KENNEDY, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Bessie Tsosie contests the denial of child’s insurance benefits under the Social Security Act to a child adopted by her after the death of the eligible wage earner. Tsosie asserts that the district court erroneously construed the relevant statute, 42 U.S.C. § 416(e), to deny benefits. In the alternative, she contends that the statute violates the child’s due process rights under the fifth amendment by allegedly adopting an impermissible classification. Because 42 U.S.C. § 416(e) clearly mandates denial of benefits in this case and because appellant has not demonstrated that the statute denies any right by reason of the statutory classification scheme, the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the Government is affirmed.
Alfred Keese, the child-claimant in this case, was born August 2,1959 to Kee Keese and Mary Keese. When the child was six months old, his parents sent him to live with his aunt and uncle, Bessie and Frank Tsosie. When Alfred was four, the Tsosies petitioned to adopt him. That petition was denied and dismissed in 1965 when the natural parents withdrew their consent to the adoption. At that time, the trial court of the Navajo Tribe appointed the Tsosies to be Alfred’s guardians. The child was still under the guardianship of the Tsosies when Frank died, in 1971. Shortly after Frank’s death, Bessie Tsosie again petitioned to adopt Alfred. Her petition was granted on November 14, 1972.
Alfred received benefits from the state Aid to Families with Dependent Children program from June 1971 to March 1972, a period four months preceding and five months following Frank’s death. The amount of these benefits was $37.00 per month, and the benefits were terminated in March 1972 due to a change in policy of the
Arizona Department of Welfare. Alfred received an additional $6.20 per month in social security benefits on the account of his natural father, Kee Keese. Thus, at the time Frank died, Alfred was receiving $43.20 a month in total support benefits.
Following Frank Tsosie’s death and shortly after her adoption petition was granted, Bessie Tsosie filed an application for mother’s Social Security insurance benefits and for child’s insurance benefits on behalf of Alfred. Under 42 U.S.C. § 402(g)(1)(E), the widow of a fully insured wage earner is entitled to mother’s insurance benefits if, at the time she filed an application for benefits, she had in her care an individual entitled to child’s insurance benefits. An individual is entitled to child’s insurance benefits if he was a “child” of the wage earner, as defined by § 416(e), and dependent on him at the time of the wage earner’s death. 42 U.S.C. § 402(d)(l)(C)(ii) and § 416(e).
Under § 416(e), the term “child” includes a person’s natural children and his legally adopted children. The section further describes when a child is deemed legally adopted:
[A] person shall be deemed, as of the date of death of an individual, to be the legally adopted child of such individual if such person was at the time of such individual’s death living in such individual’s household and was legally adopted by such individual’s surviving spouse after such individual’s death but only if (A) proceedings for the adoption of the child had been instituted by such individual before his death, or (B) such child was adopted by such individual’s surviving spouse before the end of two years after (i) the day on which such individual died or (ii) August 28, 1958; except that this sentence shall not apply if at the time of such individual’s death such person was receiving regular contributions toward his support from someone other than such individual or his spouse, or from any public or private welfare organization which furnishes services or assistance for children.
Tsosie’s applications for mother’s and child’s insurance benefits were denied initially by an administrative law judge and again, after a hearing, by the Secretary. The Secretary denied the claims because Alfred did not meet the definition of “child” under the literal terms of 42 U.S.C. § 416(e). This determination was based on the finding that, at the time of Frank’s death, Alfred (1) had not yet been adopted, and (2) was receiving regular and substantial assistance from sources other than the wage earner or his spouse. The district court affirmed the administrative decision, and this appeal followed.
A. Operation of the Statute
1.
Applicability of the “regular contribution” exclusion.
We deal first with appellant’s contention that the Secretary erroneously construed § 416(e) to mandate denial of benefits in this case. Appellant argues that Congress did not intend the section’s exclusion of after-adopted children receiving regular outside contributions to disqualify children whose adoption proceedings were instituted before the death of the wage earner.
Appellant supports this proposition with the following isolated fragment of legislative history:
The committee believes it is reasonable to presume that where a worker initiated adoption proceedings, . . . prior to the worker’s death, the child lost a source of support on the death of the worker.
S.Rep. No. 744, 90th Cong. 1st Sess.
reprinted in
[1967] U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News, 2834, 2927. From this sentence appellant infers that Congress believed that predeath commencement of adoption proceedings alone demonstrates a child’s dependence on the wage earner and that, therefore, Congress did not intend the “regular contribu
tions” exclusion to apply to adoption proceedings begun before the wage earner’s death.
