IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2005-CT-02184-SCT
BETTY THOMAS
v.
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/21/2005 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: GEORGE S. LUTER ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: MARY MARGARET BOWERS NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES DISPOSITION: THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HINDS COUNTY IS REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED - 10/02/2008 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Betty Thomas, a former employee of the Mississippi Department of Human Services,
applied for disability retirement benefits, and this request was denied by the Public
Employees’ Retirement System of Mississippi’s (PERS) Board of Trustees. The Circuit
Court for the First Judicial District of Hinds County found that the decision of PERS was
supported by substantial evidence and affirmed the decision. Thomas appealed the decision of the circuit court, and this appeal was referred to the Court of Appeals. The Court of
Appeals held that the record did not contain sufficient evidence to support PERS’ denial of
benefits. This Court granted PERS’ Petition for Writ of Certiorari pursuant to Mississippi
Rule of Appellate Procedure 17(a). Finding that the Court of Appeals correctly articulated
the standard of review for a decision from an administrative agency, but did not adhere to this
standard in rendering its decision, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and
reinstate the decision of the circuit court.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. Thomas was employed by the Mississippi Department of Human Services as a child
support enforcement officer for nine and three-quarter years. Her physical activities at work
consisted of a sedentary desk job which required some standing and pushing and pulling of
files. At the time she made application for non-duty related disability retirement benefits,
Thomas was forty-nine years old.
¶3. The medical documentation, which was submitted to the Disability Appeals
Committee of the PERS Board of Trustees (“Appeals Committee”), revealed that Thomas
was seen by a number of doctors subsequent to an unrelated neck surgery in February of
2001. In October of 2001, Dr. Fred Sandifer saw Thomas for chronic back and hip pain. Dr.
Sandifer stated the source of this pain was unclear, and his records indicate that he was
unable to palpate the knots of which Thomas complained.
¶4. In January of 2002, Thomas was referred by her primary care physician to
rheumatologist Dr. James Hensarling, who concluded Thomas had fibromyalgia. Dr.
Hensarling stated Thomas had also developed secondary depression and recommended
2 Thomas see a psychiatrist. Dr. Hensarling did not place Thomas on any restrictions and made
no long-term recommendations regarding disability or inactivity other than a three-month
leave of absence, which clearly does not qualify Thomas for long-term disability.
¶5. Dr. Hensarling referred Thomas to a psychiatrist, Dr. Melvyn Levitch. Dr. Levitch
found that Thomas was suffering from “major depression secondary to medical issues.” The
Committee on Disability Appeals found that Thomas did not use the psychiatry treatment to
its maximum benefit, as she saw Dr. Levitch only seven times over two years, and in these
visits, Thomas routinely complained of sinus problems which were unrelated to her disability
claims.
¶6. “In April of 2002, the Social Security Administration notified Thomas that she was
entitled to federal disability benefits” after becoming disabled (pursuant to their rules) on
February 26, 2002. Thomas v. Pub. Employees Ret. Sys., 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 435, *4
(June 26, 2007). On May 21, 2002, a Mississippi Department of Human Services disability
coordinator, Wilhemina McCullough, executed an Employer’s Certification of Job
Requirements which stated, “No accommodations [have] been offered as employee is unable
to perform the essential functions of her job. As a result, she appears unable to come to the
workplace and perform any duties at this time.”
¶7. In November of 2002, at the request of PERS, Thomas underwent a Functional
Capacity Exam (“FCE”). The FCE revealed that Thomas “is capable of performing at the
sedentary to light level of work with some limitations. The patient would need to be given
occasional rest breaks and alternate sitting and standing.”
3 ¶8. On February 6, 2003, Thomas’s claim for disability benefits was denied. Thomas
received a letter from the executive director of PERS, stating:
After careful examination of your Application for Disability Retirement by the Public Employees’ Retirement System Medical Board, it has been determined that there was insufficient objective evidence to support the claim that your medical condition prevents you from performing your duties as described of a DHS-Child Support Enforcement Officer.
