McKinstry, J.
The court below sustained the defendant’s demurrer to the complaint. The defendant by his demurrer, among others, took the objection that the cause of action alleged in the complaint was barred by the Statute of Limitations, and the objection that the complaint did not contain a statement of a cause of action.
The complaint contains the allegation: “So late as the 28th day of June, 1880, .... the defendant, Bartolo Brizzolara, by an instrument in writing signed by him, acknowledged said mortgage indebtedness, and that the same was a lien on said mortgaged property.”
To establish a new contract, made after the statute has run, there must be a promise to pay, or an acknowledgment from which a promise is necessarily implied. (Biddel v. Brizzolara, 56 Cal. 374.) It is very certain that an actual promise can only be made to the creditor, and it follows that the acknowledgment from which the promise is to be inferred must be made to the creditor. An admission to a stranger of the existence of the debt cannot be construed an acknowledgment to the creditor such as indicates an intention on the part of the person making the admission to hold himself bound to pay, nor is it expressive of his willingness to pay. “An unqualified acknowledgment to a stranger will not take a case out of the statute or constitute a good cause of action.” (Trousdale’s Admr. v. An[356]*356derson, 9 Bush, 276; see Kyle v. Wells, 17 Pa. St. 286; Taylor v. Idendrie, 8 Nev. 243.)
Treating the complaint as a bill for the foreclosure of the mortgage the action was barred by the Code limitation of time within which such an action may be commenced.
In the contract of sale of the mortgaged premises from Bartolo Brizzolara to Roberts, the consideration of the sale is thus stated: “That the consideration of said sale is as follows: Eleven thousand dollars in gold coin, to be paid as follows: The party of the second part assumes a mortgage on said property held by Phillip Biddel, principal and interest amounting to $6,090, and assumes to pay the county and State taxes on said property for the current year, amounting to $136, and this day pays to the party of the first part the sum of $1,000 in cash, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged by the party of the first part, and the balance of such purchase money, $3,774.50, is secured to be paid by a promissory note of this date, payable on the 5th day of November, 1878.”
The complaint alleges that Roberts, prior to the commencement of this action, reconveyed the mortgaged property to Bartolo Brizzolara, the mortgagor.
It is urged by appellant that although the Statute of Limitations may have run against the mortgage debt, the plaintiff is entitled to a decree for the sale of the mortgaged premises, and to a personal judgment for any balance of the mortgage debt unsatisfied by application of the proceeds of the sale, against Bartolo Brizzolara, as successor in interest of Roberts; and that, as the promise of Roberts was made within four years before the commencement of this action, the plea of' the statute is not well taken against the action as an action on such promise.
There is no averment in the complaint that Bartolo, by reason of any language in the reconveyance from Roberts, or otherwise, ever promised the latter to pay the mortgage.
It was held in New York, the liability to the mortgagee of the grantee of the mortgagor, who assumes and agrees to pay the mortgage, arises out of the broad doctrine that when one makes a promise to the benefit of a third person, the latter may maintain an action upon it. (Burr v. Beers, 24 N. Y. 178.) But the case last cited was an action at law, and Denio, J., says [357]*357there was abundant authority to the point that the right to a personal judgment for a deficiency against the grantee of the mortgagor was not based in the previous chancery decisions in New York upon the notion of a direct contract between the grantee of the equity of redemption and the holder of the mortgage, but upon the principle that the undertaking of the grantee to pay off the encumbrance is a collateral security acquired by the mortgagor, which inures by an equitable subrogation to the benefit of the mortgagee. He proceeds to say that the common-law judgment in the case then before the court obviously" could not be sustained by reference to the doctrine of courts of equity. He adds, if the judgment could be sustained at all it must be upon the broad principle that if one person make a promise to another, for the benefit of a third person, the third person may maintain an action on the promise. He admits that upon that question, there has been a good deal of conflict of judicial opinion, and that the cases supposed to create a direct obligation from the purchaser of the equity of redemption to the mortgagee— “are doubtless subject to some of the criticisms which have since been applied to them. Some of the opinions were pure obiter dicta, and in .others the case, though presenting the point, was decided on other grounds.” . “ Finally the question
came squarely before this court in Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N. Y. 268, and we there held, with hesitation on the part of a portion of the judges who concurred, while others dissented, that the action would lie. We must therefore regard the point as definitely settled, so far as the courts of this State arc concerned.” In view of the very able and exhaustive examination of the cases by Mr. Justice Comstock, in his dissenting opinion in Lawrence v. Fox, we can give but little persuasive effect to the judgments in that case and in Burr v. Beers.
