HANEY, J.
This is an action on a membership certificate issued bjr the defendant, an Iow'a fraternal beneficiary corporation. The complaint is in usual form, alleging death by drowning. All its allegations are admitted, the only defense being that the certificate was issued on an application containing this stipulation: “I further agree that in the event of my death by 'suicide, whether sane or insane, any certificate which may be issued upon this application by said fraternity shall become void;” that the certificate itself contained this clause: “If the holder of this certificate shall die by her own hand, whether sane or insane, then the certificate ' shall be null and void;” and' “that said Anna F. Bircher came to her death by suicide at the time and place stated in plaintiff’s complaint, she their and there having caused her own death by drowning herself with suicidal intent.” A verdict having been returned in favor of the plaintiffs and judgment entered thereon, defendant appealed thereform and from the order denying its application for a new trial.
The learned circuit court charged the jury in part as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that the law does not presume that a person came to his death by suicide, but on the contrary presumes in the absence of explanation -that death resulted from natural causes or from accident. The vital question in this case is whether Anna F.- Bircher intended to commit suicide, and the presumption of law in the absence of explanation is that she did not so intend, and this presumption remains until overcome by clear and satisfactory evidence which excludes every other reason - able theory; and the plaintiff is entitled to recover, unless on a fair consideration of all the evidence, yon are satisfied that the evidence does exclude every reasonable theory except that of [327]*327suicide.” To these portions of the charge defendant excepted on the ground that it was for the jury to- decide whether deceased committed suicide or not, solely on the evidence without regard to presumptions of her' intent; the undisputed evidence showing she was insane, and there being undisputed evidence as to the manner of her -death. That deceased was drowned is established by the pleadings; that -the certificate -and application- contained the clauses alleged in the answer is conceded; hence, the only disputed issue of fact arose from the affirmative allegation 'of the answer that deceased “caused her own death by drowning herself with -suicidal intent.” If the question as to whether deceased intended to commit suicide was not vital, there was a vital error made by the person who framed defendant’s answer. That deceased was in-sane is conceded, respondents contending -that she “came to her death, not by suicide, but by accident, while fleeing from an imaginary danger, under the insane delusion that -some one was seeking her life, in an effort to preserve it, and not with intent to destroy it.”
The circumstances attending the drowning are thus described by Tena Johnson, called on behalf of the defendant, the only witness who saw the deceased enter the water: “I saw -her coming from the -direction- of Rollin' Johnson’s house and towards our house; she came to -the -place where the wall of the bank is quite steep. At that place the bank is curving around to make the curve, and the steepest point is a little off the line of the path, and she looked back just as she was turning. She turned her head over her shoulder and kept coming. She -did not stop, and when she got. to the bank she went down very fast, her body leaned forward and her .hands out in front of her. She had a medium long skirt on. I could not see her feet. She went down the bank very fast, and pitched forward face down in the water. The bank goes down straight. I saw the place where she was taken out; it is very near the place where she went down. I could not tell whether she ran -do-wn the bank and threw -herself in, or whether she was trying to save herself from'' falling when she went -down there. When she went down [328]*328forward info the water she splashed with her hands and feet; her face was down. I did not notice whether her face was under water; the water splashed so high I could not see her face. It scared me, and I ran on top of the house to- see iff anybod)' was coming, and I ran down in -the house and told -the children to keep quiet, and I went on top of the house again. When I came out of the house she was hollering as though her mouth was full of water. I could not understand what she said. I went back to the house and told the children to keep quiet and went towards Johnson’s. I saw her in the water for about three minutes and she was splashing" .the water all the time, until I got half way, then she stopped. In going" to Rollin Johnson’s house I followed the creek a little ways and I turned off because I did not care to see her. When she lay in the water she turned on her back and her face was straight up' and her hands straight out, she was not conscious and was not hollering, and as I passed it seemed as if she was looking at me, her head was -turned a little. I went about twenty rods towards Rollin Johnson’s before I met him. I was not there .when the body was taken out.” This testimony was no;t disputed. So, in- a sense, there was undisputed evidence as to- the manner of the death. It was undisputed that death resulted from drowning". But this evidence, taken as true, did not necessarily establish the fact in dispute — “the- vital question” whether deceased “intended -to commit suicide.” Even defendant’s witness who s'aw deceased go into the stream was unable to- decide whether she “threw hers-elf in” or whether “she was trying to- save herself from falling.” Though deceased may have- been afflicted with the insane delusion that some one was seeking her life, and though the -evidence tending to prove that fact may have been undisputed, it did not necessarily • follow that she intentionally destroyed her own life. If insane, the nature of her insanity was a matter to- be considered by the jury in connection with -her conduct and all the circumstances preceding and attending. her death, in determining whether such death w-as- accidental or -caused by 'herself with suicidal intent. It may be true, in a purely academic .'sense, that “a presumption is not evidence;” [329]*329■that “where evidence appeal's the presumption disappears, as light destroys darknessnevertheless, it also- is true that defendant in this action was attempting to prove an affirmative defense; that ■the fac-t of death by drowning did not in itself give rise to the presumption of suicide; that if, upon a fair consideration of all the evidence, the theory of accidental death was as reasonable as the theory of suicide, it was the duty of the jury to^ adopt the former, and such, in effect, was the meaning of the charge.
