign the notes set out in plaintiff’s petition, for the purpose of reimbursing plaintiff for his loss in said fall in market for cotton futures, and threatened to cause this defendant’s discharge from the employment of S. C. Baker unless the defendant would sign the notes referred to in plaintiff’s petition. This defendant did, and he executed the said notes under threats and duress on the part of the plaintiff.”

It appears from this plea that the alleged duress consisted of Barrett’s threat to report Blalock to his employer and to cause him to be discharged from his position. It is not, however, alleged in the plea that Barrett could have made this threat effective or even that Blalock feared that Barrett could or would cause him to lose his position. Under the authorities cited above we think that the plea failed to set forth facts showing duress in law, and that it was not error to strike this portion of the plea, on oral motion of the plaintiff.

We think also that the portion of the plea alleging that the notes sued upon “ are without consideration of any sort whatsoever to this defendant ” was insufficient in law and was properly [446]*446stricken on oral motion. A note is not necessarily without any consideration because no benefit flows to the maker thereof.

It is our opinion, however, that the portion of the plea which alleged that the notes sued upon were founded upon an illegal consideration, in that they were given in a transaction involving the sale of cotton futures, was sufficient to withstand an oral motion to strike, and, therefore, that the trial judge erred in striking the entire plea, and that the judge of the superior court erred in overruling the certiorari. Where any part of a plea is good, it is error to strike the entire plea, upon oral motion. See, in this connection, Hudson v. Hudson, 119 Ga. 637 (1) (46 S. E. 874).

Judgment reversed.

Luke and Bloodworth, JJ., concur.

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111 S.E. 697, 28 Ga. App. 444, 1922 Ga. App. LEXIS 587, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/blalock-v-barrett-gactapp-1922.

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