NUMBER 13-14-00040-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
BILLY RAY DAY JR., Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 66th District Court of Hill County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza and Longoria Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
A jury convicted appellant, Billy Ray Day Jr., of indecency with a child by sexual
contact, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1), (d) (West,
Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.). Because the jury also found that Day had a prior
conviction for aggravated sexual assault, a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment was
imposed. See id. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i), (c)(2)(B)(ii) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.). On appeal, Day claims by two issues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence
of his prior conviction for sexual assault under Texas Rules of Evidence 404(b) and 403,
respectively. We affirm.1
I. BACKGROUND
On April 27, 2011, Day was charged by indictment with indecency with a child by
sexual contact. See id. § 21.11(a)(1). The indictment also alleged that in 2000, Day was
convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child younger than fourteen years old. See
id. § 22.021 (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.).
Day is the stepfather of C.F.,2 the complainant in this case. Following the divorce
of C.F.’s parents, C.F.’s mother was granted custody of C.F. and her younger sister, and
the children moved to Georgia to live with their mother and Day. During the custody
dispute, C.F. alleged that her paternal grandmother, M.F., sexually abused her, an
allegation which was later found false. C.F.’s father obtained custody after authorities in
Georgia removed the girls from the mother’s home and placed them in foster care. The
two girls have since permanently resided in Wyoming with their father. The custody order
grants their mother visitation over the summer and some holidays. During the summer
of 2010, C.F., who was ten years old at the time, and her sister, visited their mother and
Day, who were then living in Alabama. However, after Day lost his job in Alabama, the
family relocated to Texas.
1 This appeal was transferred from the Tenth Court of Appeals pursuant to a docket-equalization
order issued by the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46, 2015 R.S.). 2 Although the complainant’s identity was not concealed at trial, we use only her initials here to
protect her identity.
2 At trial, C.F. testified that on or about July 15, 2010, while in Texas, Day touched
her sexually on two occasions. The family briefly stayed at Day’s sister’s residence,
where C.F. testified that she slept on the bottom bunk of a bunk bed with her mother, Day,
and two of C.F.’s half-brothers. C.F. testified that she woke up one night to discover Day’s
hands under her pants touching her vagina. She pushed his hand away twice, began
crying, and left the room to sleep in another bedroom. C.F. further testified that Day
followed her to the other bedroom to apologize to her.
The family also visited a residence belonging to Day’s brother-in-law’s mother,
“Momo.” C.F. testified that Day slapped her across the face and touched her vagina
beneath her clothes during their stay at Momo’s house. According to C.F., Day asked
C.F. to massage his broken foot and, when she stopped massaging his foot, he slapped
her. C.F. stated that, one day at Momo’s, Day was laying on the couch and called C.F.
over to lay with him, which she did. She testified that he then pulled down her pants and
underwear and touched her vagina using a “circular motion.”
C.F. did not report the incidents until she returned to Wyoming. The girls were
scheduled to visit their mother again over Christmas break. However, during a phone
conversation, C.F. expressed that she did not want to return to Texas and told her mother
that Day had slapped her. Her mother denied that the slap ever occurred. After ending
the phone call, C.F. told M.F. that Day had touched her “private parts” during their summer
visit. C.F. repeated her outcry statement to a school counselor who contacted police in
Hill County, Texas, where the alleged incident occurred. Following an investigation by
law enforcement in both Hill County and Laramie, Wyoming, appellant was indicted for
indecency with a child by sexual contact.
3 Prior to trial, defense counsel filed a motion in limine requesting that the court
instruct the State not to mention any prior convictions or extraneous offenses without first
holding a hearing outside the presence of the jury. The trial court granted the motion in
limine. However, during M.F.’s testimony, the prosecutor asked: “Okay. So you—I mean,
it's been pretty clear that you don't like [Day]. Why is that? I mean, what happened in
Georgia that made you not—made you uncomfortable with the girls with [Day]?” M.F.
replied: “Because I had found out that he was a child molester.” The defense objected
to the statement, claiming that the State violated the motion in limine, and requested a
mistrial. The prosecutor apologized to the court, stating that she “was not expecting that
answer” and “[t]hat is not what I was trying to solicit.” She later explained that “what I was
trying to solicit is why she thought that the discipline was inappropriate and why the kids
were in foster care . . . .”