The trial judge was talking to laymen not to lawyers. He was not writing a treatise on the law of evidence. An attempt ■on his part to define the distinction between a presumption of law and an inference of fact probably would liave confused rather than have assisted an ordinary jury in properly deciding the simple issue involved in this action. The gist of his instructions, the rule applicable to this class of cases, was plainly and correctly stated by .the trial judge when he said: “The plaintiff is entitled to recover unless on a fair consideration of all the evidence you are satisfied that the evidence does exclude every reasonable theory except that of suicide.” Lindahl v. Supreme Court, I. O. F., 100 Minn. 87, 110 N. W. 358, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 916; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Wiswell, 56 Kan. 765, 44 Pac. 996, 35 L. R. A. 258; Boyton v.
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HANEY, J.
This is an action on a membership certificate issued bjr the defendant, an Iow'a fraternal beneficiary corporation. The complaint is in usual form, alleging death by drowning. All its allegations are admitted, the only defense being that the certificate was issued on an application containing this stipulation: “I further agree that in the event of my death by 'suicide, whether sane or insane, any certificate which may be issued upon this application by said fraternity shall become void;” that the certificate itself contained this clause: “If the holder of this certificate shall die by her own hand, whether sane or insane, then the certificate ' shall be null and void;” and' “that said Anna F. Bircher came to her death by suicide at the time and place stated in plaintiff’s complaint, she their and there having caused her own death by drowning herself with suicidal intent.” A verdict having been returned in favor of the plaintiffs and judgment entered thereon, defendant appealed thereform and from the order denying its application for a new trial.
The learned circuit court charged the jury in part as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that the law does not presume that a person came to his death by suicide, but on the contrary presumes in the absence of explanation -that death resulted from natural causes or from accident. The vital question in this case is whether Anna F.- Bircher intended to commit suicide, and the presumption of law in the absence of explanation is that she did not so intend, and this presumption remains until overcome by clear and satisfactory evidence which excludes every other reason - able theory; and the plaintiff is entitled to recover, unless on a fair consideration of all the evidence, yon are satisfied that the evidence does exclude every reasonable theory except that of [327]*327suicide.” To these portions of the charge defendant excepted on the ground that it was for the jury to- decide whether deceased committed suicide or not, solely on the evidence without regard to presumptions of her' intent; the undisputed evidence showing she was insane, and there being undisputed evidence as to the manner of her -death. That deceased was drowned is established by the pleadings; that -the certificate -and application- contained the clauses alleged in the answer is conceded; hence, the only disputed issue of fact arose from the affirmative allegation 'of the answer that deceased “caused her own death by drowning herself with -suicidal intent.” If the question as to whether deceased intended to commit suicide was not vital, there was a vital error made by the person who framed defendant’s answer. That deceased was in-sane is conceded, respondents contending -that she “came to her death, not by suicide, but by accident, while fleeing from an imaginary danger, under the insane delusion that -some one was seeking her life, in an effort to preserve it, and not with intent to destroy it.”
