Pitney, V. C.
Three questions were argued. First. Has this court jurisdiction of the cause of action set forth in the bill ?. Second. Has the district court of the United States for the district of New Jersey jurisdiction of the cause of action? If both these questions are answered in the affirmative, then, Third. Was the filing of the petition for restraint of Smith such a commencement of a suit in the federal court to set aside the transfer as will prevent proceedings in this court ? *
As to the first question, I think it must be answered in the affirmative. There can be no doubt that the trustee in bankruptcy was vested with. the title to the whole property of every nature of the bankrupt, precisely as a receiver of this court would be if proceedings had been taken against the insolvent or the defaulting debtor under the eighty-eighth and subsequent sections of our Chancery Practice act, and with that goes the right to enforce that title in the courts of this state.
It is urged, however, that, according to the state law, the assignment in question to Smith was perfectly valid. Grant [118]*118that to be so, still it became invalid, by virtue of the provisions of the Bankrupt act (which, as I understand the law, are of universal application), whenever attacked by a party properly authorized by the act. This court will not hold a transaction— when so attacked — valid which is declared to be invalid by the laws of the United States covering such subjects as the constitution places within the province of congress. In whatever court the trustee in bankruptcy comes to enforce his claim, the law of congress must be respected; and the ease must be viewed precisely as if there had been a state law declaring void all assignments with preference made four months before application to the court for relief under the sections of the Chancery Practice act.
The next question is, Had the district court of the United States for the district of New Jersey jurisdiction of this same cause of action?
That jurisdiction is found in the second section of the Bankrupt act, in which the jurisdiction in bankruptcy is confided to the district courts of the United States, the supreme court of the District of Columbia and 'the district courts of the territories; and they are invested with such jurisdiction at law and in equity as will enable them to exercise original jurisdiction in bankruptcy proceedings, in vacation in chambers and during their respective terms; (1) to adjudge persons bankrupt; (2) to allow or disallow claims against the bankrupt’s estate; (3) to appoint receivers or the marshals, upon application of parties in interest, in case the courts shall find it absolutely necessary, for the preservation of estates, to take charge of the property of bankrupts after the filing of' the petition and until it is dismissed or the trustee is qualified (the petition upon which the plea now in question is based was filed under that clause); (4) to try and punish bankrupts, officers and other persons; (5) to permit temporary prosecution of business; (6) to bring in and substitute additional persons or parties in proceedings; (7) to cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, reduced to money and distributed, and determine controversies in relation thereto, except as herein otherwise provided; (8) to close estates; (9) to confirm or reject compositions; (10) to consider and confirm, [119]*119modify or overrule, or return, with instructions for further proceedings; (11) to determine claims of bankrupts to exemptions; (12) to discharge bankrupts; (13) to enforce obedience by bankrupts, officers and other persons to lawful orders; (14) to extradite bankrupts; (15) to make such orders, issue such process, and enter such judgments, in addition to those specifically provided for, as may be necessary for the enforcement of the provisions of this act; (16) to punish persons for contempt committed before referees; (17) to appoint trustees; (18) to tax costs, and (19) to transfer cases to other courts of bankruptcy.
The jurisdiction of the circuit courts of the United States in bankruptcy eases is found in section 23 of the Bankrupt act, as follows:
“a. The United States circuit courts shall have jurisdiction of all controversies at law or in equity, as distinguished from proceedings in bankruptcy, between trustees as such and adverse claimants concerning the property acquired or claimed by the trustees, in the same manner and to the same extent only as though bankruptcy proceedings had not been instituted, and such controversies had been between the bankrupts and such adverse claimants..
“6. Suits by the trustee shall only be brought or prosecuted in the courts where the bankrupt, whose estate is being administered by such trustee, might have brought or prosecuted them if proceedings in bankruptcy had not been instituted, unless by consent of the proposed defendant.
“c. The United States circuit court shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the courts of bankruptcy, within their respective territorial limits, of the offences enumerated in this act.”
These provisions vary materially from those found in the-Bankrupt act of 1867.
Naturally enough, it has been held that the district court may, before the adjudication of bankruptcy and before a trustee is ippointed, by summary process, take possession of, or preserve by injunction, the property of the bankrupt until the trustee is appointed. Davis v. Bohle, 92 Fed. Rep. 325; 34. C. C. App. 372, is such a case. And to the same effect is In re Gutwillig, 92 Fed. Rep. 337; 34 C. C. App. 377. But those cases do not go any further, and do not reach the present case.
