UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit Byron White United States Courthouse 1823 Stout Street Denver, Colorado 80294 (303) 844-3157 Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk
June 25, 1998
TO: ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE ORDER AND JUDGMENT
RE: 97-6274, Bewley v. City of Duncan 97-6321, Bewley v. City of Duncan Originally filed on June 4, 1998
The unpublished order and judgment originally filed on June 4, 1998, contains two typographical errors:
1. On page two of the slip opinion the footnote should have been identified using an asterisk “*” instead of the number one.
2. On page five of the slip opinion, in footnote number one, the first clause before the first dash should read “Plaintiff also raises two additional issues -”.
A copy of the corrected order and judgment is attached for your convenience.
Very truly yours,
Patrick Fisher, Clerk
Keith Nelson Deputy Clerk F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
JUN 4 1998 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS PATRICK FISHER FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk
BILLY V. BEWLEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-6274 (D.C. No. 95-CV-1357) CITY OF DUNCAN, a Municipal (W.D. Okla.) Corporation; DALE ANDERSON, Chief of Police, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; GLEN HARRIS, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; CHRIS RAY, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; RICHARD HODGES, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; HERBERT JENNINGS, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; ANDREW J. LAPINE, JR., an individual acting in conspiracy with those acting under color of law,
Defendants-Appellees.
Plaintiff-Appellant, No. 97-6321 (D.C. No. 95-CV-1357-T) v. (W.D. Okla.)
CITY OF DUNCAN, a Municipal Corporation; DALE ANDERSON, Chief of Police, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; GLEN HARRIS, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; CHRIS RAY, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; RICHARD HODGES, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; HERBERT JENNINGS, individually and as employee of the City of Duncan; ANDREW J. LAPINE, JR., an individual acting in conspiracy with those acting under color of law,
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO, BARRETT, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. These cases are
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
-2- In appeal No. 97-6274, plaintiff Billy Bewley, proceeding pro se, appeals
the district court’s orders granting dismissal and summary judgment to defendants
on his amended complaint alleging causes of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and
certain state law claims. In appeal No. 97-6321, plaintiff appeals the district
court’s award of costs to defendants. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, and following a thorough review of the record, we affirm.
I. Background
This case arises out of two incidents during which plaintiff contends he was
the victim of conduct by defendants in violation of his civil rights. On April 30,
1994, plaintiff’s Doberman Pinscher dog died as a result of being shot with a
tranquilizer dart by City of Duncan animal control officer, defendant Glenn
Harris. The incident started with a telephone call to 911 by plaintiff’s neighbor,
defendant Andrew J. Lapine, Jr., reporting that plaintiff’s dog was loose in the
neighborhood and menacing people attending a nearby auction. Defendants Chris
Ray and Richard Hodges, City of Duncan police officers, responded and,
according to their reports, found that plaintiff’s dog was agitated and pacing a
fence in plaintiff’s yard. The officers reported that the fence could not contain
the dog and it went back and forth into plaintiff’s yard at will. The officers then
requested that animal control be dispatched to the location.
-3- After several unsuccessful attempts on the part of the police dispatcher to
locate plaintiff, Officers Ray and Hodges, and Animal Control Officer Harris,
assisted by Officers Jerry Wilson and Bart Riley, tried, without success, to catch
the dog in a pole noose. During this time, the dog charged the officers showing
its teeth. After pursuing the animal through the neighborhood, the dog finally
returned to plaintiff’s yard. The officers then directed Harris to shoot the dog
with a tranquilizer gun. Following the shot, the dog went into the house through
a broken door. Because a dog hit with this tranquilizer must receive veterinary
attention quickly, the police officers authorized Harris to enter plaintiff’s
residence to retrieve the dog once they were sure that the shot had taken effect.
Harris, accompanied by Sgt. Hodges, then entered the back of plaintiff’s house
into a room described by Sgt. Hodges as “a dog room” littered with animal waste,
food, and trash. Harris removed the animal and transported it to a veterinarian,
where despite treatment, unfortunately, it died. The police officers cited plaintiff
for allowing an animal to run at large. He was adjudged guilty in municipal
court.