The circumstances attending the drowning are thus described by Tena Johnson, called on behalf of the defendant, the only witness who saw the deceased enter the water: “I saw -her coming from the -direction- of Rollin' Johnson’s house and towards our house; she came to -the -place where the wall of the bank is quite steep. At that place the bank is curving around to make the curve, and the steepest point is a little off the line of the path, and she looked back just as she was turning. She turned her head over her shoulder and kept coming. She -did not stop, and when she got. to the bank she went down very fast, her body leaned forward and her .hands out in front of her. She had a medium long skirt on. I could not see her feet. She went down the bank very fast, and pitched forward face down in the water. The bank goes down straight. I saw the place where she was taken out; it is very near the place where she went down. I could not tell whether she ran -do-wn the bank and threw -herself in, or whether she was trying to save herself from'' falling when she went -down there. When she went down [328]*328forward info the water she splashed with her hands and feet; her face was down. I did not notice whether her face was under water; the water splashed so high I could not see her face. It scared me, and I ran on top of the house to- see iff anybod)' was coming, and I ran down in -the house and told -the children to keep quiet, and I went on top of the house again. When I came out of the house she was hollering as though her mouth was full of water. I could not understand what she said. I went back to the house and told the children to keep quiet and went towards Johnson’s. I saw her in the water for about three minutes and she was splashing" .the water all the time, until I got half way, then she stopped. In going" to Rollin Johnson’s house I followed the creek a little ways and I turned off because I did not care to see her. When she lay in the water she turned on her back and her face was straight up' and her hands straight out, she was not conscious and was not hollering, and as I passed it seemed as if she was looking at me, her head was -turned a little. I went about twenty rods towards Rollin Johnson’s before I met him. I was not there .when the body was taken out.” This testimony was no;t disputed. So, in- a sense, there was undisputed evidence as to- the manner of the death. It was undisputed that death resulted from drowning". But this evidence, taken as true, did not necessarily establish the fact in dispute — “the- vital question” whether deceased “intended -to commit suicide.” Even defendant’s witness who s'aw deceased go into the stream was unable to- decide whether she “threw hers-elf in” or whether “she was trying to- save herself from falling.” Though deceased may have- been afflicted with the insane delusion that some one was seeking her life, and though the -evidence tending to prove that fact may have been undisputed, it did not necessarily • follow that she intentionally destroyed her own life. If insane, the nature of her insanity was a matter to- be considered by the jury in connection with -her conduct and all the circumstances preceding and attending. her death, in determining whether such death w-as- accidental or -caused by 'herself with suicidal intent. It may be true, in a purely academic .'sense, that “a presumption is not evidence;” [329]*329■that “where evidence appeal's the presumption disappears, as light destroys darknessnevertheless, it also- is true that defendant in this action was attempting to prove an affirmative defense; that ■the fac-t of death by drowning did not in itself give rise to the presumption of suicide; that if, upon a fair consideration of all the evidence, the theory of accidental death was as reasonable as the theory of suicide, it was the duty of the jury to^ adopt the former, and such, in effect, was the meaning of the charge.
The trial judge was talking to laymen not to lawyers. He was not writing a treatise on the law of evidence. An attempt ■on his part to define the distinction between a presumption of law and an inference of fact probably would liave confused rather than have assisted an ordinary jury in properly deciding the simple issue involved in this action. The gist of his instructions, the rule applicable to this class of cases, was plainly and correctly stated by .the trial judge when he said: “The plaintiff is entitled to recover unless on a fair consideration of all the evidence you are satisfied that the evidence does exclude every reasonable theory except that of suicide.” Lindahl v. Supreme Court, I. O. F., 100 Minn. 87, 110 N. W. 358, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 916; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Wiswell, 56 Kan. 765, 44 Pac. 996, 35 L. R. A. 258; Boyton v. Equitable Life Assurance Co., 105 La. 202, 29 South. 490, 52 L. R. A. 687. “If the known facts are consistent with a cause of death which does not' involve self-destruction, that cause must be accepted. After all the hypotheses which are consistent with an innocent or accidental death are eliminated, the conclusion of suicide may then be drawn. The burden i-s upon the defendant to show that the circumstances and condition’s are inconsistent with any other reasonable cause of death than that of suicide; that is, it must eliminate and disprove all other causes of death which are consistent with the evidence before the jury is justified in inferring that the deceased committed suicide.” Lindahl v. Supreme Court, I. O. F., supra.
As to the sufficiency of the evidence: In an action at law, when the facts are in dispute, or, if undisputed, are such that ■different impartial minds might fairly draw different conclusions [330]*330as to the ultimate fact in issue, such issue should be submitted -to the jury. Harrison v. Railway Co., 6 S. D. 100, 60 N. W. 405; Reid v. Kellogg, 8 S. D. 596, 67 N. W. 687; McKeever v. Homestake Mining Co., 10 S. D. 599, 74 N. W. 1053; Dischner v. Association, 14 S. D. 436, 85 N. W. 998. This rule is especially applicable to the case at bar. While numerous circumstances preceding and attending the member’s death, the condition of her health, the condition of her mind, her conduct on the evening before and on the morning of her death, the manner in which she was wandering through the fields, and the manner in which she entered the water, were established by unoontradicted evidence, the effect of such evidence, conceding it to' be true — the fair and reasonable conclusion to be drawn therefrom as to whether deceased intentionally destroyed her own life or lost it accidently while fleeing from an imaginary danger — clearly was one concerning which equally intelligent and impartial minds might honestly differ. The question was one peculiarly within the province of a trial jury. Its decision cannot be disturbed. Therefore the trial court did not err, either in denying defendant’s motion to direct a verdict, nor in denying* its application for a new trial on the ground of insufficiency of evidence to sustain the verdict.
Its judgment is affirmed.
McCOY, J., taking no part in the decision.