The court agreed that the motion in limine had been violated but denied the motion
for mistrial. Instead, the court issued a limiting instruction to the jury. 3 The court also
3 The trial court instructed the jury as follows: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you are instructed that evidence that the defendant has been or may have been involved with other offenses, wrongs, or acts other than the act for which he is on trial has come into this case. You are instructed that the— that evidence concerning other crimes, wrongs, or acts in this case may be considered only if you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed such other crimes, wrongs, or acts, and even then you may consider such evidence in determining its bearing on relevant matters only, including the state of mind of the defendant and the child and the previous and subsequent relationship between the defendant and the child. You’re not to consider the evidence for any other purpose. You’re also instructed that you cannot consider such evidence for any purpose unless you first find from the evidence presented beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did commit those other offenses, wrongs, or acts, if any. Therefore, if the State has not proven the defendant's guilt as to the other offenses, wrongs, or acts, if any, beyond a reasonable doubt or if you have a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt of any other offenses, wrongs, or acts, if any, you shall not consider such evidence for any purpose. Further, even if you find that the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant’s guilt as to other offenses, wrongs, or acts, if any, you may only consider such
4 extensively discussed, outside the presence of the jury, whether evidence of Day’s prior
conviction was admissible under Texas Rules of Evidence 404(b) and 403. As to Rule
404(b), the court noted that “the State’s position is that it’s offering this evidence to rebut
appellant’s defensive theory” and that the evidence “also goes to showing a motive for
the child not wanting to come to Texas apart from a family parental dispute in the state of
Georgia.” As to Rule 403, the court remarked that “the jury should be able to evaluate
the probative force of the evidence without the Court trying to shield or hide information
from the jury in this particular matter.”
After its discussion regarding Rules 404(b) and 403, the court instructed the
prosecutor that “if there’s any further oral testimony about that at the guilt or innocence
phase, I will grant a mistrial.” Nevertheless, the State later called a fingerprint expert to
testify that Day had, in 2000, been previously convicted of aggravated sexual assault of
a child under fourteen years of age. The judgment of conviction, along with the fingerprint
expert’s testimony, were admitted into evidence over defense counsel’s objection. During
closing argument, the prosecutor stated in part:
What other things tell you that what [C.F.] is saying is true? We know she’s not making this up, that she is not fabricating this, because [Day] has done this before, right? That conviction from 2000. And how can you use that? How can you use that? You can use it and look at it and say, You know what, this has happened before; he was convicted of it. And so you know that it’s true. . . . So that makes it less likely that [C.F.] in this case is making it up, right?
The trial court overruled defense counsel’s objection to this argument.
evidence as evidence of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, or knowledge in relation to the offense for which the defendant is on trial here in this case, and you may not consider those other wrongs or acts, if any, for any other purpose.
5 The jury convicted Day as charged. In considering punishment, the jury found that
Day had been previously convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child under fourteen
years of age. Day was therefore sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment.
See id. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i), (c)(2)(B)(ii). This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
By his two issues, Day contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
admitting evidence of his prior conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child under
fourteen years of age. Day contends by his first issue that the evidence was inadmissible
under Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) and by his second issue that the evidence was
inadmissible under Texas Rule of Evidence 403.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence using an abuse of
discretion standard. Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We
will not disturb the trial court’s decision as long as the ruling was within the “zone of
reasonable disagreement.” Id.
B. Rule 404(b)
Rule 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not
admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion
the person acted in accordance with the character.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1); Martin v.
State, 173 S.W.3d 463, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). However, such evidence may be
admissible for other purposes, including proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(2).
Extraneous-offense evidence may also be admissible when a defendant raises a
6 defensive issue that negates one of the elements of the offense. Martin, 173 S.W.3d at
466. Such evidence may be introduced if it “logically serves to make more or less
probable an elemental fact, an evidentiary fact that inferentially leads to an elemental fact,
or defensive evidence that undermines an elemental fact.” Id. Whether the extraneous
offense evidence has any relevance aside from character conformity, as required by Rule
404(b), is a question for the trial court. Id.
