Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Quite a number of objections are urged against the propriety, regularity and legality of the decree in this case; but it is claimed, as to most of them, the assignment of errors in the Appellate Court is not sufficiently broad to cover them. The tenth assignment of error in that court questions the justness and legality of the record and proceedings in the circuit court generally, and we are of opinion it is sufficiently definite to present for our consideration all the objections urged against the decree and proceedings in that court. As the decree will have to be reversed for errors manifest on the face of it, we do not deem it proper to enter upon a discussion of the evidence, or to express any opinion upon the merits of the controversy, so that upon a rehearing the efforts of the court and parties to arrive at a just and proper conclusion upon the real merits of the controversy may not be embarrassed by anything we may here say.
The circumstances under which this case was tried, in our judgment, afford sufficient ground for remanding the cause for a rehearing, if there were no other reasons for doing so.
After the issues were made up, and the cause was standing for a hearing upon the proofs already taken and reported by a special master, the parties mutually agreed that the cause might be heard by the judge at chambers in vacation. ¡Now, it is very clear that the judge at such a hearing could exercise no judicial function. He could not, therefore, make any order in the case which would be binding upon the parties, as a judicial act or otherwise, against their assent, which was not strictly in pursuance of their agreement, if at all. It therefore follows, the judge upon the hearing at chambers had no power to entertain an application to dismiss complainant’s bill as to Reading, and a fortiori had no power or authority to require Blair to answer Reading’s cross-bill, or to pass upon the sufficiency of the answer which he had filed under protest; and least of all had he any authority to pronounce a decree pro confesso against Blair, on his failure to further answer said cross-bill, in obedience to a rule to answer instanter, which he had no.power to enter.
It is a fundamental principle that courts can exercise judicial functions only at such times and places as are fixed by law, and that the judges of courts can enter no orders in vacation, except such as are expressly authorized^ by statute. The legislature has provided that the judges of circuit courts and the Superior Court of Cook county may, upon due notice, entertain motions in vacation to dissolve injunctions, permit amendments of pleadings, etc., and they may also enter judgments in causes which have been taken under advisement; but these provisions have no application to the case in hand.
’ The agreement to a hearing in vacation was voluntary, and could not, in any view, become binding upon the parties, except so far as it was executed with their assent, and in .strict conformity with its terms. Whether, if the judge had heard the cause upou the evidence and pleadings as they stood at the time the agreement was entered into, and the parties had appeared and participated in the hearing without objection, and a decree had subsequently been entered up in term time, in pursuance of such hearing, the parties under such circumstances would be estopped from questioning the regularity of the proceedings, is a question which is not presented by this record, and about which rve do not feel called upon to express any opinion. Whatever might be the rule in such a case as that, can not affect the result in this case. The parties, in entering into the agreement in question, must be presumed to have known that the judge, in vacation, would be powerless to enter any orders which would in any manner change the status of the case, and that no such power could be conferred upon him by the mere agreement of the parties.
It is, therefore, but reasonable to assume that the parties, by entering into this agreement, intended to bind themselves to nothing further than that the case should be heard by the judge at the time and place specified, upon the issues as then made up, and such evidence as had already been taken and might be produced at the hearing, and that the conclusion reached by the judge upon such hearing might subsequently be entered by the court as the decree in the cause, subject to such exceptions as the parties might see proper to make to the same. But the judge who presided at the hearing seems to have taken a different view of the matter. He clearly acted upon the legal hypothesis that he was clothed with judicial powers to the same extent as if court had been in session. This, as we have already seen, was a misapprehension of the law. Indeed, it is conceded by counsel on both sides, that all orders made by the judge at the hearing were without any authority of law, and therefore void, and upon this very ground the decree is sought to ,be justified by defendants in error. It is argued, that inasmuch as all the proceedings before the judge in vacation were unauthorized and void, this court must disregard them altogether, just as though they had never taken place, and look only to the decree as finally entered by the court. While this position at first view may seem plausible, yet there are several fatal objections to it. In the first'place, it appears, from the recitals of the decree itself, that it is based upon the hearing in vacation, and not upon any trial or hearing in court, and if that hearing is to be disregarded altogether, then the decree was simply entered up without any hearing at all, for it is manifest there never was any other hearing except the one in vacation, and to render a decree without any hearing or submission at all would clearly be error.