The doctrine of Burr v. Beers—which has not been generally approved—can have no place in courts of equity, where the right of the mortgagee to take a decree against the grantee personally, for a balance unsatisfied by the sale of the premises mortgaged has been placed upon different ground. The case at bar is not an action at law; the framework of the complaint is that of an equitable pleading, and the prayer is for a sale of the premises, and for a personal judgment for deficiency against the [358]*358defendants Bartolo Brizzolara and Austin Roberts, etc. Indeed, under our Code an independent action at law cannot be maintained for a debt, whatever its form, secured by mortgage. (Code Civ. Proc. § 720.)
It has distinctly been decided by the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts, that no action at law by the mortgagee lies on a promise made to the vendor, by the purchaser of an equity of redemption, to assume a mortgage on the premises, and to pay the mortgage note. (Mellen v. Whipple, 1 Gray, 317, 324.)
The court in that case say that certain expressions used by Lord Holt, in Yard v. Eland, 1 Raym. Ld. 388), and by Buller, J., in Marchington v. Vernon, 1 Bos. & P. 101, note), to the effect that—“ on a promise, not under seal, made by A. for a good consideration to B., to pay Bfs debt to C., C. may sue A.” —had been transferred into various text books, as if it Avere a general rule of laAV. But Mr.
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McKinstry, J.
The court below sustained the defendant’s demurrer to the complaint. The defendant by his demurrer, among others, took the objection that the cause of action alleged in the complaint was barred by the Statute of Limitations, and the objection that the complaint did not contain a statement of a cause of action.
The complaint contains the allegation: “So late as the 28th day of June, 1880, .... the defendant, Bartolo Brizzolara, by an instrument in writing signed by him, acknowledged said mortgage indebtedness, and that the same was a lien on said mortgaged property.”
To establish a new contract, made after the statute has run, there must be a promise to pay, or an acknowledgment from which a promise is necessarily implied. (Biddel v. Brizzolara, 56 Cal. 374.) It is very certain that an actual promise can only be made to the creditor, and it follows that the acknowledgment from which the promise is to be inferred must be made to the creditor. An admission to a stranger of the existence of the debt cannot be construed an acknowledgment to the creditor such as indicates an intention on the part of the person making the admission to hold himself bound to pay, nor is it expressive of his willingness to pay. “An unqualified acknowledgment to a stranger will not take a case out of the statute or constitute a good cause of action.” (Trousdale’s Admr. v. An[356]*356derson, 9 Bush, 276; see Kyle v. Wells, 17 Pa. St. 286; Taylor v. Idendrie, 8 Nev. 243.)
Treating the complaint as a bill for the foreclosure of the mortgage the action was barred by the Code limitation of time within which such an action may be commenced.
In the contract of sale of the mortgaged premises from Bartolo Brizzolara to Roberts, the consideration of the sale is thus stated: “That the consideration of said sale is as follows: Eleven thousand dollars in gold coin, to be paid as follows: The party of the second part assumes a mortgage on said property held by Phillip Biddel, principal and interest amounting to $6,090, and assumes to pay the county and State taxes on said property for the current year, amounting to $136, and this day pays to the party of the first part the sum of $1,000 in cash, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged by the party of the first part, and the balance of such purchase money, $3,774.50, is secured to be paid by a promissory note of this date, payable on the 5th day of November, 1878.”
The complaint alleges that Roberts, prior to the commencement of this action, reconveyed the mortgaged property to Bartolo Brizzolara, the mortgagor.
It is urged by appellant that although the Statute of Limitations may have run against the mortgage debt, the plaintiff is entitled to a decree for the sale of the mortgaged premises, and to a personal judgment for any balance of the mortgage debt unsatisfied by application of the proceeds of the sale, against Bartolo Brizzolara, as successor in interest of Roberts; and that, as the promise of Roberts was made within four years before the commencement of this action, the plea of' the statute is not well taken against the action as an action on such promise.