The second incident involves a traffic citation issued to plaintiff by City
of Duncan police officer, defendant Herbert Jennings, for failure to come to
a complete stop at a stop sign. Following a protest of the citation, plaintiff was
-4- acquitted in municipal court. Plaintiff appears to claim that these incidents were
in furtherance of a city wide conspiracy to harass him and his family.
II. No. 97-6274
Plaintiff brought this § 1983 civil rights action alleging that defendants’
conduct during the dog incident and the traffic incident was in violation of his
constitutional rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth,
and Fourteenth Amendments. The district court granted defendant Lapine’s
motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and granted summary
judgment to the remaining defendants.
Plaintiff identifies eleven issues on appeal. Because many of his issues are
overlapping and repetitive, we combine them as follows: (1) the district court
erred in dismissing defendant Lapine; (2) the court erred in granting summary
judgment to the City of Duncan, Police Chief Dale Anderson and Police Office
Herbert Jennings on plaintiff’s § 1983 civil rights claims; (3) the court erred in
granting summary judgment to the remaining defendants on plaintiff’s § 1983
civil rights claims; (4) the district court erred in granting summary judgment to
defendants on plaintiff’s § 1983 conspiracy claim; and (5) the district court
erredin denying plaintiff’s motion to recuse. 1
1 Plaintiff also raises two additional issues - that the district court (continued...)
-5- A. Dismissal of Mr. Lapine
Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in dismissing his claims
against Mr. Lapine under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted. We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo.
See Yoder v. Honeywell Inc., 104 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 118
S. Ct. 55 (1997). We will uphold the dismissal “when it appears that the plaintiff
can prove no set of facts in support of the claims that would entitle him to relief,
accepting the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint as true and construing
them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id. (further quotation omitted).
As a pro se litigant, we construe plaintiff’s complaint liberally. See Haines v.
Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972).
Here, the district court granted Mr. Lapine’s motion to dismiss based on its
conclusion that Mr. Lapine was not a state actor. Moreover, the court determined
that plaintiff failed to set forth specific factual allegations that state a cause of
action against Mr. Lapine as a private person conspiring with a person acting
1 (...continued) erroneously allowed defendants extended time for discovery and erroneously denied his motion for appointment of counsel - which were not argued in his brief. Because perfunctory complaints which fail to frame or develop an issue are insufficient to invoke our review, we consider the issues waived. See Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994).
-6- under color of state law for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of his constitutional
rights. We agree.
A civil rights plaintiff proceeding under § 1983 must allege and prove that
“(a) some person has deprived him of a federally protected right, and (b) the
person who has deprived him of that right acted under color of state law.”
Houston v. Reich, 932 F.2d 883, 890 (10th Cir. 1991). Unless a complaint alleges
both elements, it does not state a claim under § 1983. “In order to hold a private
individual liable under § 1983 for a constitutional violation requiring state action,
a plaintiff must show . . . that the individual’s conduct is ‘fairly attributable to the
State.’” Pino v. Higgs, 75 F.3d 1461, 1465 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Lugar v.
Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982)). Under Lugar,
[f]irst, the deprivation must be caused by the exercise of some right or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct imposed by the state or by a person for whom the State is responsible. . . . Second, the party charged with the deprivation must be a person who may fairly be said to be a state actor. This may be because he is a state official, because he had acted together with or has obtained significant aid from state officials, or because his conduct is otherwise chargeable to the State.
457 U.S. at 937.
Here, Mr. Lapine’s only involvement in the incidents in question was his
telephone call to the authorities to report that plaintiff’s dog was loose and
menacing persons in the neighborhood. Although plaintiff’s argument in his brief
is less than clear, it appears that he alleged that Mr. Lapine should be considered
-7- as acting under color of state law because Mr. Lapine had, in the past, made other
complaints to the police regarding plaintiff. In Pino, we rejected a similar
argument, holding that defendant’s “conduct does not rise to the level of state
action simply because [police officers] responded to her call to the dispatcher.”
