Mr. Chief Justice Neil
delivered the opinion of the Court.
. The defendant sold an automobile to one Cooper, retaining title. Thereafter Cooper bought from the [516]*516plaintiff, and liad fitted to the machine certain tire casings; plaintiffs not retaining title. After this, the machine not having been paid for, the defendant retook possession and sold it in the usual way; the tires furnished by plaintiffs still remaining on the machine. Cooper made no claim to the tire casings when defendant retook the machine, and made no objection to the sale. After the sale, however, at the instance of plaintiff, Cooper sold, or purported to sell, these tire casings to the plaintiff; their valúe at that time to be credited against the charge which plaintiff had made against Cooper when these tire casings were , furnished. On this alleged title plaintiff brought its suit against defendant and replevied the tire casings. The trial court dismissed the suit, and subsequently on appeal the court of civil appeals affirmed this judgment. We think both courts were correct.
The controversy arises under the law of accession. As said in Ruling Case ¡Law, vol. 1, p. 117:
“The word ‘accession’ is used broadly in the language of the law to signify the right which an owner of corporeal property, real or personal, has to any increase thereof from any cause, either natural or artificial. In this sense it is broad enough to include additions to the value of land by buildings, fences, etc., erected on it, a gradual deposit of soil by the action of water, value added to chattels by labor performed, the increase of animals, or any other mode by which additions to property are made. As a term of legal classification, however, accession- is generally employed to [517]*517signify the acquisition of title to personal property by its incorporation into or union with other property.
“The general rule of the common law in regard to title by accession is that, whatever alteration of form has taken place in personal property, the owner is entitled to such property in its state of improvement, unless the identity of the original materials has been destroyed, or unless the thing has been annexed to, and made a part of, some other thing which is the principal, or its nature has been changed from personal to real property, but if- the thing itself, by such acquisition, was changed into a different species, it belongs to the new operator, who lias only to make satisfaction to the former proprietor for the materials which he has so converted. ’ ’
The proposition contained in the last clause of the authority quoted seems not, however, to apply in favor of a willful trespasser. ■
As between mortgagor and mortgagee, the rule is that repairs made by the former, or at his instance, become a part of the property, and go with it, and inure to the benefit of the mortgagee. In Southworth v. Isham, 5 N. Y. Super. Ct. (3 Sandf.), 448 it appeared that a mortgagor of a vessel removed the old sails, which were worn out, and put on new ones, and then the vessel passed into the possession of the mortgagee. It was held that the new sails passed, as in case of repairs, and that the mortgagor could not maintain trover for the sails. In that case the court quoted with approval the [518]*518following passag-e from the opinion in the case of Holly v. Brown, 14 Conn., 266:
‘ ‘If during the term of a mortgage upon a printing establishment, the types and other materials belonging to it are removed, and new ones supplied in their place, if the new types and materials were procured for the purpose of replenishing the establishment mortgaged and of supplying the place of articles belonging -to it, which had been lost or destroyed by use, and were attached to and incorporated with it, they would become a part of the establishment, and by right of accession belong to the owners of it. They would form an incident to, and follow the title of, the printing establishment, to which they were attached, which would be the' principal thing. As if the borrower of a watch should replace its crystal, or of a musical instrument one of its strings, keys, or pipes,which had been lost, destroyed, or become useless in his service, in which case they would belong to the lender. ’ ’
In Ex parte Ames, Fed. Cas., No. 323 (Low., 561), it was held that, where a mortgage was made in Massachusetts on an unfinished locomotive, the mortgagee could hold, by accession, the additions afterwards made by the mortgagor before his bankruptcy. In Harding v. Coburn, 53 Mass. (12 Metc.), 333, 36 Am. Dec., 680, it was held that where unfinished articles of manufacture are mortgaged, and the mortgagor afterwards adds labor and material to them the mortagee will hold them as against a creditor of the mortgagor, if they remain substantially the same as when mortgaged.
[519]*519In Comins v. Newton, 92 Mass. (10 Allen), 518, it was held that a rifle having a skeleton stock at the time a mortg-age was made on it was not so substantially changed by having a new wooden stock, and a new and different kind of a lock substituted for the original by way of repair, as to terminate the lien of the mortgage.