Again, the decree further shows that the hearing was had upon, among other things, the cross-bill of Beading, to which no answer was filed by Blair except the one in vacation ; and as no rule to answer was ever entered against him, except that which was entered in vacation, it follows, upon the theory assumed, that the decree upon the Beading cross-bill was rendered, in contemplation of law, without any answer, or even a rule to answer, for the record shows no other rule except that in vacation was ever entered against him requiring an answer, and to enter a decree on a cross-bill without either an answer or rule to answer, would clearly be error. Assuming, then, that the proceedings before the judge were irregular and invalid, it follows that any decree founded upon them would of necessity be erroneous. "While we regard the orders of the judge, with respect to the cross-bill and answer thereto, as without authority, and therefore void, yet it does not follow that the cross-bill and answer, when filed in court in the cause, were also void. When properly entitled and filed they became pleadings in the cause, notwithstanding error may have intervened in the manner in which they became a part of the files. Let it, therefore, be admitted that while the orders of the judge in vacation are to be regarded as mere nullities, yet as the cross-bill of Beading, and answer thereto, were filed before the decree was entered, they became upon such filing proper pleadings in the cause, and the court, in rendering its decree, had the right to act upon them, although the answer was filed under protest and in obedience to a rule which the judge had no power to make.
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Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Quite a number of objections are urged against the propriety, regularity and legality of the decree in this case; but it is claimed, as to most of them, the assignment of errors in the Appellate Court is not sufficiently broad to cover them. The tenth assignment of error in that court questions the justness and legality of the record and proceedings in the circuit court generally, and we are of opinion it is sufficiently definite to present for our consideration all the objections urged against the decree and proceedings in that court. As the decree will have to be reversed for errors manifest on the face of it, we do not deem it proper to enter upon a discussion of the evidence, or to express any opinion upon the merits of the controversy, so that upon a rehearing the efforts of the court and parties to arrive at a just and proper conclusion upon the real merits of the controversy may not be embarrassed by anything we may here say.
The circumstances under which this case was tried, in our judgment, afford sufficient ground for remanding the cause for a rehearing, if there were no other reasons for doing so.
After the issues were made up, and the cause was standing for a hearing upon the proofs already taken and reported by a special master, the parties mutually agreed that the cause might be heard by the judge at chambers in vacation. ¡Now, it is very clear that the judge at such a hearing could exercise no judicial function. He could not, therefore, make any order in the case which would be binding upon the parties, as a judicial act or otherwise, against their assent, which was not strictly in pursuance of their agreement, if at all. It therefore follows, the judge upon the hearing at chambers had no power to entertain an application to dismiss complainant’s bill as to Reading, and a fortiori had no power or authority to require Blair to answer Reading’s cross-bill, or to pass upon the sufficiency of the answer which he had filed under protest; and least of all had he any authority to pronounce a decree pro confesso against Blair, on his failure to further answer said cross-bill, in obedience to a rule to answer instanter, which he had no.power to enter.
It is a fundamental principle that courts can exercise judicial functions only at such times and places as are fixed by law, and that the judges of courts can enter no orders in vacation, except such as are expressly authorized^ by statute. The legislature has provided that the judges of circuit courts and the Superior Court of Cook county may, upon due notice, entertain motions in vacation to dissolve injunctions, permit amendments of pleadings, etc., and they may also enter judgments in causes which have been taken under advisement; but these provisions have no application to the case in hand.
’ The agreement to a hearing in vacation was voluntary, and could not, in any view, become binding upon the parties, except so far as it was executed with their assent, and in .strict conformity with its terms. Whether, if the judge had heard the cause upou the evidence and pleadings as they stood at the time the agreement was entered into, and the parties had appeared and participated in the hearing without objection, and a decree had subsequently been entered up in term time, in pursuance of such hearing, the parties under such circumstances would be estopped from questioning the regularity of the proceedings, is a question which is not presented by this record, and about which rve do not feel called upon to express any opinion. Whatever might be the rule in such a case as that, can not affect the result in this case. The parties, in entering into the agreement in question, must be presumed to have known that the judge, in vacation, would be powerless to enter any orders which would in any manner change the status of the case, and that no such power could be conferred upon him by the mere agreement of the parties.