Day argues that the evidence at issue was not properly admitted to rebut a
defensive theory because the State “opened the door” to the evidence it sought to
introduce and the defense never presented an original, rebuttable defensive theory.
Further, Day contends that the extraneous offense is not sufficiently similar to the charged
offense and is too remote. Lastly, he claims that the court improperly admitted the
evidence to show C.F.’s motive.
Extraneous-offense evidence may be admissible when it is introduced to rebut a
defensive theory of fabrication. Bass v. State, 270 S.W.3d 557, 563 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). Once the defense opens the door, through either its opening statement or cross-
examination, the State can offer extraneous offense evidence to rebut the defensive
theory. Id. at 564; Powell v. State, 63 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). However,
the State may not elicit the defensive theory it wishes to rebut. See Wheeler v. State, 67
S.W.3d 879, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Here, the State contends, as it did at trial, that Day raised a fabrication defense
during his opening statement and when cross-examining C.F., thus opening the door to
the extraneous offense evidence. However, according to Day, the defense only touched
on issues that the State had previously addressed during the State’s opening statement.
7 The State concedes that it raised the prior allegations made by C.F. against M.F.; thus,
rebuttal evidence would not be permissible on this issue. However, with regard to the
custody dispute, the State neither implicitly nor expressly indicated that the custody battle
was bitter, hotly contested, or still ongoing. The State also did not raise an issue of
visitation disagreements. Instead, defense counsel introduced those issues during his
opening statement when he stated:
This case is about a very bitter divorce and child custody matter that resulted in the parents of [C.F.] . . . putting her in a situation where she was being pulled in both directions. . . .
And I think the evidence is very clear that in this situation, just like the first allegation she made in 2006 against [M.F.], that neither one of them are true. It was just a result of her being pulled between parents. . . .
[S]he told a lie one time. It didn’t—nothing happened in it. She told another lie, and this time, that’s why we’re in this courtroom.
By asserting that C.F. “told another lie” as “a result of her being pulled between parents,”
counsel raised a defensive theory of fabrication. Whether the extraneous offense
evidence made the fabrication theory more or less probable is at least subject to
reasonable disagreement because the evidence shows that the prior offense involved
Day sexually contacting another girl while other people were present, as he is accused of
doing in this case. See Powell, 63 S.W.3d at 438. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in ruling that the evidence was admissible to rebut the fabrication defense.
See Bass, 270 S.W.3d at 562–63 (agreeing with the State’s argument that “if the State
can show that a defendant has committed similar sexual assaults against unrelated and
unconnected children, an affirmative defense allegation that the victim [of the charged
offense] fabricated her claims is less likely to be true”).
8 Day contends that even if the defense raised a fabrication theory during trial, the
evidence was nonetheless inadmissible because it is not sufficiently similar to the offense
in this case. He argues that the only similarity between the two cases is the offense
charged. “Although some similarity is required, the requisite degree of similarity is not as
exacting as necessary when extraneous-offense evidence is offered to prove identity by
showing the defendant's ‘system’ or modus operandi.” Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 315,
318 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, pet. ref'd). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
deciding the offenses were similar enough when both victims were prepubescent females,
the appellant sexually contacted the victims’ vaginas, and the contact occurred in the
presence of other family members.
Because we find that the evidence was admissible under Rule 404(b) to rebut
Day’s defensive theory, we need not address whether the evidence was also admissible,
as the trial court held, to show a “motive for the child not wanting to come to Texas apart
from a family parental dispute in the state of Georgia.” We hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in ruling that the evidence did not violate Rule 404(b). Day’s first
issue is overruled.
C. Rule 403
By his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion
admitting the extraneous-offense evidence because its prejudicial effect substantially
outweighed its probative value. According to Texas Rule of Evidence 403, relevant
evidence may be excluded if unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value.
TEX. R. EVID. 403; Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
There is a presumption under Rule 403 that the evidence’s probative value outweighs
9 any prejudicial effect, and thus the rule only excludes evidence when there is an obvious
disparity between the probative value and prejudicial effect. Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 319
(citing Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 568–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)).
