The opinion of the court was delivered by
McGowan, A. J.
This was an action on a note for negro slaves, commenced in I860,- and has a long history, which is fully given in the judgment of the Circuit Court, and need not be repeated here, except so far as to make the ruling of this court intelligible. The defendant got an order to pay the money into court upon the usual conditions and in the usual form. The money was paid and the clerk of the court gave his receipt for it, stating — “ This payment made in pursuance of the order of court in this case,” precisely in accordance with the 94th rule of court, Miller’s Compilation. The money was paid in Confederate currency, then (March, 1863,) the only currency in use, and the plaintiff refused to accept it. Judge Mackey held that it was allowable to go behind the terms of the receipt and inquire into the value of the money paid, and, in effect, annulled the receipt, except to the extent of the value of the money at the time it was paid. The Supreme Court set aside the decision and ordered a new trial, declaring “ that the clerk’s califícate must be regarded' as part of the record in the case, and, if erroneous, should have been corrected by a direct proceeding, on timely notice, grounded upon its irregularity. It was too late to raise that question on the trial of the cause, nor was that the proper place to consider it. The certificate was treated by the Circuit judge as if merely prima fade proof of the facts stated in it, whereas it was conclusive, so long as it was permitted to stand.”
[277]*277In such a “ direct proceeding ” to vacate a receipt given by S. E. Moore, officially as clerk, he or his representative should have been made a party; but it does not appear from the record that the objection was made at the trial. The question was made simply by motion to vacate and set aside the receipt. The Circuit judge entertained the motion, but refused to grant it. The plaintiff alleging error in that judgment, appeals to this court.
The exceptions may be condensed into two points of alleged error:
First. That the judge should have held that the delivery of money into court by the defendant, under an order allowing him to do so, was not payment, but a mere tender, and inoperative until accepted by the plaintiff; and, that being established,
Second. That he should have held that the plaintiff had been guilty of no such laches in attacking the receipt as should now preclude him.
The only question before us, in this phase of the case, is as to the [correctness of Judge Wallace’s rulings in regard to the alleged irregularity in the clerk’s certificate of payment. That certificate was given by the proper officer, as the court directed, precisely in the form prescribed by the rule of court, without fraud, accident or mistake, and we agree with the Circuit judge that nothing was proved tending to show irregularity in it, and that it should not be set aside. McDowall & Black v. Le Maitre, 2 McC. 320: Dobbins v. Perry, 1 Rich. 33; Wheeler v. Alexander, 1 Strob. 61.
But, if we understand the bearing of the argument made, it 'was not directed to the point of setting aside the receipt itselj, but to show that it was a mere tender, and in that way set aside its legal effect as a payment. If we are correct, that is renewing the controversy involved in the first appeal. The question as to the legal effect of a payment of money into court, under an order, was substantially decided by this court when it held that the receipt was “ conclusive ” until set aside. If the law were as now claimed it would have been entirely unnecessary to make the question of the irregularity of the receipt, which, in that case, would not have stood in the way. The payment of money into [278]*278court, under order, is certainly more than a simple tender. A tender is an offer to pay by the debtor before suit, and cannot be made after suit brought. It is purely ex parte. If it is not accepted the debtor must retain his money, and if established on plea, the only effect is to stop interest thenceforward on the amount tendered. But a payment into court is different. It is not ex parte, but done by order of the court, which represents both parties, and whose orders bind the plaintiff as well as the defendant. The money paid in is for the plaintiff, and the posession of it cannot be resumed by the debtor. In the further prosecution of the case that much is stricken from the record, whether the plaintiff takes out the money or not.
■■ The rule of court required that if the plaintiff should take the money out of court, the clerk shall, in the “ receipt to be taken for the money, require such plaintiff to say, for information of defendano, whether he accepts the money in full discharge of the action, or takes it with the intention of proceeding further.” This does not mean that the effect of the payment was to depend upon his acceptance or non-acceptance of it. The effect was fixed by the payment, but as he had the right to be dissatisfied with the amount and go for a larger sum, this statement was required simply for- the information of the defendant whether he accepted the money in full discharge. That is, if he claimed more, the case went on — the controversy being limited to the excess so claimed, but if he claimed no more in amount, that was an end of it. Fishburne v. Sanders, N. & McC. 242; Broughton v. Richardson, 2 Rich. 64; Bank of Columbia v. Southerland, 3 Cowen 336; Spalding v. Vandercook, 2 Wend. 431; Murray v. Bethune, 1 Wend. 191; Boyden v. Moore, 5 Mass. 367. In this last-cited case the rule is stated clearly in these words: “ The bringing money into court is a practice adopted-to relieve the defendant against an unexpected suit for money which he is willing to pay, but which he has not tendered to the plaintiff before the commencement of the suit. After the defendant had brought in as much money as he thinks proper, and the plaintiff has refused to receive it in satisfaction, the defendant is entitled to have the same considered as a payment made on the day on which it was brought, and he is answerable only for further ■damages.”