This reading disregards the statute’s plain terms, which require application of the regular contributions exception to children whose adoption proceedings were commenced prior to the wage earner’s death.
The isolated portion of legislative history and the tenuous inferences drawn from it on which appellant relies are insufficient to compel a result at odds with the statute’s clear mandate.
See United States v. Oregon,
366 U.S. 643, 648, 81 S.Ct. 1278, 1280, 6 L.Ed.2d 575 (1961);
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. EPA,
507 F.2d 905, 915 (9th Cir. 1974);
Hagler v. Finch,
451 F.2d 45, 48 (9th Cir. 1971),
cert. denied,
405 U.S. 1071, 92 S.Ct. 1522, 31 L.Ed.2d 805 (1972);
Maun v. United States,
347 F.2d 970, 976 (9th Cir. 1965). Even if Tsosie were correct regarding congressional intent, moreover, we have substantial doubts that the present case fits the category of adoptions commenced but not completed before the death of the insured wage earner. Although Frank and Bessie Tsosie initially commenced adoption proceedings in 1965 before Frank died, their petition was denied and dismissed shortly thereafter. More than five years later, after Frank had died, adoption proceedings were instituted by Bessie that led to the order of adoption in this case. But the proceedings leading to adoption were entirely separate from those begun by Frank and terminated before his death. The legislative history shows that Congress intended to expand the definition of children entitled to benefits to those whose adoption proceedings were pending at the time of the wage earner’s death and were completed more than two years later. It is not clear, however, that Congress intended to extend benefits to the situation in which a prior attempt to adopt ended in failure and a new proceeding was instituted after the wage earner’s death. S. Rept. No. 744, 90th Cong., 1st Sess.,
reprinted in
[1967] U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 2834, 2927. (“In some cases, a surviving spouse, due to circumstances beyond her control, is unable to
complete
within 2 years of the worker’s death an adoption started before his death.” (emphasis added)).
Even if, as appellant contends, Congress believed that the mere predeath institution of adoption proceedings constitutes some indicium of dependency, it is somewhat unlikely that Congress presumed such dependency would continue in the intervening years between adoption petitions. In this case, moreover, the earlier proceedings were terminated by reason of the natural parents’ denying their consent, a circumstance that generally raises the legitimate inference that the natural parents recognized their obligation to support the child, thus eliminating the child’s dependency on the insured.
2.
Application of the exclusion to this case.'
Appellant contends that the Secretary and the district court erred in concluding that the $43.20 per month Alfred received for four months preceding and five months following Frank Tsosie’s death was regular and substantial, thus denying Alfred further benefits under § 416(e). The statute literally only requires that the benefits received be regular. 42 U.S.C. § 416(e). That provision has been interpreted to mean
regular and substantial
support to avoid what might otherwise be an unconstitutional presumption of loss
of
support.
Stowers v. Finch,
323 F.Supp. 863, 864 (E.D. Cal.1971). The standard of regular and substantial support was applied by the Secretary in the present case to exclude Alfred from further benefits.
See also Carey v. Social Security Board,
62 F.Supp. 458 (W.D.Ky. 1945).
Appellant first contends that the benefits were not regular because the AFDC payments began only four months before Frank Tsosie died and were termi
nated five months later. For purposes of Social Security coverage, the time for assessing the regularity of the payments is at the time of the wage earner’s death. Section 416(e) provides that after-adopted children “shall be deemed, as
of the date of death
of an individual [wage earner] to be the legally adopted child
of
such individual” unless
“at the time of such individual’s death
such person was receiving regular contributions toward his support . . . (emphasis added).
Cf. Weinberger
v.
Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 767-68, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2467-2468, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) (duration-of-relationship requirement triggered by date of wage earner’s death). As the principal purpose of Social Security survivor’s benefits is to replace support lost to the claimant by the death of the wage earner,
see, e. g., Flemming v. Nestor,
363 U.S. 603, 80 S.Ct. 1367, 4 L.Ed.2d 1435 (1960), the inquiry must focus on the claimant’s dependency on the wage earner prior to the latter’s death and not on subsequent events.
It is apparent to us that at the time of Frank Tsosie’s death the AFDC payments were being made to Alfred on a regular basis. They were “recurring” and were being paid at “stated or uniform intervals.” Webster’s Third New World Dictionary (1961). They were not occasional gifts.
Carey v. Social Security Board,
62 F.Supp. 458, 460 (W.D. Ky.1945). Although they had commenced only four months earlier, the expectation at the time of Frank Tsosie’s death was that they would continue each month for an indefinite period; indeed, they did continue for another five months after his death. It is unfortunate that they were paid for a period of only nine months and then were terminated by a ruling of the Arizona welfare agency, but that fact does not alter the regularity with which they were paid. There was no indication at the time of Frank’s death that the state would change its position and terminate those benefits in the future.