Under Rule 403, the trial court must balance the probative value of the offered
evidence against the prejudice or harm that may result from its admission. See
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). We
balance a number of factors to determine if the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
the extraneous-offense evidence, including: (1) whether the evidence makes a fact of
consequence more or less probable or its inherent probative force, (2) the proponent’s
need for the evidence, (3) the tendency of the evidence to suggest a decision on an
improper basis, (4) the tendency of the evidence to confuse or mislead the jury, (5) the
tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by the jury, and (6) the probability that
the evidence will be too time-consuming or repetitive. Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 319;
Wheeler, 67 S.W.3d at 888.
When analyzing the first factor, we evaluate the prior offense’s remoteness and
similarity to the charged offense to determine whether the evidence makes a fact of
consequence more or less probable. Id. at 318. Day’s primary contention is that the
prejudicial effect of the extraneous offense evidence substantially outweighs the probative
value because the extraneous offense is too remote from and dissimilar to the charged
offense.
While the remoteness of the extraneous offense evidence does impact the
probative value, there is no set time limitation that must be met for the evidence to have
probative value. Id. (finding extraneous offense evidence probative and admissible under
10 Rule 403 when the prior offense occurred twenty-five years before the charged offense);
see also Gaytan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 218, 228 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet ref’d)
(finding evidence of extraneous offense to be admissible under Rule 403 when the prior
offenses occurred more than twenty years before the charged offense). Here, appellant
was convicted of the prior offense in 2000 and the current charged offense occurred in
2010, a period of ten years. While this does impact the probative value of appellant’s
extraneous offense evidence, remoteness alone is insufficient to exclude evidence of an
extraneous offense. See Gaytan, 331 S.W.3d at 226–27.
As previously discussed, the evidence has probative value because it tends to
rebut the defensive theory of fabrication. See Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 320. The trial court
could have reasonably found that the ten years between the two offenses did not render
the prior offense so remote as to outweigh the evidence’s probative value.
As to the second factor, the State’s need for the extraneous offense evidence, the
State had neither physical evidence nor any eyewitnesses other than C.F., and C.F. did
not make the outcry until she returned to Wyoming. The State demonstrated the need
for the evidence to rebut appellant’s defensive theory that C.F. fabricated the allegations
because she disliked him and wanted to remain in Wyoming with her friends and paternal
family. See id. Because the State lacked any alternative evidence to corroborate C.F.’s
outcry and direct testimony, the trial court could have reasonably concluded the State’s
need for the extraneous offense evidence was substantial. See id. (finding the State’s
lack of physical evidence or eyewitnesses weighed in favor of admissibility).
Day also asserts that the introduction of the prior conviction misled the jury and
caused jurors to reach a decision on an improper basis. Sexually based crimes against
11 children carry an inherent prejudicial effect and tend to suggest a verdict on an improper
basis. See Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 397 (“Both sexually related misconduct and
misconduct involving children are inherently inflammatory.”). While the trial court’s
limiting instruction to the jury and a similar instruction in the jury charge reduced the
danger of unfair prejudice, this factor weighs against admitting the evidence. See
Newton, 301 S.W.3d at 320.
Lastly, the introduction of the evidence consisted of a fingerprint expert’s testimony
and was not repetitive. The testimony was relatively brief and only occupied
approximately ten pages of the eight-volume trial transcript. See Lane v. State, 933
S.W.2d 504, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (holding that the time to develop evidence was
not excessive when testimony was less than one-fifth of the trial testimony). We hold
that, because the extraneous offense evidence was not too time-consuming or repetitive,
this factor weighs in favor of admission.
Under Rule 403, evidence is only to be excluded when there is a clear disparity
between the degree of prejudice of the offered evidence and its probative value. Hammer,
296 S.W.3d at 568. We cannot say there is clearly a disparity between the danger of
prejudicial effect and probative value. The trial court could have reasonably concluded
that Day’s prior conviction should be admitted under Rule 403. After balancing these
factors, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the
prior offense evidence was more probative than prejudicial. We overrule appellant’s
second issue.
12 III. CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA, Justice
Do Not Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 23rd day of July, 2015.