The opinion of the court was delivered by
Horton, C. J.:
It is alleged that the petition was fatally defective in not showing that F. M. Sands had given a bond as surviving partner. As the action was commenced in the name of F. M. Sands, as the sole surviving partner of the late firm of F. & C. Sands, if the other allegations in the petition were sufficient, the failure to allege that the plaintiff had given a bond as surviving partner was no defect whatever. Upon the death of a partner, the survivor becomes a trustee for all concerned. He holds the legal title to all the personal property, choses in action, and other assets of the firm; and his control of all the partnership assets, real and personal, legal and equitable, is absolute and indefeasible, limited only by the purposes for which it is-granted to him, and the provisions of the statute concerning partnership estates. Until plaintiff was cited under the provisions of §35, ch. 37, Comp. Laws 1879, to give a bond as surviving partner, he had the right to the possession of the partnership property. {Carr v. Catlin, 13 Kas. 393.) The citation was a matter personal to the plaintiff as surviving partner, and it was an act required to be done to divest him of his right to control and dispose of the property. Unless he was cited or voluntarily appeared in the court and refused to give the statutory bond, or in some other way declined to take charge of the [555]*555partnership property so as to waive a citation-, he was never divested of his control over said property.
II. The plaintiffs in error (defendants below) offered to show that after the execution of the redelivery bond by them, one hundred of the sheep died without any fault or neglect on their part, and from unavoidable causes. This evidence was excluded, and of this, complaint is made. There was nothing in the answer setting forth that any of the property described in the petition between the commencement of the suit and the trial was lost through the act of God, and no supplemental answer was filed alleging such loss, and therefore under the issues in the case, as made by the pleadings, the evidence was not admissible.
Upon the question discussed in the briefs, whether the fact that property is lost through the act of God may be set up as a defense, the rule is that where a party is in possession of personal property belonging to another, and is to be regarded as a mere bailee for the owner, the property in his possession is at the risk of the owner. On the other hand, a person not being the owner of goods, who takes them out of the possession of the real owner, holds them in his own wrong and at his own risk. He has deprived the real owner of the possession, and has also deprived, him of the means of disposing of the property pending the litigation to recover it, and if at the end of a litigation over the property it is determined that he has no right to the possession thereof, and judgment is rendered against him for the return of the property dr its value, he cannot on principle or authority be excused from satisfying said judgment under a plea that the property has been lost in his hands, even by the act of God. (De Thomas v. Witherby, S. C. of Cal., 14 Reporter, 262-3.
III. The final and the important question in this case is as to the effect of the attempted transfer and sale by C. E. Sands, as,,member of the firm of F. & C. Sands, to the plaintiffs in error (defendants below) of all the partnership property of the firm without the consent and in the temporary absence of his copartner as evidenced by the bill of sale of [556]*556September 8,1881. The trial court, in excluding the bill of sale and other evidence tending to prove that plaintiffs in error bought the sheep in controversy of the firm of F. &.C. Sands by arrangements with C. E. Sands, held that any sale or transfer by C. E. Sands without the consent and in the absence of his copartner would not bind the firm of F. & C. Sands, unless it was shown that F. M. Sands received some benefit from the sale, or in some manner ratified it by receiving the money, or that C. E. Sands had authority to sign the firm-name, and that without ratification or authority or the reception of the money by F. M. Sands, the bill of sale of September 8, 1881, was an absolute nullity. It was disclosed by the evidence that the partnership between F. & C. Sands was not strictly a trading partnership, but one devoted to the increase and improvement of the sheep owned by them; generally no purchases being made except of breeding sheep, and no sales except culls of the flock. It was understood between the partners that each was to do his share of the business and take his share of the profits that resulted from it; that they were to continue in the sheep business until they made more money out of it; but there was no contract, either written or verbal, for the partnership to continue to a time certain. During the spring and summer of 1881, both of the brothers of the firm were personally in charge of the sheep in Butler county in this state, until the 5th or 6th of July. Just previously they had finished shearing the sheep, and F. M. Sands went home, partly to make a visit, and partly to see about selling the wool. The wool had been shipped to Boston, Mass.; and the home of F. M. Sands was in Dutchess county, N. Y. The sheep were then left in charge of the brother, C. E. Sands, with no special or general authority to dispose of them as a herd or flock. The sale to plaintiffs in error of all the sheep and property of the firm was made by C. E. Sands, on September 8, 18,81, while his brother was east. C. E. Sands died within two days after the same, and F. M. Sands returned to Butler county immediately afterward.
