RENDERED: DECEMBER 9, 2022; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-0005-MR
BETTY OARD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM KENTON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE GREGORY M. BARTLETT, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CI-01542
THE HIGBEE COMPANY; CRESTVIEW HILLS TOWN CENTER, LLC; GROUNDSYSTEMS, INC.; AND JEFFREY R. ANDERSON REAL ESTATE, INC. APPELLEES
OPINION REVERSING AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
ACREE, JUDGE: Betty Oard, Appellant, appeals the Kenton Circuit Court’s
October 29, 2021 order granting summary judgment in favor of Appellee, the
Higbee Company. Oard argues the circuit court erred in determining Higbee is immune from suit under KRS1 342.690(1), the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation
Act’s exclusive remedy provision. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
Oard, an eighty-year-old woman, worked part-time at the Dillard’s
department store in the Crestview Hills Town Center in Crestview Hills, Kentucky.
The Town Center is managed by Jeffrey R. Anderson Real Estate, Inc. Higbee
owns this Dillard’s location and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dillard’s, Inc.
Dillard’s held a workers’ compensation insurance policy at all times relevant to
this appeal, which listed Higbee as a named insured.
As Oard left work on November 15, 2019, she fell when she stepped
on salt placed near the exit of the store and suffered permanent injuries. She then
filed a Kentucky Workers’ Compensation claim naming Dillard’s, Inc. as her
employer, and was thereafter compensated.
Oard then filed suit against Higbee, as well as against the Town
Center and Jeffrey R. Anderson Real Estate; she did not name Dillard’s as a
defendant to the suit. Higbee filed a motion for summary judgment, wherein it
argued KRS 342.690 immunized it from liability. The circuit court agreed and
granted summary judgment. This appeal followed.
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-2- STANDARD OF REVIEW
Upon appeal of a summary judgment, the standard of review is
“whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any
material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996); CR2 56.03. “The
trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, and summary judgment should be granted only if it appears impossible that
the nonmoving party will be able to produce evidence at trial warranting a
judgment in his favor.” Lewis v. B & R Corp., 56 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Ky. App.
2001) (citing Steelvest v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480-82 (Ky.
1991)). However, “impossible,” in the context of a motion for summary judgment,
is “used in a practical sense, not in an absolute sense.” Perkins v. Hausladen, 828
S.W.2d 652, 654 (Ky. 1992). “Because summary judgment involves only legal
questions and the existence of any disputed material issues of fact, an appellate
court need not defer to the trial court’s decision and will review the issue de novo.”
Lewis, 56 S.W.3d at 436 (citing Scifres, 916 S.W.2d at 781).
ANALYSIS
If an employer is required to compensate an employee for a workers’
compensation claim, the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act provides that such
2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-3- compensation shall be the exclusive remedy to the injured employee and, therefore,
the employer is immunized from all other liability arising from the injury. KRS
342.690(1). However, the statute defines “employer” broadly to include
contractors. Id. Relevant here, the Act defines a “contractor” as “[a] person who
contracts with another . . . (b) [t]o have work performed of a kind which is a
regular or recurrent part of the work of the trade, business, occupation, or
profession of such person[.]” KRS 342.610(2).
As such, “tort immunity under the Act extends ‘up the ladder’ from
the subcontractor that employs an injured person to the entities that contracted with
the subcontractor,” but only if the injured plaintiff’s employer has workers’
compensation coverage and the work performed for the subcontractor is “of a kind
which is a regular or recurrent part of the work” performed by the up the ladder
entities. Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC, 568 S.W.3d 865, 869 (Ky. App. 2019) (citing
Goldsmith v. Allied Bldg. Components, Inc., 833 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Ky. 1992)).
The Kentucky Supreme Court interpreted KRS 342.610(2)(b)’s definition of a
contractor as one who performs “regular or recurrent part of the work of the trade,
business, occupation, or profession” of the contracted party to mean one who
performs work which is “customary, usual, or normal to the particular business
(including work assumed by contract or required by law) or work that the business
repeats with some degree of regularity, and it is of a kind that the business or
-4- similar businesses would normally perform or be expected to perform with
employees.” Gen. Elec. Co. v. Cain, 236 S.W.3d 579, 588 (Ky. 2007).