The case of Clark v. Wells, 45 Vt., 4, 12 Am. Rep., 187, while apparently out of harmony with the underlying principle of the foregoing cases, is, upon attentive examination, found not to be so. In that ease it was held that where one, at the instance of a bailee, put new wheels and axles on a stage wagon, taking the bailee’s note for the repairs under an agreement that until payment the repairs furnished should remain the property of the repairer, and, before payment, the owner of the wagon retook it into his possession and sold it to a third person, the repairer might maintain trover against the purchaser for the wheels and axles. While it was said in the opinion that, unlike bolts and thills, the repairs furnished did not become accessions to the principal chattel, yet the court further placed its decision on the ground that the repairer had retained title to the said wheels and axles. The statement of facts in the present case shows that the title to the tire casings was not retained by the Blackwood Tire & Vulcanizing Company. The case just referred to therefore does not impugn the general principle'that repairs made by a mortgagor, or at his instance, will inure to the benefit of the mortgagee. We are not to be understood as approving Clark v. Wells, nor do we [520]*520criticize it. The point as to the retention of title to repairs placed on an article of personal property does not arise in the case before ns, and therefore we do not pass on it.
In the case before the court it is to be noted that the plaintiff in error sold the tire casings outright, to Cooper, and he permitted these casings to go with the machine into the hands of the defendant in error without objection, and in like manner permitted the sale of the machine with the tire casings attached, and never attempted to retake these casings until later, and then in furtherance of the effort of the plaintiff in error to regain them, and that for this purpose he endeavored to make sale of them at that time to the plaintiff in error.
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Mr. Chief Justice Neil
delivered the opinion of the Court.
. The defendant sold an automobile to one Cooper, retaining title. Thereafter Cooper bought from the [516]*516plaintiff, and liad fitted to the machine certain tire casings; plaintiffs not retaining title. After this, the machine not having been paid for, the defendant retook possession and sold it in the usual way; the tires furnished by plaintiffs still remaining on the machine. Cooper made no claim to the tire casings when defendant retook the machine, and made no objection to the sale. After the sale, however, at the instance of plaintiff, Cooper sold, or purported to sell, these tire casings to the plaintiff; their valúe at that time to be credited against the charge which plaintiff had made against Cooper when these tire casings were , furnished. On this alleged title plaintiff brought its suit against defendant and replevied the tire casings. The trial court dismissed the suit, and subsequently on appeal the court of civil appeals affirmed this judgment. We think both courts were correct.
The controversy arises under the law of accession. As said in Ruling Case ¡Law, vol. 1, p. 117:
“The word ‘accession’ is used broadly in the language of the law to signify the right which an owner of corporeal property, real or personal, has to any increase thereof from any cause, either natural or artificial. In this sense it is broad enough to include additions to the value of land by buildings, fences, etc., erected on it, a gradual deposit of soil by the action of water, value added to chattels by labor performed, the increase of animals, or any other mode by which additions to property are made. As a term of legal classification, however, accession- is generally employed to [517]*517signify the acquisition of title to personal property by its incorporation into or union with other property.
“The general rule of the common law in regard to title by accession is that, whatever alteration of form has taken place in personal property, the owner is entitled to such property in its state of improvement, unless the identity of the original materials has been destroyed, or unless the thing has been annexed to, and made a part of, some other thing which is the principal, or its nature has been changed from personal to real property, but if- the thing itself, by such acquisition, was changed into a different species, it belongs to the new operator, who lias only to make satisfaction to the former proprietor for the materials which he has so converted. ’ ’
The proposition contained in the last clause of the authority quoted seems not, however, to apply in favor of a willful trespasser. ■
As between mortgagor and mortgagee, the rule is that repairs made by the former, or at his instance, become a part of the property, and go with it, and inure to the benefit of the mortgagee. In Southworth v. Isham, 5 N. Y. Super. Ct. (3 Sandf.), 448 it appeared that a mortgagor of a vessel removed the old sails, which were worn out, and put on new ones, and then the vessel passed into the possession of the mortgagee. It was held that the new sails passed, as in case of repairs, and that the mortgagor could not maintain trover for the sails. In that case the court quoted with approval the [518]*518following passag-e from the opinion in the case of Holly v. Brown, 14 Conn., 266:
‘ ‘If during the term of a mortgage upon a printing establishment, the types and other materials belonging to it are removed, and new ones supplied in their place, if the new types and materials were procured for the purpose of replenishing the establishment mortgaged and of supplying the place of articles belonging -to it, which had been lost or destroyed by use, and were attached to and incorporated with it, they would become a part of the establishment, and by right of accession belong to the owners of it. They would form an incident to, and follow the title of, the printing establishment, to which they were attached, which would be the' principal thing. As if the borrower of a watch should replace its crystal, or of a musical instrument one of its strings, keys, or pipes,which had been lost, destroyed, or become useless in his service, in which case they would belong to the lender. ’ ’
In Ex parte Ames, Fed. Cas., No. 323 (Low., 561), it was held that, where a mortgage was made in Massachusetts on an unfinished locomotive, the mortgagee could hold, by accession, the additions afterwards made by the mortgagor before his bankruptcy. In Harding v. Coburn, 53 Mass. (12 Metc.), 333, 36 Am. Dec., 680, it was held that where unfinished articles of manufacture are mortgaged, and the mortgagor afterwards adds labor and material to them the mortagee will hold them as against a creditor of the mortgagor, if they remain substantially the same as when mortgaged.