The question now under cohsideration was elaborately dis[120]*120cussed in a learned opinion by Circuit Court Judge McCormick, in the fifth circuit court of appeals, in Bernheimer v. Bryan, 98 Fed. Rep. 767; 35 C. C. App. 592 (April 25th, 1899), and it was there held that the district court had no jurisdiction to proceed and try the title to chattels alleged to be the property of the bankrupt, but claimed by a third person under conveyance from the bankrupt, in a summary manner upon a petition by the creditors, such as was presented to the district court in the present case. And that ruling was followed by the same circuit court of appeals in the case of Camp v. Zellars, 94 Fed. Rep. 799; 36 C. C. App. 501 (June 1st, 1899). That case goes further than Bernheimer v. Bryan, in that there the petition was filed in the district court by the trustee after his appointment, and prayed for the' cancellation of a conveyance of land made by the bankrupt to his wife alleged to have been fraudulent as to creditors, and for the recovery of the land for the benefit of the estate; and it was held that the district court had no jurisdiction to entertain such a suit. The decision appears to have gone upon the ground that a suit by a trustee to acquire title and possession of property of the bankrupt in the hands of a third party, who claimed the same by title from the bankrupt, was a new and independent proceeding or suit by the trustee, and not a part of the bankruptcy proceedings proper, and hence the district court, sitting as a court of bankruptcy, had no jurisdiction, and the trustee must seek his remedy in either- the state or the federal court.
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Pitney, V. C.
Three questions were argued. First. Has this court jurisdiction of the cause of action set forth in the bill ?. Second. Has the district court of the United States for the district of New Jersey jurisdiction of the cause of action? If both these questions are answered in the affirmative, then, Third. Was the filing of the petition for restraint of Smith such a commencement of a suit in the federal court to set aside the transfer as will prevent proceedings in this court ? *
As to the first question, I think it must be answered in the affirmative. There can be no doubt that the trustee in bankruptcy was vested with. the title to the whole property of every nature of the bankrupt, precisely as a receiver of this court would be if proceedings had been taken against the insolvent or the defaulting debtor under the eighty-eighth and subsequent sections of our Chancery Practice act, and with that goes the right to enforce that title in the courts of this state.
It is urged, however, that, according to the state law, the assignment in question to Smith was perfectly valid. Grant [118]*118that to be so, still it became invalid, by virtue of the provisions of the Bankrupt act (which, as I understand the law, are of universal application), whenever attacked by a party properly authorized by the act. This court will not hold a transaction— when so attacked — valid which is declared to be invalid by the laws of the United States covering such subjects as the constitution places within the province of congress. In whatever court the trustee in bankruptcy comes to enforce his claim, the law of congress must be respected; and the ease must be viewed precisely as if there had been a state law declaring void all assignments with preference made four months before application to the court for relief under the sections of the Chancery Practice act.
The next question is, Had the district court of the United States for the district of New Jersey jurisdiction of this same cause of action?
That jurisdiction is found in the second section of the Bankrupt act, in which the jurisdiction in bankruptcy is confided to the district courts of the United States, the supreme court of the District of Columbia and 'the district courts of the territories; and they are invested with such jurisdiction at law and in equity as will enable them to exercise original jurisdiction in bankruptcy proceedings, in vacation in chambers and during their respective terms; (1) to adjudge persons bankrupt; (2) to allow or disallow claims against the bankrupt’s estate; (3) to appoint receivers or the marshals, upon application of parties in interest, in case the courts shall find it absolutely necessary, for the preservation of estates, to take charge of the property of bankrupts after the filing of' the petition and until it is dismissed or the trustee is qualified (the petition upon which the plea now in question is based was filed under that clause); (4) to try and punish bankrupts, officers and other persons; (5) to permit temporary prosecution of business; (6) to bring in and substitute additional persons or parties in proceedings; (7) to cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, reduced to money and distributed, and determine controversies in relation thereto, except as herein otherwise provided; (8) to close estates; (9) to confirm or reject compositions; (10) to consider and confirm, [119]*119modify or overrule, or return, with instructions for further proceedings; (11) to determine claims of bankrupts to exemptions; (12) to discharge bankrupts; (13) to enforce obedience by bankrupts, officers and other persons to lawful orders; (14) to extradite bankrupts; (15) to make such orders, issue such process, and enter such judgments, in addition to those specifically provided for, as may be necessary for the enforcement of the provisions of this act; (16) to punish persons for contempt committed before referees; (17) to appoint trustees; (18) to tax costs, and (19) to transfer cases to other courts of bankruptcy.