The Act does not require a formal written contract for a person or
entity to be a contractor, but rather “contracts might be found in this context when
the facts show that the defendant is effectively functioning as the contractor.”
Beaver v. Oakley, 279 S.W.3d 527, 534 (Ky. 2009). “While we certainly do not
ignore the statutory requirement of ‘contracts,’ we construe this term broadly in
this context to ensure that workers’ compensation coverage is provided allowing
injured workers to recover benefits quickly without having to show fault.” Id. at
535 (footnote omitted).
However, we do not automatically immunize an employer’s wholly
owned subsidiary solely because it is a subsidiary. In Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC,
Cabrera was injured while working in a pork processing plant and received
workers’ compensation benefits for his injuries. 568 S.W.3d at 868. Thereafter,
he sued several companies for negligence and products liability; the circuit court
determined many of these companies were Cabrera’s employer for purposes of
KRS 342.690(1) and granted summary judgment in their favor. Id. In discussing
whether one of these companies – Monfort – was entitled to up-the-ladder
immunity because it was a wholly owned subsidiary of JBS – a company identified
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RENDERED: DECEMBER 9, 2022; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-0005-MR
BETTY OARD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM KENTON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE GREGORY M. BARTLETT, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CI-01542
THE HIGBEE COMPANY; CRESTVIEW HILLS TOWN CENTER, LLC; GROUNDSYSTEMS, INC.; AND JEFFREY R. ANDERSON REAL ESTATE, INC. APPELLEES
OPINION REVERSING AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
ACREE, JUDGE: Betty Oard, Appellant, appeals the Kenton Circuit Court’s
October 29, 2021 order granting summary judgment in favor of Appellee, the
Higbee Company. Oard argues the circuit court erred in determining Higbee is immune from suit under KRS1 342.690(1), the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation
Act’s exclusive remedy provision. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
Oard, an eighty-year-old woman, worked part-time at the Dillard’s
department store in the Crestview Hills Town Center in Crestview Hills, Kentucky.
The Town Center is managed by Jeffrey R. Anderson Real Estate, Inc. Higbee
owns this Dillard’s location and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dillard’s, Inc.
Dillard’s held a workers’ compensation insurance policy at all times relevant to
this appeal, which listed Higbee as a named insured.
As Oard left work on November 15, 2019, she fell when she stepped
on salt placed near the exit of the store and suffered permanent injuries. She then
filed a Kentucky Workers’ Compensation claim naming Dillard’s, Inc. as her
employer, and was thereafter compensated.
Oard then filed suit against Higbee, as well as against the Town
Center and Jeffrey R. Anderson Real Estate; she did not name Dillard’s as a
defendant to the suit. Higbee filed a motion for summary judgment, wherein it
argued KRS 342.690 immunized it from liability. The circuit court agreed and
granted summary judgment. This appeal followed.
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-2- STANDARD OF REVIEW
Upon appeal of a summary judgment, the standard of review is
“whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any
material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996); CR2 56.03. “The
trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, and summary judgment should be granted only if it appears impossible that
the nonmoving party will be able to produce evidence at trial warranting a
judgment in his favor.” Lewis v. B & R Corp., 56 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Ky. App.
2001) (citing Steelvest v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480-82 (Ky.
1991)). However, “impossible,” in the context of a motion for summary judgment,
is “used in a practical sense, not in an absolute sense.” Perkins v. Hausladen, 828
S.W.2d 652, 654 (Ky. 1992). “Because summary judgment involves only legal
questions and the existence of any disputed material issues of fact, an appellate
court need not defer to the trial court’s decision and will review the issue de novo.”
Lewis, 56 S.W.3d at 436 (citing Scifres, 916 S.W.2d at 781).