[279]*279Accepting this view of the legal effect of a payment into court under order, the plaintiff further contends that whilst the receipt is regular and formal and cannot be set aside for irregularity, yet the clerk received Confederate money, which was not a legal tender; that he had no right to do so and give a receipt as for good money, and on that account the receipt, should be set aside, at least in part, so as to make it correspond in amount with the real value of the money at the time it was received. In other words, that the payment should be scaled. Upon this point the case is identical with that of State v. Mosely, 10 S. C. 1. In that case a sheriff, who had an execution to collect, received Confederate money and gave a receipt for it, and the question was whether he had a right to do so. It was held that he had the right. So far as the right to receive Confederate money is concerned, we can see no difference between the sheriff in that case and the clerk in this. They were both public officers and received the money in discharge of a duty imposed.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
McGowan, A. J.
This was an action on a note for negro slaves, commenced in I860,- and has a long history, which is fully given in the judgment of the Circuit Court, and need not be repeated here, except so far as to make the ruling of this court intelligible. The defendant got an order to pay the money into court upon the usual conditions and in the usual form. The money was paid and the clerk of the court gave his receipt for it, stating — “ This payment made in pursuance of the order of court in this case,” precisely in accordance with the 94th rule of court, Miller’s Compilation. The money was paid in Confederate currency, then (March, 1863,) the only currency in use, and the plaintiff refused to accept it. Judge Mackey held that it was allowable to go behind the terms of the receipt and inquire into the value of the money paid, and, in effect, annulled the receipt, except to the extent of the value of the money at the time it was paid. The Supreme Court set aside the decision and ordered a new trial, declaring “ that the clerk’s califícate must be regarded' as part of the record in the case, and, if erroneous, should have been corrected by a direct proceeding, on timely notice, grounded upon its irregularity. It was too late to raise that question on the trial of the cause, nor was that the proper place to consider it. The certificate was treated by the Circuit judge as if merely prima fade proof of the facts stated in it, whereas it was conclusive, so long as it was permitted to stand.”
[277]*277In such a “ direct proceeding ” to vacate a receipt given by S. E. Moore, officially as clerk, he or his representative should have been made a party; but it does not appear from the record that the objection was made at the trial. The question was made simply by motion to vacate and set aside the receipt. The Circuit judge entertained the motion, but refused to grant it. The plaintiff alleging error in that judgment, appeals to this court.
The exceptions may be condensed into two points of alleged error:
First. That the judge should have held that the delivery of money into court by the defendant, under an order allowing him to do so, was not payment, but a mere tender, and inoperative until accepted by the plaintiff; and, that being established,
Second. That he should have held that the plaintiff had been guilty of no such laches in attacking the receipt as should now preclude him.
The only question before us, in this phase of the case, is as to the [correctness of Judge Wallace’s rulings in regard to the alleged irregularity in the clerk’s certificate of payment. That certificate was given by the proper officer, as the court directed, precisely in the form prescribed by the rule of court, without fraud, accident or mistake, and we agree with the Circuit judge that nothing was proved tending to show irregularity in it, and that it should not be set aside. McDowall & Black v. Le Maitre, 2 McC. 320: Dobbins v. Perry, 1 Rich. 33; Wheeler v. Alexander, 1 Strob. 61.
But, if we understand the bearing of the argument made, it 'was not directed to the point of setting aside the receipt itselj, but to show that it was a mere tender, and in that way set aside its legal effect as a payment. If we are correct, that is renewing the controversy involved in the first appeal. The question as to the legal effect of a payment of money into court, under an order, was substantially decided by this court when it held that the receipt was “ conclusive ” until set aside. If the law were as now claimed it would have been entirely unnecessary to make the question of the irregularity of the receipt, which, in that case, would not have stood in the way. The payment of money into [278]*278court, under order, is certainly more than a simple tender. A tender is an offer to pay by the debtor before suit, and cannot be made after suit brought. It is purely ex parte. If it is not accepted the debtor must retain his money, and if established on plea, the only effect is to stop interest thenceforward on the amount tendered. But a payment into court is different. It is not ex parte, but done by order of the court, which represents both parties, and whose orders bind the plaintiff as well as the defendant. The money paid in is for the plaintiff, and the posession of it cannot be resumed by the debtor. In the further prosecution of the case that much is stricken from the record, whether the plaintiff takes out the money or not.