There is no averment in the complaint that Bartolo, by reason of any language in the reconveyance from Roberts, or otherwise, ever promised the latter to pay the mortgage.
It was held in New York, the liability to the mortgagee of the grantee of the mortgagor, who assumes and agrees to pay the mortgage, arises out of the broad doctrine that when one makes a promise to the benefit of a third person, the latter may maintain an action upon it. (Burr v. Beers, 24 N. Y. 178.) But the case last cited was an action at law, and Denio, J., says [357]*357there was abundant authority to the point that the right to a personal judgment for a deficiency against the grantee of the mortgagor was not based in the previous chancery decisions in New York upon the notion of a direct contract between the grantee of the equity of redemption and the holder of the mortgage, but upon the principle that the undertaking of the grantee to pay off the encumbrance is a collateral security acquired by the mortgagor, which inures by an equitable subrogation to the benefit of the mortgagee. He proceeds to say that the common-law judgment in the case then before the court obviously" could not be sustained by reference to the doctrine of courts of equity. He adds, if the judgment could be sustained at all it must be upon the broad principle that if one person make a promise to another, for the benefit of a third person, the third person may maintain an action on the promise. He admits that upon that question, there has been a good deal of conflict of judicial opinion, and that the cases supposed to create a direct obligation from the purchaser of the equity of redemption to the mortgagee— “are doubtless subject to some of the criticisms which have since been applied to them. Some of the opinions were pure obiter dicta, and in .others the case, though presenting the point, was decided on other grounds.” . “ Finally the question
came squarely before this court in Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N. Y. 268, and we there held, with hesitation on the part of a portion of the judges who concurred, while others dissented, that the action would lie. We must therefore regard the point as definitely settled, so far as the courts of this State arc concerned.” In view of the very able and exhaustive examination of the cases by Mr. Justice Comstock, in his dissenting opinion in Lawrence v. Fox, we can give but little persuasive effect to the judgments in that case and in Burr v. Beers.
The doctrine of Burr v. Beers—which has not been generally approved—can have no place in courts of equity, where the right of the mortgagee to take a decree against the grantee personally, for a balance unsatisfied by the sale of the premises mortgaged has been placed upon different ground. The case at bar is not an action at law; the framework of the complaint is that of an equitable pleading, and the prayer is for a sale of the premises, and for a personal judgment for deficiency against the [358]*358defendants Bartolo Brizzolara and Austin Roberts, etc. Indeed, under our Code an independent action at law cannot be maintained for a debt, whatever its form, secured by mortgage. (Code Civ. Proc. § 720.)
It has distinctly been decided by the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts, that no action at law by the mortgagee lies on a promise made to the vendor, by the purchaser of an equity of redemption, to assume a mortgage on the premises, and to pay the mortgage note. (Mellen v. Whipple, 1 Gray, 317, 324.)
The court in that case say that certain expressions used by Lord Holt, in Yard v. Eland, 1 Raym. Ld. 388), and by Buller, J., in Marchington v. Vernon, 1 Bos. & P. 101, note), to the effect that—“ on a promise, not under seal, made by A. for a good consideration to B., to pay Bfs debt to C., C. may sue A.” —had been transferred into various text books, as if it Avere a general rule of laAV. But Mr. Justice Metcalf remarked, that the maxim required great modification; because it expresses rather an exception to a general rule, than the rule itself; and adds that, by recent decisions of the English courts, the operation of the rule or maxim is restricted Avithin their narrower limits, and the general rule to Avhich it is an exception is uoav more strictly enforced. “Thatgeneral rule is, and always has been, that a •plaintiff in an action on a simple contract must be the person from Avhom the consideration of the contract actually mo\Ted, and that a stranger to the consideration cannot sue on the contract. The rule is sometimes thus expressed: There must be a privity of contract between the plaintiff and defendant, in order to render the defendant liable to an action, by the plaintiff, on the contract.” (Citing cases.)
The learned judge then proceeds to classify the exceptions to the general rule, and the court are quite certain that the promise to the mortgager by the purchaser of the equity of redemption, to pay off a mortgage, does not constitute an exception.