ANALYSIS
If an employer is required to compensate an employee for a workers’
compensation claim, the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act provides that such
2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-3- compensation shall be the exclusive remedy to the injured employee and, therefore,
the employer is immunized from all other liability arising from the injury. KRS
342.690(1). However, the statute defines “employer” broadly to include
contractors. Id. Relevant here, the Act defines a “contractor” as “[a] person who
contracts with another . . . (b) [t]o have work performed of a kind which is a
regular or recurrent part of the work of the trade, business, occupation, or
profession of such person[.]” KRS 342.610(2).
As such, “tort immunity under the Act extends ‘up the ladder’ from
the subcontractor that employs an injured person to the entities that contracted with
the subcontractor,” but only if the injured plaintiff’s employer has workers’
compensation coverage and the work performed for the subcontractor is “of a kind
which is a regular or recurrent part of the work” performed by the up the ladder
entities. Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC, 568 S.W.3d 865, 869 (Ky. App. 2019) (citing
Goldsmith v. Allied Bldg. Components, Inc., 833 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Ky. 1992)).
The Kentucky Supreme Court interpreted KRS 342.610(2)(b)’s definition of a
contractor as one who performs “regular or recurrent part of the work of the trade,
business, occupation, or profession” of the contracted party to mean one who
performs work which is “customary, usual, or normal to the particular business
(including work assumed by contract or required by law) or work that the business
repeats with some degree of regularity, and it is of a kind that the business or
-4- similar businesses would normally perform or be expected to perform with
employees.” Gen. Elec. Co. v. Cain, 236 S.W.3d 579, 588 (Ky. 2007).
The Act does not require a formal written contract for a person or
entity to be a contractor, but rather “contracts might be found in this context when
the facts show that the defendant is effectively functioning as the contractor.”
Beaver v. Oakley, 279 S.W.3d 527, 534 (Ky. 2009). “While we certainly do not
ignore the statutory requirement of ‘contracts,’ we construe this term broadly in
this context to ensure that workers’ compensation coverage is provided allowing
injured workers to recover benefits quickly without having to show fault.” Id. at
535 (footnote omitted).
However, we do not automatically immunize an employer’s wholly
owned subsidiary solely because it is a subsidiary. In Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC,
Cabrera was injured while working in a pork processing plant and received
workers’ compensation benefits for his injuries. 568 S.W.3d at 868. Thereafter,
he sued several companies for negligence and products liability; the circuit court
determined many of these companies were Cabrera’s employer for purposes of
KRS 342.690(1) and granted summary judgment in their favor. Id. In discussing
whether one of these companies – Monfort – was entitled to up-the-ladder
immunity because it was a wholly owned subsidiary of JBS – a company identified
as one of Cabrera’s employers as contemplated by KRS 342.690(1) – this Court
-5- determined Monfort’s status as a subsidiary of JBS was not, on its own, sufficient
to entitle Monfort to immunity. Id. at 872. Status as a subsidiary “‘is not a legal
coat’ that its owner or owners can slip on or off at will” when it is to its advantage.
Id. at 873 (citing Turner v. Andrew, 413 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Ky. 2013)). “Unless
Monfort qualified in its own right as Cabrera’s employer or up-the-ladder
contractor, it was not entitled to immunity from tort liability to its parent
company’s statutory employees for its own, independent acts of negligence.” Id.
(citing Falk v. Alliance Coal, LLC, 461 S.W.3d 760, 766 (Ky. 2015)). Because
Monfort did not argue it qualified as Cabrera’s employer itself and instead asserted
its status as a wholly owned subsidiary of JBS was alone sufficient to confer it
immunity, we determined Monfort was not entitled to immunity and reversed. Id.
at 873-74.
In contrast, Cabrera also sued Swift Pork Company – another
subsidiary of JBS – and, like Monfort, the circuit court determined Swift Pork was
entitled to up-the-ladder immunity as Cabrera’s statutory employer. Id. at 870.