It is, therefore, but reasonable to assume that the parties, by entering into this agreement, intended to bind themselves to nothing further than that the case should be heard by the judge at the time and place specified, upon the issues as then made up, and such evidence as had already been taken and might be produced at the hearing, and that the conclusion reached by the judge upon such hearing might subsequently be entered by the court as the decree in the cause, subject to such exceptions as the parties might see proper to make to the same. But the judge who presided at the hearing seems to have taken a different view of the matter. He clearly acted upon the legal hypothesis that he was clothed with judicial powers to the same extent as if court had been in session. This, as we have already seen, was a misapprehension of the law. Indeed, it is conceded by counsel on both sides, that all orders made by the judge at the hearing were without any authority of law, and therefore void, and upon this very ground the decree is sought to ,be justified by defendants in error. It is argued, that inasmuch as all the proceedings before the judge in vacation were unauthorized and void, this court must disregard them altogether, just as though they had never taken place, and look only to the decree as finally entered by the court. While this position at first view may seem plausible, yet there are several fatal objections to it. In the first'place, it appears, from the recitals of the decree itself, that it is based upon the hearing in vacation, and not upon any trial or hearing in court, and if that hearing is to be disregarded altogether, then the decree was simply entered up without any hearing at all, for it is manifest there never was any other hearing except the one in vacation, and to render a decree without any hearing or submission at all would clearly be error.
Again, the decree further shows that the hearing was had upon, among other things, the cross-bill of Beading, to which no answer was filed by Blair except the one in vacation ; and as no rule to answer was ever entered against him, except that which was entered in vacation, it follows, upon the theory assumed, that the decree upon the Beading cross-bill was rendered, in contemplation of law, without any answer, or even a rule to answer, for the record shows no other rule except that in vacation was ever entered against him requiring an answer, and to enter a decree on a cross-bill without either an answer or rule to answer, would clearly be error. Assuming, then, that the proceedings before the judge were irregular and invalid, it follows that any decree founded upon them would of necessity be erroneous. "While we regard the orders of the judge, with respect to the cross-bill and answer thereto, as without authority, and therefore void, yet it does not follow that the cross-bill and answer, when filed in court in the cause, were also void. When properly entitled and filed they became pleadings in the cause, notwithstanding error may have intervened in the manner in which they became a part of the files. Let it, therefore, be admitted that while the orders of the judge in vacation are to be regarded as mere nullities, yet as the cross-bill of Beading, and answer thereto, were filed before the decree was entered, they became upon such filing proper pleadings in the cause, and the court, in rendering its decree, had the right to act upon them, although the answer was filed under protest and in obedience to a rule which the judge had no power to make. Still we are of opinion the decree upon the Beading cross-bill is erroneous; for in that view of the case it would have been the duty of the court, on discovering the cross-bill and answer on file, to have set the case down for a hearing, at least as to the cross-bill, which ivas not done. Moreover, assuming this view of the law" to be correct, it would follow, if Blair had the right, under the law, to dismiss his bill as to Beading at the time of his application to do so, his written motion filed for that purpose, having been made the day before the filing of the cross-bill, had the effect of defeating altogether the right to file the cross-bill. The motion to dismiss being first in time, had precedence of the motion to file the cross-bill, and should have been disposed of first, according to the- rights of the parties as they appeared when the motion was-made.
It is laid down in Daniell’s Chancery Practice, without any modification, that a complainant has the right, at any time before hearing, to dismiss his bill at his own costs, either as to a part or all of the defendants, and this, in the absence of any statutory provisions on the subject, is unquestionably the correct ¡rule. 2 Daniell’s Ch. P. 927; Dixon v. Parks, 1 Ves. Jr. 402; Curtice v. Lloyd, 4 Mylne & Craig, 194.
Our statute, however, has provided, that “no complainant shall be allowed to dismiss his bill after a cross-bill has been filed, without the consent of the defendant,” and it is claimed by defendants in error, that inasmuch as Bay had filed a cross-bill before Blair’s application to dismiss as to Beading, the latter, who had filed none at that time, can avail himself of the fact that Bay had, in order to defeat Blair’s right to dismiss as to Beading.,
' The manifest object of the legislature in adopting this provision was to'enable any-defendant in chancery who might have some equitable right or cause of action against the complainant, growing out of and connected with the matters set up in the complainant’s bill, to have all matters of difference connected with the subject matter of litigation fully and finally disposed of at the same time, or at least in the same suit. It certainly could not have been intended, where the parties are numerous and the plaintiff discovers he has improperly joined some of them in the bill, to deprive him of the right of dismissing as to them, merely because one or more of the others have filed a cross-bill, in which the unnecessary parties have not joined or deemed the matter in-controversy of sufficient importance to file one on their own. account. Is the complainant bound to keep these parties in court, thereby increasing the costs and expenses of the litigation, merely because some of their co-defendants happen to want to litigate matters in which these unnecessary parties have no concern, and the others possibly withhold their assent to a dismissal merely for the sake of harassing and punishing the complainant? We think not. We are of opinion that no one can avail himself of the statute unless he has, either by himself or in connection with other defendants, filed a cross-bill before the application to dismiss is made. It follows, therefore, that the pendency of Bay’s cross-bill to which Beading was not a party complainant, presented no reason why Blair’s bill should not have been dismissed. This being so, whether the proceedings in vacation be regarded void or valid, the decree, so far as it is based upon Beading’s cross-bill, is erroneous.