¶9. On March 3, 2003, Thomas’s primary care physician, Dr. Rushing, completed an
Attending Physician’s Statement for Thomas’s private disability insurance company. Dr.
Rushing’s diagnosis indicated Thomas had fibromyalgia. Dr. Rushing stated Thomas “cannot
perform work of any kind” and as to the estimated date of return to work, Dr. Rushing
indicated “no return expected.”
¶10. On March 6, Thomas appealed the ruling of the Appeals Committee, and a hearing
was held on March 28, 2003. The hearing was presided over by a hearing officer, along with
two doctors. The transcript of this hearing reveals that all medical records, the results of the
FCE and notification of the Social Security award were submitted to the Appeals Committee.
The Appeals Committee also heard testimony from Thomas, Thomas’s husband and a close
friend of Thomas.
¶11. Thomas testified she felt that she had to stop working because she “couldn’t cope with
it anymore” and that she was suffering from pain and fatigue. Thomas’s husband and friend
testified they had noticed a change in her health and that she was not herself.
¶12. Subsequent to the hearing, the Appeals Committee issued its Proposed Statement of
Facts, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations, and found that there was no objective
medical evidence to show Thomas was permanently disabled pursuant to Mississippi Code
4 Annotated Sections 25-11-113 and 25-11-114. Therefore Thomas’s request for benefits was
denied. After reviewing the record of the proceedings before the Appeals Committee, the
PERS Board of Trustees approved and adopted the recommendation of the Appeals
Committee as its order.
¶13. Thomas appealed this decision to the Hinds County Circuit Court for the First Judicial
District, and that court affirmed the order of the PERS Board, holding “[t]he decision of the
Board of Trustees was supported by substantial evidence on the record and was neither
arbitrary [n]or capricious.” Thomas appealed the decision of the circuit court, and her appeal
was referred to the Court of Appeals, which found PERS had not presented substantial
evidence to support its decision, and reversed the decision of the circuit court.
¶14. PERS applied for writ of certiorari to this Court, which was granted. The issue PERS
presents is whether the Court of Appeals erred when it found that the decision of the PERS
Board of Trustees was not supported by substantial evidence.
ANALYSIS
A court faced with the review of a decision of an administrative agency is very limited as to the scope and depth of its inquiry. Rule 5.03 of the Uniform Circuit and County Court Rules provides that the reviewing court will entertain an appeal only to determine if the order or judgment of the lower authority was: 1) supported by substantial evidence; 2) arbitrary or capricious; 3) beyond the power of the lower authority to make; or 4) violated some statutory or constitutional right of the complaining party.
Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. v. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d 888, 891 (Miss. 2001); see also Fulce v.
Pub. Employees Ret. Sys., 759 So. 2d 401, 404 (Miss. 2000); Davis v. Pub. Employees. Ret.
Sys., 750 So. 2d 1225, 1229 (Miss. 1999); Brinston v. Pub. Employees Ret. Sys., 706 So. 2d
258, 259 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).
5 ¶15. During the hearing on this matter, the Appeals Committee was presented with and
considered Thomas’s medical evidence. The Appeals Committee did not disagree that
Thomas suffered from fibromyalgia. However, the Appeals Committee found that
fibromyalgia is treated with psychiatric care and exercise and it had been shown that Thomas
was non-compliant with both. After thorough review of the medical records, the Appeals
Committee further concluded Thomas had discontinued psychiatric help, that she had found
no orthopedic explanation for her complaints of pain, that her complaints of “knots” were
unable to be verified by medical providers, that she had complaints of numbness for which
no objective explanation could be found, that she had joint pain without trauma, and with the
exception of one test, she had all normal rheumatology testing.
¶16. The only medical testimony which was contrary was that of Thomas’s primary
physician, who stated she “could not perform work of any kind.” However, in his records
regarding Thomas’s condition, Dr. Rushing listed no objective findings that Thomas was
unable to perform her job. Dr. Rushing never offered any basis for his opinion, as he referred
her to specialists who found no objective basis for Thomas’s complaints.