75 F.3d at 1465. Accordingly, we conclude that Mr. Lapine’s actions did not
constitute state action simply because the officers responded to his call, or for
that matter, had in the past responded to his calls.
Moreover, as the district court found, plaintiff did not plead sufficient facts
to support his claim that Mr. Lapine acted in conspiracy with the police officers.
See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27-28 (1980) (cause of action under § 1983
may be maintained against a private person where it is shown that private person
conspired with person acting under color of state law to violate constitutional
rights); Thompson v. City of Lawrence, 58 F.3d 1511, 1517 (10th Cir. 1995)
(holding that a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show both a conspiracy and
a deprivation of constitutional rights). Even construing plaintiff’s assertions
liberally, his allegations of conspiratorial conduct as to Mr. Lapine are conclusory
at best. See Durre v. Dempsey, 869 F.2d 543, 545 (10th Cir. 1989) (“Conclusory
allegations of conspiracy are insufficient to state a valid § 1983 claim.”).
Therefore, the district court’s dismissal of the claims against Mr. Lapine was
appropriate.
-8- B. Grant of Summary Judgment to Harris, Ray, and Hodges
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo applying the same
standard as that applied by the district court. See Buchanan v. Sherrill, 51 F.3d
227, 229 (10th Cir. 1995). Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party
demonstrates that there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
A genuine issue of material fact exists if the parties have presented sufficient
evidence from which a trier of fact could resolve the issue either way. See
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). If the party bearing
the burden of persuasion at trial fails to come forward with sufficient evidence
on an essential element of his prima facie case, all issues concerning all other
elements of the claim become immaterial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322-23 (1986).
The movant bears the burden of establishing the absence of dispute as to
a material fact. See id. at 323. The movant can accomplish this by pointing out
to the court a lack of evidence as to an essential element of the nonmovant’s
claim. The burden then shifts to the nonmovant to present specific facts,
admissible at trial, from which a rational trier of fact could find for the
nonmovant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. This can be
accomplished by reference to pleadings, affidavits, discovery responses,
-9- transcripts, or other specific exhibits. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Thomas v.
Wichita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 968 F.2d 1022, 1024 (10th Cir. 1992).
We conduct our de novo review from the same perspective available to the district
court at the time it entered its decision, limiting our review to those materials the
parties presented to the district court. Therefore, although “[w]e view the
evidence and draw any inferences in a light most favorable to the party opposing
summary judgment, . . . that party must identify sufficient evidence which would
require submission of the case to a jury.” Aramburu v. Boeing Co., 112 F.3d
1398, 1402 (10th Cir. 1997).
Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the
defendants who actually took part in the incidents. The court granted defendants
summary judgment on plaintiff’s allegations of First, Sixth, Ninth, and Tenth
Amendment violations, noting that during his deposition, plaintiff was unable to
identify the factual basis for his claims that defendants violated the numerous
constitutional amendments he cited, and had provided no evidence to support
these claims.
On plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim that defendants entered his home
without a warrant and shot his dog, the court concluded that plaintiff had not
provided sufficient evidence to support this claim. In determining that plaintiff
failed to establish a disputed material fact, the district court thoroughly
-10- summarized the affidavits and police reports submitted by the defendants. The
court then concluded that plaintiff had established no disputed issue of material
fact challenging defendants’ claim that exigent circumstances existed at the time
the officers entered plaintiff’s house.
Plaintiff appears to base his assertion of error entirely on his contention
that the district court failed to consider an affidavit of Jessie McAlister,
plaintiff’s neighbor. Although in his argument, plaintiff provides his own
translation of Mr. McAlister’s affidavit, our reading of the document does not
reveal any fact which would materially dispute the facts contained in the
affidavits and reports of the defendants. According to the factual accounts of Mr.