The classification of the Massachusetts court may not be exhaustive, but if there be other exceptions they must be such as stand upon a like footing of reason and justice Avith those enumerated. For convenience the classes of exceptions may be summarized: First, those in which the action for money had and received may be maintained, where a debtor has put money [359]*359or property as a fund into the hands of one who has promised to pay the debt of him from whom he has received the fund. (But see Weston v. Barker, 12 John. 282.) Second, where promises have been made to a father or uncle for the benefit of a child or nepheiv.
The Supreme Court of Massachusetts were very confident that the case, Mellen v. Whipple, did not come within any recognized exception. The defendant there—the purchaser of the equity of redemption—had no money which in equity and good conscience belonged to the plaintiff, the mortgagee; no funds of the mortgagor, property, money, or credit, had been put into the defendant’s hands for the purpose of meeting the plaintiff’s claim on the mortgagor. The sale of the equity of redemption did not lessen the plaintiff’s security for the mortgage debt. (A different reason is given by the Massachusetts court, but it is equally true in the case at bar that the sale of the mortgaged premises did not lessen the plaintiff’s security. Except for the limitation pleaded, he retained a light to a decree for a sale of the mortgaged premises, and to judgment over for any deficiency.) There ivas (and is here) no nearness of kin between the parties. It was held in Muller v. Whipple that the mortgagee could not maintain an action at law against the purchaser, because there was nothing in the nature of the transaction to take it out of the general rule in the opinion recited.
The doctrine of courts of equity with reference to the liability of the grantee of the mortgagor is very clearly set forth in the cases cited by Mr. Jones in his work on mortgages. (§§ 740, 770, and especially in Crowell v. Hospital, 27 N. J. Eq. 650.)
In the case last referred to it was said that a stipulation in a deed of conveyance inter partes that the grantee shall assume and pay a prior mortgage on the premises is a contract with the grantor simply for his indemnity, and will not be regarded in law or equity as a contract Avitli the mortgagee or for his benefit. And in Halsey v. Reed, 9 Paige, 446, where the purchaser assumed the bond and mortgage, and there Aras a recital in the conveyance, “ the amount thereof (of the mortgage debt) constitutes a part of the consideration of this conveyance and has been deducted therefrom,” Chancellor Kent held that this agreement Aras not intended as an absolute and unconditional promise to pay the [360]*360principal and interest to the mortgagor, but an agreement to indemnify the mortgagor against the payment of the mortgage debt
■ In Crowell v. Hospital it Avas adjudged that the right of the mortgagee to a personal decree for a deficiency against -a subsequent purchaser, Avhose deed contained such a stipulation, does not result from any fixed or vested right in the mortgagee, arising either from the acceptance of the conveyance of the mortgaged premises by the grantee, or from his obligation to pay the mortgage debt as betAveen himself and his grantor; but it rests merely on the doctrine of courts of equity, that a creditor may have the benefit of all collateral obligations for the payment of a debt Avhich a person standing in the position of surety holds for his indemnity, and in such case the mortgagee may proceed directly against the purchaser, avIio is ultimately liable, to avoid circuity of action.
In the same case it was held that if the liability of the subsequent purchaser to his grantor to indemnify him against the mortgage debt be extinguished, as between themselves, by a reconveyance before bill for foreclosure filed, the contract of indemnity being thereby put an end to by the act of those avIio Avere parties to it, the mortgagee will not be entitled to a decree for a deficiency against such a purchaser, founded on such a stipulation in his deed.
Roberts, the purchaser in the case at bar, is not a party to this appeal. As we have seen, the attempt here is to obtain a decree for the sale of the mortgaged premises, although the Statute of Limitations has barred an action on the mortgage debt, and a personal judgment against the mortgagor; not only as mortgagor, but in his capacity of grantee from Roberts, although the deed from Roberts accepted by Bartolo, the mortgagor, contains no language Avhich can be construed a reassumption of the mortgage debt by the latter, or a promise on his part to indemnify Roberts.
It is certain that if plaintiff was not entitled to a personal judgment for deficiency against Roberts, he is not entitled to such judgment against Bartolo Brizzolara. If the complaint had been filed for a foreclosure before the running of the statute,'plaintiff would have been entitled to a personal judgment [361]*361for deficiency against Bartolo as mortgagor, but to no sir/ judgment against Roberts if the reconveyance had lieen mac, before the filing of the complaint, and to none such against Bartolo in his distinct character as grantee of Roberts.