[557]*557As the partnership of .F. & C. Sands was not strictly a trading one, and as the business in which they were engaged rendered it indispensable for the ownership of the partnership property to be continued in the firm until a dissolution thereof, or other arrangements were made, C. E. Sands had no power to sell or dispose of all of the joint property in the temporary absence of his copartner. While a contract of partnership constitutes each of its members an agent for the others, it is only for the purpose of carrying on the partnership — not for destroying it. Stripping a firm of all its property is a thing not contemplated in carrying on a partnership, and consequently no agency for such a purpose is intended to be created; therefore no authority can be admitted in one partner to sell the entire property of the firm, when the object of the firm is not trading, buying and selling, but a business in which the continued ownership of the property is necessary. (Slaon v. Moore, 77 Pa. St. 217; Kimball v. Ins. Co., 8 Bosw. [N. Y.] 495; Kirby v. Ingersoll, Harrington’s .Ch. Rep. [Mich.] 172. See also John v. Crichton, 11 Reporter, 811; also Parsons on Partnership, 3d ed., pp. 174-190; 2 Lindley on Partnership, 4th ed., pp. 697, 698.)
The doctrine above stated in no way conflicts with Williams v. Barnett, 10 Kas. 460, when that case is fully examined, and in Deitz v. Regnier, 27' Kas. 94, it is expressly stated that partnerships in occupation or employment are controlled by rules different from those applicable to commercial or trading ones. While F. M.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Horton, C. J.:
It is alleged that the petition was fatally defective in not showing that F. M. Sands had given a bond as surviving partner. As the action was commenced in the name of F. M. Sands, as the sole surviving partner of the late firm of F. & C. Sands, if the other allegations in the petition were sufficient, the failure to allege that the plaintiff had given a bond as surviving partner was no defect whatever. Upon the death of a partner, the survivor becomes a trustee for all concerned. He holds the legal title to all the personal property, choses in action, and other assets of the firm; and his control of all the partnership assets, real and personal, legal and equitable, is absolute and indefeasible, limited only by the purposes for which it is-granted to him, and the provisions of the statute concerning partnership estates. Until plaintiff was cited under the provisions of §35, ch. 37, Comp. Laws 1879, to give a bond as surviving partner, he had the right to the possession of the partnership property. {Carr v. Catlin, 13 Kas. 393.) The citation was a matter personal to the plaintiff as surviving partner, and it was an act required to be done to divest him of his right to control and dispose of the property. Unless he was cited or voluntarily appeared in the court and refused to give the statutory bond, or in some other way declined to take charge of the [555]*555partnership property so as to waive a citation-, he was never divested of his control over said property.
II. The plaintiffs in error (defendants below) offered to show that after the execution of the redelivery bond by them, one hundred of the sheep died without any fault or neglect on their part, and from unavoidable causes. This evidence was excluded, and of this, complaint is made. There was nothing in the answer setting forth that any of the property described in the petition between the commencement of the suit and the trial was lost through the act of God, and no supplemental answer was filed alleging such loss, and therefore under the issues in the case, as made by the pleadings, the evidence was not admissible.
Upon the question discussed in the briefs, whether the fact that property is lost through the act of God may be set up as a defense, the rule is that where a party is in possession of personal property belonging to another, and is to be regarded as a mere bailee for the owner, the property in his possession is at the risk of the owner. On the other hand, a person not being the owner of goods, who takes them out of the possession of the real owner, holds them in his own wrong and at his own risk. He has deprived the real owner of the possession, and has also deprived, him of the means of disposing of the property pending the litigation to recover it, and if at the end of a litigation over the property it is determined that he has no right to the possession thereof, and judgment is rendered against him for the return of the property dr its value, he cannot on principle or authority be excused from satisfying said judgment under a plea that the property has been lost in his hands, even by the act of God. (De Thomas v. Witherby, S. C. of Cal., 14 Reporter, 262-3.
III. The final and the important question in this case is as to the effect of the attempted transfer and sale by C. E. Sands, as,,member of the firm of F. & C. Sands, to the plaintiffs in error (defendants below) of all the partnership property of the firm without the consent and in the temporary absence of his copartner as evidenced by the bill of sale of [556]*556September 8,1881. The trial court, in excluding the bill of sale and other evidence tending to prove that plaintiffs in error bought the sheep in controversy of the firm of F. &.C. Sands by arrangements with C. E. Sands, held that any sale or transfer by C. E. Sands without the consent and in the absence of his copartner would not bind the firm of F. & C. Sands, unless it was shown that F. M. Sands received some benefit from the sale, or in some manner ratified it by receiving the money, or that C. E. Sands had authority to sign the firm-name, and that without ratification or authority or the reception of the money by F. M. Sands, the bill of sale of September 8, 1881, was an absolute nullity. It was disclosed by the evidence that the partnership between F. & C. Sands was not strictly a trading partnership, but one devoted to the increase and improvement of the sheep owned by them; generally no purchases being made except of breeding sheep, and no sales except culls of the flock. It was understood between the partners that each was to do his share of the business and take his share of the profits that resulted from it; that they were to continue in the sheep business until they made more money out of it; but there was no contract, either written or verbal, for the partnership to continue to a time certain. During the spring and summer of 1881, both of the brothers of the firm were personally in charge of the sheep in Butler county in this state, until the 5th or 6th of July. Just previously they had finished shearing the sheep, and F. M. Sands went home, partly to make a visit, and partly to see about selling the wool. The wool had been shipped to Boston, Mass.; and the home of F. M. Sands was in Dutchess county, N. Y. The sheep were then left in charge of the brother, C. E. Sands, with no special or general authority to dispose of them as a herd or flock. The sale to plaintiffs in error of all the sheep and property of the firm was made by C. E. Sands, on September 8, 18,81, while his brother was east. C. E. Sands died within two days after the same, and F. M. Sands returned to Butler county immediately afterward.