Lapine, the police officers, and Animal Control Officer Harris, after a concerted
effort to capture the dog, the dog was shot with a tranquilizer dart gun after which
it went into a room at the back of the house through the bottom of a door. Officer
Harris and Sgt. Hodges then entered the back of the house and retrieved the dog.
According to Mr. McAlister’s affidavit, “the animal control officer and another
police officer” entered the house through a back door after which he “heard what
sounded like a shot.” R. Vol. II, Doc. 154, McAlister Affidavit at 2. Thus, it
appears that Mr. McAlister believes that the dog was shot inside the house, while
the officers aver that the dog was shot outside and then entered the house. While
we acknowledge this factual dispute, we fail to discern its materiality to the
-11- claim. Whether the dog was shot inside or outside is immaterial to the question
of whether exigent circumstances existed which permitted the officers to enter
plaintiff’s house without a warrant.
“Normally, a search is considered reasonable under the Fourth Amendment
only if it is supported by a warrant issued on probable cause[.]” Saavedra v. City
of Albuquerque, 73 F.3d 1525, 1531 (10th Cir. 1996). “It is a matter of law that a
warrantless entry for some limited purposes is permissible if police officers have
probable cause to search the residence and exigent circumstances are present.”
United States v. Chavez, 812 F.2d 1295, 1298 (10th Cir. 1987). In assessing
whether exigent circumstances exist, “we are guided by the realities of the
situation presented by the record.” United States v. Cuaron, 700 F.2d 582, 586
(10th Cir. 1983) (further quotation omitted).
All versions of the facts support the conclusion that the officers’ actions
were for the purpose of protecting themselves and the public. Plaintiff’s dog
had been loose in the neighborhood and menacing, not only the officers, but
passers-by as well. Officer Chris Ray stated in his affidavit that on his way to
plaintiff’s residence to answer the call regarding a loose dog, he was stopped by
a woman who advised him that a black dog had “charged her and her husband
while they were walking down the street.” R. Vol. 11, Doc. 141, Affidavit of
Chris Ray. Doug Johnson, an attendee at the auction across the street from
-12- plaintiff’s residence, stated that he observed a Doberman Pinscher running
“through the crowd” and confronting people before being chased from the area by
Duncan police officers. Id. Affidavit of Doug Johnson. Mr. Lapine, in his
account of the dog’s encounter with a couple at a nearby intersection, stated that
he “observed the dog was running at large, and lunged at the woman, being very
aggressive, and then growled and beared his teeth at the man, at which time the
man attempted to frighten the dog away.” Id. Affidavit of Andrew Lapine.
The officers involved all reported that the dog was behaving aggressively.
Therefore, even if we accept Mr. McAlister’s version of the events, the officers
would have had a constitutionally permissible basis for entering plaintiff’s home
and tranquilizing the dog. The discrepancies between Mr. McAlister’s version of
the events in his affidavit and the version of the events described in the affidavits
submitted by defendants do not constitute a disputed issue of material fact as to
whether exigent circumstances existed which would support the officer’s
warrantless entry into plaintiff’s home for the purpose of removing the dog.
Summary judgment on this issue was appropriate.
C. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Conspiracy Claim
Plaintiff asserted that both incidents were part of a conspiracy of the
defendants to violate his constitutional rights. In order to prevail on a § 1983
conspiracy claim, plaintiff “must prove both the existence of a conspiracy and the
-13- deprivation of a constitutional right.” Thompson, 58 F.3d at 1517. Having
determined that plaintiff failed to establish a constitutional violation, the
conspiracy claim fails. See id.
D. Grant of Summary Judgment to City of Duncan, Anderson, and Jennings
In a separate order, the district court granted summary judgment to the City
of Duncan and defendants Jennings and Anderson. 2 The court held that plaintiff
failed to adequately allege facts or offer evidence to support his claim that the
police officers violated his constitutional rights in accord with a policy of the
municipality.