■■ The rule of court required that if the plaintiff should take the money out of court, the clerk shall, in the “ receipt to be taken for the money, require such plaintiff to say, for information of defendano, whether he accepts the money in full discharge of the action, or takes it with the intention of proceeding further.” This does not mean that the effect of the payment was to depend upon his acceptance or non-acceptance of it. The effect was fixed by the payment, but as he had the right to be dissatisfied with the amount and go for a larger sum, this statement was required simply for- the information of the defendant whether he accepted the money in full discharge. That is, if he claimed more, the case went on — the controversy being limited to the excess so claimed, but if he claimed no more in amount, that was an end of it. Fishburne v. Sanders, N. & McC. 242; Broughton v. Richardson, 2 Rich. 64; Bank of Columbia v. Southerland, 3 Cowen 336; Spalding v. Vandercook, 2 Wend. 431; Murray v. Bethune, 1 Wend. 191; Boyden v. Moore, 5 Mass. 367. In this last-cited case the rule is stated clearly in these words: “ The bringing money into court is a practice adopted-to relieve the defendant against an unexpected suit for money which he is willing to pay, but which he has not tendered to the plaintiff before the commencement of the suit. After the defendant had brought in as much money as he thinks proper, and the plaintiff has refused to receive it in satisfaction, the defendant is entitled to have the same considered as a payment made on the day on which it was brought, and he is answerable only for further ■damages.”
[279]*279Accepting this view of the legal effect of a payment into court under order, the plaintiff further contends that whilst the receipt is regular and formal and cannot be set aside for irregularity, yet the clerk received Confederate money, which was not a legal tender; that he had no right to do so and give a receipt as for good money, and on that account the receipt, should be set aside, at least in part, so as to make it correspond in amount with the real value of the money at the time it was received. In other words, that the payment should be scaled. Upon this point the case is identical with that of State v. Mosely, 10 S. C. 1. In that case a sheriff, who had an execution to collect, received Confederate money and gave a receipt for it, and the question was whether he had a right to do so. It was held that he had the right. So far as the right to receive Confederate money is concerned, we can see no difference between the sheriff in that case and the clerk in this. They were both public officers and received the money in discharge of a duty imposed. There, as here, there was no notice not to receive Confederate money, which was the only medium of exchange at the time. It is unnecessary to repeat the argument, which is so well stated in that case as follows: “ The true foundation for the doctrine is the implied consent of the creditor. For when bank or other notes constitute the only currency, and is in universal use as such, while courts will still recognize the constitutional right of the creditor, when asserted at the proper time, to demand payment of his debt in that which is established by law as a legal tender, they will, in the absence of any such' assertion, conclude that he assented to or authorized payment to be made in that currency, which every one regarded and used as money.”
This case is stronger than that of Mosely in one important particular. That was not a proceeding to cancel the receipt and make the debtor pay again, as this is, but to make the sheriff and his sureties liable for a wrongful act on the part of the sheriff in receiving the money and giving receipt for it. In that ease it seemed to be taken for granted that the receipt was a discharge. This court has always sustained the payment when the question was made by the obligor who produced a receipt from the proper person, and has in all cases refused to allow payments to be scaled [280]*280under the act of 1869, (Gen. Stat. 310,) for the reason that they were not executory, but executed. Austin v. Kinsman, 13 Rich. Eq. 265; McPherson v. Lynah, 14 Rich. Eq. 121; Wiseman & Finley v. Hunter, Id. 174; Fluit v. Nelson, 15 Rich. 11; Mayer v. Mordecai, 1 S. C. 383; Johnstone v. Crooks, 3 S. C. 202.
In the case above cited of Wiseman & Finley v. Hunter, Chancellor Dunkin said: “The question is not whether bank bills or Confederate treasury notes, or anything other than gold or silver, is a lawful tender in payment of debts, but whether where a debtor has paid to an officer of the court in these funds a debt which he was required to collect, and taken his receipt in discharge of the same, the court will, at this distance of time, and at the instance of a party in the cause, repudiate the act of its officer and set up the claim against the debtor. It concerns the interest of the public that there should be an end of litigation. Where a transaction has been consummated and rights vested, the repose of society demands that it should not be opened.”
This case has been prosecuted for years with extraordinary energy and perseverance, in the view, probably, that it was a hardship that the plaintiff should be bound by the act of the clerk in receiving for him Confederate money, which became worthless. This court cannot prevent — may regret — but must not be controlled by what appear to be hardships. We cannot, however, shut our eyes to the fact in this case, that if the money became worthless, so did the property which was received in exchange for it. Both were lost from the same cause.
We see no error in the judgment of the Circuit judge. The judgment is affirmed and the appeal dismissed.
McIvek, A. J., concurred.