The jurisdiction of the circuit courts of the United States in bankruptcy eases is found in section 23 of the Bankrupt act, as follows:
“a. The United States circuit courts shall have jurisdiction of all controversies at law or in equity, as distinguished from proceedings in bankruptcy, between trustees as such and adverse claimants concerning the property acquired or claimed by the trustees, in the same manner and to the same extent only as though bankruptcy proceedings had not been instituted, and such controversies had been between the bankrupts and such adverse claimants..
“6. Suits by the trustee shall only be brought or prosecuted in the courts where the bankrupt, whose estate is being administered by such trustee, might have brought or prosecuted them if proceedings in bankruptcy had not been instituted, unless by consent of the proposed defendant.
“c. The United States circuit court shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the courts of bankruptcy, within their respective territorial limits, of the offences enumerated in this act.”
These provisions vary materially from those found in the-Bankrupt act of 1867.
Naturally enough, it has been held that the district court may, before the adjudication of bankruptcy and before a trustee is ippointed, by summary process, take possession of, or preserve by injunction, the property of the bankrupt until the trustee is appointed. Davis v. Bohle, 92 Fed. Rep. 325; 34. C. C. App. 372, is such a case. And to the same effect is In re Gutwillig, 92 Fed. Rep. 337; 34 C. C. App. 377. But those cases do not go any further, and do not reach the present case.
The question now under cohsideration was elaborately dis[120]*120cussed in a learned opinion by Circuit Court Judge McCormick, in the fifth circuit court of appeals, in Bernheimer v. Bryan, 98 Fed. Rep. 767; 35 C. C. App. 592 (April 25th, 1899), and it was there held that the district court had no jurisdiction to proceed and try the title to chattels alleged to be the property of the bankrupt, but claimed by a third person under conveyance from the bankrupt, in a summary manner upon a petition by the creditors, such as was presented to the district court in the present case. And that ruling was followed by the same circuit court of appeals in the case of Camp v. Zellars, 94 Fed. Rep. 799; 36 C. C. App. 501 (June 1st, 1899). That case goes further than Bernheimer v. Bryan, in that there the petition was filed in the district court by the trustee after his appointment, and prayed for the' cancellation of a conveyance of land made by the bankrupt to his wife alleged to have been fraudulent as to creditors, and for the recovery of the land for the benefit of the estate; and it was held that the district court had no jurisdiction to entertain such a suit. The decision appears to have gone upon the ground that a suit by a trustee to acquire title and possession of property of the bankrupt in the hands of a third party, who claimed the same by title from the bankrupt, was a new and independent proceeding or suit by the trustee, and not a part of the bankruptcy proceedings proper, and hence the district court, sitting as a court of bankruptcy, had no jurisdiction, and the trustee must seek his remedy in either- the state or the federal court. It would seem that, if he sought the aid of the federal court, he must go into the circuit court of the United States under the twenty-third section of the Bankrupt act.
Subsequent to the decision of the case of Camp v. Zellars, supra, it was held by the district court of the'western district of Michigan, in the case of In re Newberry, 97 Fed. Rep. 24 (October 4th, 1899), that the district court had -jurisdiction of a case precisely like the present. The decision is directly in the teeth of that of Camp v. Zellars, which was not cited before the Michigan judge.
Later, the question received careful consideration by the district court for Utah in the case of Murray v. Beal, 97 Fed. Rep. 567 (November 13th, 1899), in which most of the previous cases, [121]*121including Camp v. Zellars, were cited. A great conflict of view of the various district courts is shown, and a result different from that in Bernheimer v. Bryan and Camp v. Zellars is arrived at, and the jurisdiction of the district court over that class of causes is sustained.
In this conflict of authority T should feel bound) if necessary for the decision of this cause, to follow that of the appellate court. But I do not find it necessary so to do.
The petition here set up in bar does not show any other action pending. It was presented by the creditors of the bankrupt to protect the property of the bankrupt until the adjudication of bankruptcy and appointment of the trustee. This object having been accomplished, the office of the petition is fulfilled, and it becomes functus officio. The petitioning creditors have no right in their capacity as creditors to further prosecute it. That right vested in the trustee. Whether the trustee might have been permitted by the district court to be substituted as petitioner therein, and to proceed with the suit, is not a matter which now concerns us. The fact is that he has not done so, but has sought relief in this court, where he is entitled to be heard.
I will advise that the plea be overruled, with costs; and that the defendants have leave to answer within twenty days or the bill be taken as confessed.