In a § 1983 action, the City of Duncan may be held liable only for its own
unconstitutional policies and not for the tortuous or unconstitutional actions of its
employees. See Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
Here, the City may not be held liable under this theory absent an underlying
2 Pursuant to the applicable two-year statute of limitations, in this same order, the district court granted summary judgment to all defendants on plaintiff’s claims based on incidents that had occurred more than two years prior to filing of the action. See R. Vol. II, Doc. 125 at 2. In addition, the court granted defendants summary judgment on claims which were barred as a result of releases signed by plaintiff in settlement of a number of prior lawsuits involving certain of the same defendants. See id. at 2-3. Although plaintiff makes reference to allegations of many of these prior incidents in his arguments on appeal, he does not challenge the district court’s grant of summary judgment on these claims. At plaintiff’s request, his state common law claims subject to the Governmental Tort Claims Act were stricken from his complaint. See id. at 3.
-14- constitutional violation by its officers. See Thompson, 58 F.3d at 1517.
Therefore, because plaintiff failed to establish a constitutional deprivation, his
claim against the City fails.
The district court granted summary judgment to Officer Jennings and Police
Chief Anderson on plaintiff’s claim that the defendants participating in the death
of his dog violated his constitutional rights. We have held that “[i]ndividual
liability under § 1983 must be based on personal involvement in the alleged
constitutional violation.” Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1423 (10th Cir. 1997).
Plaintiff does not claim that either defendant was present when the alleged
constitutional violation occurred, but presumably included the two officers solely
because of their supervisory role. A supervisor cannot be held liable under §
1983 on a respondeat superior theory. See Brown v. Reardon, 770 F.2d 896, 901
(10th Cir. 1985). Plaintiff’s claims against the officers in their supervisory
capacities is the same as his claims against the City. See Thompson, 58 F.3d at
1517. Therefore, once again plaintiff’s failure to show an underlying
constitutional deprivation defeats his claims against the two officers, and
summary judgment was appropriate.
Next, the district court granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s claim that
Officer Jennings violated his constitutional rights during a traffic stop and
resulting citation for failure to come to a complete stop at a stop sign. The court
-15- construed plaintiff’s claim as asserting that, because plaintiff was acquitted of the
violation, the charge was concocted and for the purpose of harassing plaintiff.
The court found that, although plaintiff claimed Officer Jennings was “rude and
raised his voice,” he failed to establish that issuance of the citation was an abuse
of Jennings’ authority, or in violation of plaintiff’s due process rights. R. Vol. II,
Doc. 125 at 4-5. On appeal, plaintiff asserts that “Officer Jennings, had followed,
stopped, detained, (arrested) Appellant and his spouse, upon numerous occassions
(sic).” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 19. He fails, however, to point this court to
any error in the district court’s findings or conclusions on this issue. Because we
are not obligated to manufacture plaintiff’s argument on appeal when he has
failed to draw our attention to the error asserted, we consider the issue waived.
See Hernandez v. Starbuck, 69 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 1995); see also United
States v. Rodriquez-Aguirre, 108 F.3d 1228, 1238 n.8 (10th Cir.) (holding that
appellant bears the burden of tying the relevant facts, supported by specific
citations to the record, to his legal contentions), cert denied, 118 S. Ct. 132
(1997).
E. Motion to Recuse
Plaintiff also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to recuse.
We review “the denial of a motion to recuse only for abuse of discretion.”
Weatherhead v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 832 F.2d 1226, 1227 (10th Cir. 1987). Plaintiff
-16- argues that the district court ignored his evidence. It is clear from the record,
however, that the district court did not ignore plaintiff’s evidence, but instead
found it insufficient or immaterial. Plaintiff’s only appellate argument on this
issue appears to be his dissatisfaction with the decisions of the court which does
not constitute grounds for recusal. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555
(1994) (holding judicial rulings alone almost never constitute grounds for
recusal). We therefore conclude that the district court’s denial of plaintiff’s
motion to recuse was not an abuse of its discretion
III. No. 97-6321
Plaintiff appeals the district court’s award of costs to defendants as
prevailing parties. On August 4, 1997, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 and Rule
54.2 of the Rules for the United States District Court for the Western District of
Oklahoma, defendants filed a bill of costs in the amount of $6,888.75. To their
bill of costs, defendants attached an affidavit of counsel and numerous documents
supporting the amount of costs sought, and that they were in relation to the
proceedings in the district court. Plaintiff received a copy of the bill of costs
indicating that a hearing on the assessment would be held on August 21, 1997.