¶17. Faced with conflicting medical evidence, the Appeals Committee issued a thorough
and exhaustive Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations in which they
outlined their findings, and the circuit court affirmed same. In its opinion, the Appeals
Committee outlined the testimony they heard, along with details of the medical treatment
Thomas had received. The Appeals Committee stated it was Thomas’s burden to provide
them with objective medical proof that a disability exists. “When there is substantial credible
evidence to support the Board’s decision, neither the circuit court nor this Court may
6 interfere. Smith v. Jackson Const., 607 So. 2d 1119, 1124 (Miss. 1992). The Appeals
Committee found, inter alia:
Our hearts go out to Ms. Thomas. We can tell she is not at her best. But Ms. Thomas has not persuaded us that she is disabled. There is no objective medical condition to explain her complaints. Fibromyalgia, if that is what Ms. Thomas has, is treated with exercise and psychiatric therapy and is not a disability in and of itself. We do hope that Ms. Thomas will maximize her medical treatment so that she can hopefully get back to her old self. But because there is no objective medical evidence that Ms. Thomas is permanently disabled, we recommend that her request for disability be denied.
¶18. In its opinion, the Appeals Committee further found,
The only doctor stating that Ms. Thomas is disabled is Dr. Rushing, her primary doctor. Yet, even Dr. Rushing has no objective proof in his records that Ms. Thomas is no longer able to perform her job. . . . Based upon the fact that Ms. Thomas brought him forms to complete, as he stated in his records, it appears to us that he was merely functioning as an advocate for his patient when he completed disability forms, and he is probably not aware of the need for objective medical proof as is required in this forum.
¶19. The Court of Appeals previously addressed substantial evidence in Public Employees
Retirement System v. Cobb,
[t]he requirement of ‘substantial evidence’ seems satisfied, however, in such instance by an appellate determination that the agency’s conclusion that the claimant’s evidence was so lacking or so unpersuasive that she failed to meet her burden appears a reasoned and unbiased evaluation of the evidence in the record. In that circumstance, in something of a paradox, the lack of evidence at the agency level becomes the substantial evidence on appellate review that suggests the necessity of affirming the agency’s determination.
Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. v. Cobb, 839 So. 2d 605, 609-10 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).
¶20. On appeal, we must determine whether there was substantial credible evidence to
support the Appeals Board’s decision or whether the circuit court legally erred, not whether
we might reach a different conclusion had we been sitting on the Appeals Committee. The
7 Court of Appeals opinion reweighs the evidence, using such wording as the “Committee
purportedly relied upon Thomas’s medical records” and “PERS merely makes the vague
statement that there is a ‘lack of objective medical evidence to substantiate Thomas’s
disability claim.” Thomas, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 435 at *11, *13. The record reveals no
reasonable basis to question the Appeals Board’s reliance on the medical records and
testimony submitted. “There is a rebuttable presumption in favor of a PERS ruling. . . .
Neither this Court nor the circuit court is entitled to substitute its own judgment for that of
PERS, and it is impermissible for a reviewing court to re-weigh the facts of the case.” Pub.
Employees Ret. Syst. v. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d 888, 891 (Miss. 2001) (citations omitted).
¶21. The purpose of the Appeals Committee is to evaluate proof, not offer evidence. In
Dishmon, this Court held, “[t]he question here is not whether there was evidence in support
of Dishmon’s disability, but whether there was substantial evidence to support the finding
of the administrative agency. The standard of review limits this Court to reviewing the lower
court’s decision to determine whether the record can support this finding. . . .” Id. at 892.