[557]*557As the partnership of .F. & C. Sands was not strictly a trading one, and as the business in which they were engaged rendered it indispensable for the ownership of the partnership property to be continued in the firm until a dissolution thereof, or other arrangements were made, C. E. Sands had no power to sell or dispose of all of the joint property in the temporary absence of his copartner. While a contract of partnership constitutes each of its members an agent for the others, it is only for the purpose of carrying on the partnership — not for destroying it. Stripping a firm of all its property is a thing not contemplated in carrying on a partnership, and consequently no agency for such a purpose is intended to be created; therefore no authority can be admitted in one partner to sell the entire property of the firm, when the object of the firm is not trading, buying and selling, but a business in which the continued ownership of the property is necessary. (Slaon v. Moore, 77 Pa. St. 217; Kimball v. Ins. Co., 8 Bosw. [N. Y.] 495; Kirby v. Ingersoll, Harrington’s .Ch. Rep. [Mich.] 172. See also John v. Crichton, 11 Reporter, 811; also Parsons on Partnership, 3d ed., pp. 174-190; 2 Lindley on Partnership, 4th ed., pp. 697, 698.)
The doctrine above stated in no way conflicts with Williams v. Barnett, 10 Kas. 460, when that case is fully examined, and in Deitz v. Regnier, 27' Kas. 94, it is expressly stated that partnerships in occupation or employment are controlled by rules different from those applicable to commercial or trading ones. While F. M. Sands had no authority to make an absolute transfer of the whole property of the firm without the consent and in the temporary absence of his copartner, yet 'the sale of September 8, 1881, was valid as against himself, and by the sale he transferred to plaintiffs • in error all of his interest in the partnership property. [North v. Mudge, 13 Iowa, 496; Chris v. Sherman, 10 Iowa, 535; Rhodes v. Amsick, 38 Md. 345; Tapley v. Butterfield, 1 Metc. 515; Arnold v. Stevenson, 2 Nev, 234; Sutlive v. Jones, 61 Ga. 676.) After the sale of September 8, 1881, ■by C. E. Sands, he had .no interest of share.in the sheep sold, [558]*558or any of the partnership property, until his subsequent purchase of September 9, 1881. With that purchase, however, we have no concern, as the sheep in controversy were not included therein. As there was no contract for the partnership to continue to a time certain, the sale by C. E. Sands of September 8, 1881, operated as a dissolution of the partnership of the firm of F. & C. Sands, and the plaintiffs in error were substituted as the owners of the interest of C. E. Sands. After the dissolution, each of the parties — that is, the plaintiff and the defendants below — had as much right to any of the particular sheep sued for as any other of said parties, and all had as much right as the plaintiff. After the dissolution of the firm, plaintiff and defendants below became tenants-in-common of the joint stock of the late firm; and as under the bill of sale of September 8, 1881, they were tenants-in-common of the property in controversy, the exclusion of the bill of sale and other evidence tending to establish that C. E. Sands had sold and transferred his interest in the joint property of the firm to the plaintiffs in error, was material error. Every partner has authority to sell his interest in the joint property of the firm, or any part thereof, and as plaintiffs in error were put in actual possession by the partner who had charge of the sheep, and purchased of him his interest therein, they became, as above stated, tenants-in-common of the joint stock, and replevin would not lie against them. In this view also, the instructions given by the court were erroneous.
We do not intend in any way to intimate that the assignee of a partner’s interest can withdraw his share of the joint effects of a partnership from the partner or partners in possession, or that such an assignee can maintain an action to recover his interest in the chattels of the firm. He may sue for an accounting, and will recover whatever his assignor would have been entitled to on a settlement of the partnership accounts; and until the affairs of the partnership are thus wound up, the partner who did not sell and has the manual possession of the -firm property 'is entitled to the possession ofthe same. (Miller v. Brigham, 50 Cal. 615; Horton’s [559]*559Appeal, 13 Pa. St. 67; Meaher v. Cox, 1 Sel. Cases, Ala., 156; Parsons on Partnership, 3d ed., 173-177.)
Other questions are presented, but as a new trial must be had we do not think they are material, or comment thereon necessary.
The judgment of the district court will be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed.
All the Justices concurring.