The decree upon the cross-bill of Bay is also erroneous in several respects. The decree, after declaring the injunctions in the two replevin suits, and in the action of assumpsit, in which the judgment for $2569.20 had been confessed, dissolved, and after reciting the fact that said judgment had been opened and leave granted to plead to the merits, proceeds in these words: “ And in said case of Lyman B. Bay v. Novel Blair, in assumpsit, said motion to open and for leave to plead are ordered to be vacated and set aside, and said judgment for said sum of $2574, entered May 25, 1875, confirmed; and it is further ordered that said case of Novel Blair against Bay, Beading and Schroder in replevin, be dismissed out of court, with the customary order for the return of the property replevied.”
While a court of chancery, under a proper state of facts, may restrain parties from prosecuting a suit at law, and may declare, for sufficient reasons, such suit and all proceedings under it null and void, yet we are aware of no principle that authorizes it to otherwise assume control over such proceedings by directing this or that step shall be taken in the case, as was done in the present case. Whether the property replevied should be returned or not, was a question for the exclusive determination of the court of law in which the case was pending. Courts of equity can control proceedings at law only by acting upon the parties, or by annulling their proceedings when consummated. They have no right to sit as a court of error for the purpose of reviewing their proceedings, or of directing what steps shall be taken in them. Courts of law of general jurisdiction have the same control over their proceedings as courts of equity have over theirs, subject to the limitation already stated, ■ and any decree which assumes to exercise such power or jurisdiction over them is erroneous.
Again the decree directs, “that in case of default by said Blair in making such return of the property, the coroner of Grundy county, upon being presented with a certified copy of this decree, seize the said property, if found within his county, and return the same to said Ray, and make due return of his acts in that regard to this court,” etc. This provision of the decree is clearly erroneous. The coroner of Grundy county not being a party to the suit, as an individual was not subject to the orders or direction of the court. As an officer he was not authorized to exercise any power or authority over the property replevied, except in obedience to legal process placed in his hands for that purpose, and a certified copy of the decree is in no sense legal process, within the meaning of the constitution. By the provisions of that instrument all process must run in the name of the People of the State of Illinois, and a mere certified copy of .the decree would not meet this requirement of the constitution. We fully recognize the power of a court of equity, where it has obtained jurisdiction over property in litigation, to appoint a receiver or other custodian of such property, and clothe him with such power and authority as maybe necessary for the management and preservation of the same j but that is not the case here, and the principle has no application to the facts of this case.
There are other errors of a similar character appearing upon the face of the decree, but we will not consume further time by considering them, as what we have already said is deemed sufficient to present our views upon this subject.
We are also of opinion the assessment of damages, on account of suing out the injunction, is not warranted by the circumstances in this case. The only element of damages which entered into the allowance made by the court, was that of solicitor’s fees. The whole amount in controversy was, as shown by the decree, a fraction over $2400, and the court assessed the damages at $600. The propriety of suing out the injunction was never called up or considered by the court until the case was finally considered on its merits. Hence the extra expense of a separate hearing of a motion to dissolve was not incurred, and upon an examination of the record and the general character of the evidence, it is manifest, that so far as any portion of the proofs was necessary or appropriate in obtaining a dissolution of the injunction, with the exception of that which was offered in proof of the damages, it was equally necessary and appropriate to establish the case of defendants in error, irrespective of the injunction. In short, we are of opinion the expenses incurred on account of solicitor’s fees in the preparation of the case for a hearing, and in conducting the hearing, would, under the circumstances of this case, have been substantially the same as if no injunction had been sued out at all. At any rate, we are quite clear that the suing out of the injunction did not make a difference of $600, — something near one-fourth of the amount in controversy, — and it is only for the additional expense there should have been a recovery. Wilson v. Hœoker, 85 Ill. 349.
Without consuming further time in the consideration of other questions raised upon the argument, suffice it to say that outside of the errors already indicated, we are satisfied, upon a careful consideration of the record, the ends of justice will be subserved by a rehearing of the whole case; and in view of the fact that some of the pleadings seem to. be, when considered in the light of the proofs, to some extent defective, the judgment of the Appellate Court will be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand the cause for a rehearing, with leave to both parties to amend their pleadings and take additional testimony, if they shall be so advised. •
Judgment reversed.
Sheldon, J., concurs in the conclusion.