[519]*519In Comins v. Newton, 92 Mass. (10 Allen), 518, it was held that a rifle having a skeleton stock at the time a mortg-age was made on it was not so substantially changed by having a new wooden stock, and a new and different kind of a lock substituted for the original by way of repair, as to terminate the lien of the mortgage.
The case of Clark v. Wells, 45 Vt., 4, 12 Am. Rep., 187, while apparently out of harmony with the underlying principle of the foregoing cases, is, upon attentive examination, found not to be so. In that ease it was held that where one, at the instance of a bailee, put new wheels and axles on a stage wagon, taking the bailee’s note for the repairs under an agreement that until payment the repairs furnished should remain the property of the repairer, and, before payment, the owner of the wagon retook it into his possession and sold it to a third person, the repairer might maintain trover against the purchaser for the wheels and axles. While it was said in the opinion that, unlike bolts and thills, the repairs furnished did not become accessions to the principal chattel, yet the court further placed its decision on the ground that the repairer had retained title to the said wheels and axles. The statement of facts in the present case shows that the title to the tire casings was not retained by the Blackwood Tire & Vulcanizing Company. The case just referred to therefore does not impugn the general principle'that repairs made by a mortgagor, or at his instance, will inure to the benefit of the mortgagee. We are not to be understood as approving Clark v. Wells, nor do we [520]*520criticize it. The point as to the retention of title to repairs placed on an article of personal property does not arise in the case before ns, and therefore we do not pass on it.
In the case before the court it is to be noted that the plaintiff in error sold the tire casings outright, to Cooper, and he permitted these casings to go with the machine into the hands of the defendant in error without objection, and in like manner permitted the sale of the machine with the tire casings attached, and never attempted to retake these casings until later, and then in furtherance of the effort of the plaintiff in error to regain them, and that for this purpose he endeavored to make sale of them at that time to the plaintiff in error. We think it must be laid down as a general principle that the mortgagor, in making repairs on property which he has mortgaged, must he held, in the absence of some distinct evidence to the contrary, to have intended such repairs as a fixed improvement to such property, since the amelioration inures not only to the benefit of the mortgagee, hut to his own benefit as well, in the enhancement of the value of his property, to the end that it may go further toward relieving him of the mortgage debt in case sale should he made.
In the case before us, not only was Cooper- subject to the presumption indicated, but his acts in permitting the machine to go back into the hands of defendant in error, without objection on the subject of the tire casings, and to be sold in a like manner, indicate as a fact that it was his purpose to make a fixed addition to the [521]*521property. The plaintiff in error, acquiring his title from Cooper, must stand in his shoes.
In what has been said we have assumed that a sale of personal property with title retained to secure the purchase price would, in respect of the matter in hand, be governed by the samé principles that would control a mortgage, and we so hold. At last in such sales the title retained is but a form of lien. Planters’ Bank v. Vandyck, 4 Heisk., 617; Manufacturing Co. v. Buchanan, 113 Tenn., 238, 250, 99 S. W., 984, 8 L. R. A (N. S.), 590, 12 Ann. Cas., 707; Ice & Coal Co. v. Alley, 127 Tenn., 173, 178, 154 S. W., 536; Automobile Co. v. Bicknell, 129 Tenn., 493, 167 S. W., 108.
On the grounds stated, we are of the opinion that the judgment of the court of civil appeals, sustaining that of the trial court dismissing the action of the plaintiff in error, must be affirmed.