But, unlike Monfort, we determined Swift Pork was entitled to immunity:
JBS acquired Swift Pork in 2007, and JBS’s and Swift Pork’s joint corporate representative, Nicholas White, testified via deposition that Swift Pork is “a part of” JBS’s business operations. To that end, apart from being JBS’s wholly owned subsidiary, Swift Pork shares with it the same chief executive officer, the same board of directors, and the same address for its corporate headquarters. Both entities are named insureds in the same policy of workers’
-6- compensation insurance. Most importantly, by reason of corporate direction from JBS, Swift Pork was also the owner and joint operator of the pork processing facility where and when Cabrera sustained his injuries.
Id. at 871.
Accordingly, Higbee’s status as a wholly owned subsidiary of
Dillard’s is not, on its own, enough for it to be immunized from suit. Per Cabrera,
we must, therefore, determine whether the material facts available to the circuit
court demonstrate Higbee is the sort of entity which KRS 342.690(1)’s immunizes
from suit because either (1) Higbee itself qualifies as Oard’s employer in its own
right, or (2) Higbee is a contractor as defined by KRS 342.610(2).
As to the first inquiry, Higbee was obviously not Oard’s direct
employer. As Oard notes in her brief, Dillard’s paid her and directed her
employment. Nothing in the record suggests Higbee ever provided directions to
Oard or otherwise engaged with her as her employer. So, summary judgment in
favor of Higbee was only proper if Higbee is a contractor – and therefore Oard’s
statutory employer – as contemplated by the Act.
The parties do not point this Court to any evidence of record
demonstrating Higbee takes any active role in the operation and management of
the Crestview Hills Dillard’s location beyond ownership of the building. As Oard
notes, Dillard’s was her direct employer: it directed her day-to-day activities and
paid her wages. However, this says nothing about whether Higbee performs work
-7- that is customary, usual, and normal to Dillard’s business. As far as the record
reveals, Higbee merely owns the facility, and that is where Higbee’s role ends;
Higbee does not maintain the facilities or contract with another for property
management services. Per Higbee’s response to Oard’s first set of interrogatories,
Higbee has no legal relationship with either the Crestview Hills Town Center or
Jeffrey R. Anderson Real Estate, Inc. Instead, Dillard’s itself pays the Crestview
Hills Town Center fees for maintenance of common areas, which include the area
where Oard was injured. As far as the record on appeal shows, Higbee’s sole
function is to own the building which houses the retail store.
As Cabrera demonstrates, a subsidiary may be entitled to up-the-
ladder immunity where the subsidiary is “a part of” the parent’s business
operations, which may be demonstrated by: the parent and subsidiary sharing
corporate governance and sharing an address for corporate headquarters; both
being named insured on a workers’ compensation policy; and the parent’s
corporate direction of the subsidiary resulting in the parent and the subsidiary
being co-owners and operators of the facility where a plaintiff’s injuries were
sustained. See Cabrera, 568 S.W.3d at 871. While Higbee seeks to compare itself
to Swift Pork because Higbee is listed on its parent company’s workers’
compensation insurance, this fact alone is not dispositive. This Court is directed to
nothing in the record which shows Dillard’s and Higbee share corporate
-8- governance or that Dillard’s directs Higbee’s corporate activity in relation to the
Crestview Hills location.
In sum, Higbee does not direct us to evidence of record which
demonstrates Higbee engages in activity “of a kind which is a regular or recurrent
part of the work of the trade, business, occupation, or profession” of Dillard’s.
KRS 342.610(2). Further, it does not direct us to evidence demonstrating that
Higbee is “a part of” Dillard’s, Cabrera, 568 S.W.3d at 871, beyond Higbee being
listed on Dillard’s workers’ compensation insurance policy. Accordingly, we
cannot agree Higbee was entitled to summary judgment, as material questions of
fact remain unresolved and thus summary judgment was premature.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Kenton Circuit Court’s
October 29, 2021 order granting summary judgment, and remand for proceedings
consistent with this Opinion.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Haley S. Stamm Matthew A. Taulbee Fort Mitchell, Kentucky Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
-9-