¶22. There is no evidence in the record that the Appeals Committee ignored or received
and rejected evidence in its duties as factfinder. There is substantial credible evidence which
supports its findings. In the case sub judice, a hearing officer, the PERS Committee, the
Disability Appeals Committee and a circuit judge all concluded there were substantial facts
in the record to support their findings. These findings, when supported by such substantial
evidence, should be accepted, as “[t]he existence within government of discrete areas of
quasi-legislative, quasi-executive, quasi-judicial regulatory activity in need of expertise is
the raison d'etre of the administrative agency. Because of their expertise and the faith we vest
8 in it, we limit our scope of judicial review.” Miss. Transp. Comm'n v. Anson, 879 So. 2d
958, 962-963 (Miss. 2004) (internal citation omitted).
¶23. Finding that the Court of Appeals misapprehended the burden of proof for an agency
decision, we reverse the finding of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm the decision
of the circuit court.
¶24. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HINDS COUNTY IS REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., CARLSON, DICKINSON AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ. WALLER, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
DIAZ, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶25. “A court faced with the review of a decision of an administrative agency is very
limited as to the scope and depth of its inquiry.” Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Dishmon, 797
So. 2d 888, 891 (Miss. 2001). And although agency decisions are afforded a rebuttable
presumption of correctness, Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Marquez, 774 So. 2d 421, 425
(Miss. 2000), this Court will not rubber-stamp a holding simply because it emanates from an
agency rather than a court. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Dearman, 846 So. 2d 1014 (Miss.
2003).
¶26. This Court grants an appeal from an administrative agency only when the decision
“(1.) [w]as [un]supported by substantial evidence; or (2.) [w]as arbitrary or capricious; or (3.)
[w]as beyond the power of the lower authority to make; or (4.) [v]iolated some statutory or
constitutional right of the complaining party.” Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 5.03. These first
9 two prongs are closely related; “[i]f an administrative agency’s decision is not based on
substantial evidence, it necessarily follows that the decision is arbitrary and capricious.” Pub.
Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Marquez, 774 So. 2d 421, 430 (Miss. 2000). However, this
determination may not be reached by a Court that “substitute[s] its own judgment for that of
the agency which rendered the decision [or] reweigh[s] the facts of the case.” Id. Instead,
“the primary issue before this Court is . . . whether there is substantial evidence to support
PERS’s finding [Thomas] was not disabled.” Thomas v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 2007
Miss. App. LEXIS 435, *4 (Miss. Ct. App. June 26, 2007). “Substantial evidence has been
defined as that which provides an adequate basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be
reasonably inferred.” Dishmon, 797 So. 2d at 892, and “means something more than a ‘mere
scintilla’ or suspicion.” Marquez, 774 So. 2d at 425 (quoting Miss. Real Estate Comm’n v.
Anding, 732 So. 2d 192, 196 (Miss. 1999)).
¶27. In other words, when this Court analyzes an agency decision for reversible error, the
scales upon which the agency weighed its evidence may only be glanced over. This Court
may not re-weigh the evidence, nor may it question the agency’s conclusions by checking
the scales to determine whether they were properly calibrated. This Court may only look at
the two sides of the scale, and if the side for which the agency ruled holds any substantial
evidence at all – even evidence that appears to be outweighed by the evidence on the other
side of the scale – then his Court is duty-bound to uphold the agency’s decision.
¶28. Thomas argues that the evidence that she presented to PERS, recounted in great detail
in her brief, is more than enough substantial evidence to support her position. Although
persuasive, this argument is, ultimately, irrelevant. Neither the persuasive value nor the
10 substantiality of the evidence presented by Thomas is the subject of this Court’s inquiry.
“The question here is not whether there was evidence in support of [Thomas’] disability, but
whether there was substantial evidence to support the finding of the administrative agency.”
Dishmon, 797 So. 2d at 892.
¶29. But the Court of Appeals correctly determined that PERS’ decision to deny benefits
to Thomas fails to hop over even this minuscule hurdle. PERS presented no evidence,
substantial or otherwise, to contest the evidence presented by Thomas in support of her
claim. This mere “disagree[ment] with the opinion” of Thomas’ doctors, Thomas, 2007 Miss.