By letter dated August 5, 1997, the district court informed all parties of the date
and time of hearing and advised that “[i]f there is no written objection filed to the
Bill of Costs pursuant to Local Rule 54.2, the Clerk’s Office will tax same in
-17- accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and our Local Rules; and
your appearance at such hearing will not be necessary.” R. Supp. Vol. I, Doc.
168, ex. D. Plaintiff had fifteen days from the date the bill of costs was filed to
file his written objections. Although plaintiff did not file the required written
objections, he did appear at the hearing.
Following the hearing, the clerk assessed costs against plaintiff in the
amount requested. Although plaintiff had five days in which to appeal the
assessment, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d), instead he filed a motion for leave to object
to the bill of costs, claiming that a letter from the clerk of this court concerning
his appeal fees confused him. 3 The district court, construing plaintiff’s motion as
a request to file objections out of time, directed defendants to respond. By order
dated September 10, 1997, the district court determined that although plaintiff had
express notice of the need to file timely written objections, he failed to do so.
3 On August 6, 1997, following plaintiff’s filing of his notice of appeal, this court, under the erroneous impression that plaintiff was a prisoner, notified him that his appeal would be delayed pending assessment of appeal fees by the district court. Id. Plaintiff contends that this letter somehow confused him as to his need to file written objections to the assessment of costs in the district court.
The letter in question came from the court of appeals, addressing only plaintiff’s fee for filing an appeal. The letter made no reference to the assessment of the costs of litigation pending in district court. It appears, and the district court observes, that plaintiff, despite his pro se status, is not a novice at federal court litigation. His contention that he was confused by this court’s letter regarding his fee for filing an appeal is, therefore, unpersuasive.
-18- The court then denied plaintiff’s motion to file objections out of time and ordered
the assessment of costs would stand.
As defendants noted, plaintiff devoted very little argument to the merits
of the costs assessment. He first asserts that his pro se status precludes any award
of costs against him. Although 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) allows commencement of
a civil suit without prepayment of costs and fees, § 1915(f)(1) allows a judgment
“for costs at the conclusion of the suit or action as in other proceedings.” We
have held that a grant of “‘in forma pauperis status pursuant to § 1915(a) does not
preclude the court from assessing costs at the conclusion of the suit.’” Treff v.
Galetka, 74 F.3d 191, 196-97 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Olson v. Coleman, 997
F.2d 726, 728 (10th Cir. 1993)).
Next, plaintiff asserts that, because he had filed his notice of appeal in this
court, the district court did not have jurisdiction to assess costs. “[A] request for
costs raises issues wholly collateral to the judgment in the main cause of
action. . . .” Buchanan v. Stanships, Inc., 485 U.S. 265, 268 (1988). Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 58 states that “[e]ntry of the judgment shall not be delayed,
nor the time for appeal extended, in order to tax costs or award fees.” Therefore,
the district court’s orders granting summary judgment to defendants were final
appealable orders, and defendants’ pending request to tax costs remained with the
district court. See Smith v. Phillips, 881 F.2d 902, 905 n.9 (10th Cir. 1989)
-19- (district court retains jurisdiction to consider requests for attorneys’ fees after
appeal has been filed).
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d), “costs other than attorneys’ fees shall be
allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs.”
The district court has broad discretion to award costs to the prevailing party.
See Tilton v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 115 F.3d 1471, 1474 (10th Cir. 1997);
Roberts v. Madigan, 921 F.2d 1047, 1058 (10th Cir. 1990). Here, we conclude
that the district court’s decision on the award of costs to defendants was not an
abuse of discretion.
The judgments of the United States District Court for the Western District
of Oklahoma are AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Robert H. Henry Circuit Judge
-20-