The general rule of chancery is that as to strangers to the contract, the parties may at their pleasure abandon it, and mutually release each other from its performance. (2 Spence’s Eq. Juris. 280.) And the case at bar does not come within any established exception to the general rule. The case cannot be brought within the class in which trusts have been enforced by beneficiaries who have not previously agreed to the creation of the trust.
. The mortgagee being the representative, and standing in the place of the mortgagor, to enforce the rights of the latter against the purchaser, and having no greater or other equity in himself, is entitled only to such remedy as the mortgagor himself had when the bill was filed., “ In other words, being a stranger to the contract of the purchaser with the mortgagor, and to the consideration whereon it was founded, it will be competent for those who were parties to it to rescind and extinguish it at their pleasure; and after such rescission and extinguishment, the contract becomes utterly incapable of enforcement.” (Crowell v. Hospital,, supra.) The mortgagee can only be entitled to be subrogated to an existing remedy of his debtor, the mortgagor, upon a legal existing stipulation. But the contract between Bartolo Brizzolara and Roberts was at an end when the complaint herein was filed.
Even where the rule has been established that the purchaser is bound by his promise as a promise made for the benefit of the mortgagee, it is still necessary that the grantor should be personally liable upon the mortgage in order to render the grantee liable upon his covenant- to the holder of the mortgage assumed. In King v. Whitely, 10 Paige, 465, the grantor of an equity of redemption in mortgaged premises, neither legally nor equitably interested in the payment of the bond and mortgage, except so far as the same were a charge upon his lands, conveyed the lands subject to the mortgage, and the conveyance recited that the grantees therein assumed the mortgage, and were to pay off the same as part of the consideration. It ivas [362]*362Id that, as the grantor in that conveyance Avas not personally hie to the holder of the mortgage, the grantees were not liable o the holder of the mortgage to pay the same. So late as the year 1877, King v. Whitley Avas approved and its principle affirmed. (Vrooman v. Turner, 69 N. Y. 280.) In the case last cited the previous New York cases, including Burry. Beers, are carefully considered and distinguished.
Under the section of the Code of Civil Procedure (726), “ there can be but one action ” for the recovery of any debt secured by mortgage, in Avhich the.court must by its judgment direct the sale of the encumbered property, and the application of the proceeds to the debt and costs; and if it appear by the sheriff’§ return that the proceeds are insufficient, judgment can be docketed against the mortgagor, etc. Thus, Avhatever the form of the debt, the mortgagor can be legally compelled to pay no part of it, until decree is entered for the sale of the premises mortgaged, and the liability Avhich shall then accrue to him is a liability to pay only a deficiency, Avhich shall appear on the sheriff’s return. The liability of the mortgagor is, therefore, contingent on the fact that a sale of the mortgaged premises shall fail to satisfy the debt and costs. It is against this contingency that the purchaser indemnifies him. True, the statute authorizes a single decree Avhich provides for a sale of the mortgaged premises and a subsequent judgment over against the mortgagor, to AArhich, upon the equitable principle of subrogation, may be added a judgment over against the purchaser (where the latter has indemnified his vendor) for any deficiency Avhich may. appear from the sheriff’s return.
But the return of the sheriff, Avhich makes absolute the personal liability that was before conditional, and liquidates and renders certain .the damages for Avhich the mortgagor is personally liable, must always folloAV and depend upon a decree for and a sale of the premises.
In the case before us the mortgagor did not pay his debt, and he never became liable to a personal judgment for deficiency, because no decree for a sale of the premises was ever entered. Had the title to the premises remained in Roberts, Bartolo Brizzolara, the mortgagor, would have had no cause of action against him, nor would the plaintiff, Avho could have claimed [363]*363only to be subrogated to Bartolo’s claim against Roberts, such as it was.
Plaintiff cannot take a decree for the sale of the lands in this action, against demurrer or plea of the Statute of Limitations. He cannot take a personal judgment for a deficiency, because the amount of the deficiency, if any, can be ascertained only after decree for the sale of the premises, a sale thereof, and the sheriff’s return of said sale.
Judgment affirmed.
Sharpstein, J., Myrick, J., Thornton, J., and Ross, J., concurred.