App. LEXIS 435 at *16, is no evidence at all and is precisely the sort of arbitrary and
capricious exercise in decision making against which Rule 5.03 commands appellate courts
to stand guard. Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 5.03(2). Even the brief submitted to this Court by
PERS recounts no evidence supporting the conclusion that Thomas is not disabled. The only
possible exception is the Committee’s reference to the series of MRI scans that produced
mixed results. At best, this evidence is inconclusive and does not “provide[ ] an adequate
basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be reasonably inferred.”Dishmon, 797 So. 2d
at 892. Likewise, the results of Thomas’ FCE did not discount her diagnosis of fibromyalgia
and speculated that, at best, her return to work would be contingent upon a handful of special
accommodations. Again, this is, at best, inconclusive evidence. If these results constitute a
“mere scintilla or suspicion”at all, Marquez, 774 So. 2d at 425, then they do not support but
rather undercut PERS’ conclusion.
¶30. The majority opinion’s conclusion is equally devoid of any reference to evidence
supporting PERS’ decision, substantial or otherwise. Despite its claim that “[t]here is
11 substantial credible evidence which supports [PERS’] findings,” Maj. Op. at ¶ 22, the
majority makes no effort to detail that evidence. Instead, the majority adopts the Court of
Appeals’ reasoning in Public Employees’ Retirement System v. Cobb, 839 So. 2d 605 (Miss.
Ct. App. 2003), in which that court held that “[t]he requirement of substantial evidence seems
satisfied . . . by an appellate determination that the agency’s conclusion that the claimant’s
evidence was so lacking or so unpersuasive that she failed to meet her burden appears a
reasoned and unbiased evaluation of the evidence in the record.” Id. at 609-10. The majority
argues that whatever shortcomings exist in Thomas’ evidence – for example, her failure to
pursue psychiatric treatment – ought to, in and of themselves, be considered evidence in
support of the agency’s decision. This analysis flips this Court’s standard of review onto its
head. By the majority’s reasoning, this Court should ignore the fact that one side of the
evidentiary scales is indisputably devoid of substantial evidence in this case. But the majority
takes this astonishing position a step farther by arguing that this Court should hold that, under
circumstances such as those presented by the immediate case, an utter lack of evidence can
outweigh imperfect evidence – in other words, that nothing weighs more than something. Ink
need not be spilled to fully illustrate the fallacy of this notion
¶31. Even the Court of Appeals, whence the majority derives this analysis, has been quick
to narrow the Cobb rule. In Stevison v. Public Employees’ Retirement System, 966 So. 2d
874 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), the Court of Appeals described Cobb as a case in which the
claimant lacked “an actual medical condition” and held its application inappropriate when
a record “contains uncontradicted medical diagnoses . . . .” Id. at 880. Even if the Cobb rule
did not defy logic – and it most certainly does – then its application is plainly inappropriate
12 in this case, in which both Thomas’ diagnosis of fibromyalgia and her evidence thereof have
been uncontested.
¶32. But even if the majority ignores both these facts, its urge to adopt the Cobb standard
should be resisted for the important reason that it flies in the face of this Court’s long line of
cases regarding deference toward agency decisions. By nitpicking Thomas’ evidence – all
the while ignoring the utter lack of evidence presented by PERS – the majority engages in
precisely the sort of evidentiary reinspection that is strictly forbidden during this Court’s
consideration of agency decisions. See Marquez, 774 So. 2d at 430.
¶33. The Court’s review of the evidentiary scales in administrative agency decisions is
limited to a mere glance at the scales. The majority’s deeper attention to the quality of the
evidence itself reweighs the evidence that has been placed on the scales and, ultimately,
presses this Court’s thumb upon PERS’ side thereof. The clearly defined limits of review
imposed by Rule 5.03, the utter lack of substantial evidence supporting PERS’ decision, the
illogical underpinnings of the rule of Cobb, and this Court’s adherence to the notion of stare
decisis all command a contrary outcome.
¶34. Therefore, I dissent.
EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.