Appellant further contends the Secretary erred in concluding that the benefits received by Alfred also were substantial within the judicially recognized meaning of the term. Although some courts have set flat rules to assess substantiality,
see, e. g., Levenson v. United States,
157 F.Supp. 244, 250 (N.D. Ala.1957) and although other classifications of the Social Security Act itself measure substantiality by an objective formula,
see, e.g.,
42 U.S.C. §§ 402(d)(4); 402(d)(8)(D)(ii); 402(d)(9); 402(f)(1)(D) (eligibility for benefits based on whether the beneficiary was receiving at least one half of his support from the insured wage earner, disqualifying those individuals receiving 51 per cent or more from an outside source), substantiality in the context of child support benefits must be determined on a case-by-case basis. As the court in
Stowers v. Finch
noted, the amount of support received from other sources will be considered substantial if “the loss of income from the death of the insured, while it may deprive the child-claimant of some support benefits will still leave her with enough income for support.” 323 F.Supp. at 864.
Alfred Keese received $37.00 per month in AFDC benefits and $6.20 per month in social security benefits. We cannot say as a matter of law that the Secretary erred in concluding that $43.20 per month in benefits was substantial.
That figure constitutes approximately 77 per cent of the $56.00 Arizona had determined as the minimum necessary to meet a child’s basic needs. Appellant adopts the state standard as the measure of substantiality. Accepting the state standard as the appropriate benchmark, we conclude that 77 per cent of
that figure is considerable and comprises the “main part” of Alfred’s support.
Accordingly, we agree with the district court that the Secretary correctly determined that Alfred Keese is not eligible for child’s insurance benefits under the terms of 42 U.S.C. § 416(e).
B. Validity of the Classifications and Due Process
The fifth amendment’s due process clause prohibits the federal government from denying individuals equal protection of the laws.
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld,
420 U.S. 636, 638 n.2, 95 S.Ct. 1225, 1228 n.2, 43 L.Ed.2d 514 (1975);
Bolling v. Sharpe,
347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 694, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954). Appellant contends that the distinctions in 42 U.S.C. § 416(e) between natural children, legally adopted children and after-adopted children violates the due process clause in two respects. First, she claims that the statute unconstitutionally discriminates between two classes of after-adopted children, those who were receiving regular and substantial outside contributions toward their support at the time of the wage earner’s death, and those after-adopteds who were not receiving such support. Second, she contends that the statute creates an arbitrary distinction between natural and adopted children on the one hand and after-adopteds on the other hand. We are not persuaded that the statute in any way establishes an invidious class or deprives the appellant of equal protection of the law.
At the outset we reject appellant’s suggestion that the congressional classifications in this case are subject to more rigorous scrutiny than that accorded other economic legislation. The standard for testing the validity of Congress’s Social Security classifications was clearly stated in
Flemming v. Nestor,
363 U.S. at 611, 80 S.Ct. at 1373:
Particularly when we deal with a withholding of a noncontractual benefit under a social welfare program such as [Social Security], we must recognize that the Due Process Clause can be thought to interpose a bar only if the statute manifests a patently arbitrary classification, utterly lacking in rational justification.
Accord, Weinberger v. Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 768-72, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2468-2470, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975); Richardson
v. Belcher,
404 U.S. 78, 84, 92 S.Ct. 254, 258, 30 L.Ed.2d 231 (1971);
Dandridge v. Williams,
397 U.S. 471, 485-86, 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1161-1162, 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970);
Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co.,
220 U.S. 61, 78, 31 S.Ct. 337, 340, 55 L.Ed. 369 (1911). In
Salfi,
the Court resolved any confusion that may have resulted from language in prior cases, holding that a “noncontractual claim to receive funds from the public treasury enjoys no constitutionally protected status, . though of course Congress may not invidiously discriminate among such claimants on
the basis of a ‘bare congressional desire to harm a politically unpopular group,’ . or on the basis of criteria which bear no rational relationship to a legitimate legislative goal.” 422 U.S. at 772, 95 S.Ct. at 2470 (citations omitted).
Equal protection analysis “requires strict scrutiny of a legislative classification only when the classification impermissibly interferes with the exercise of a fundamental right or operates to the peculiar disadvantage of a suspect class.”
See Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia,
427 U.S. 307, 312, 96 S.Ct. 2562, 2566, 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976) (footnotes omitted);
San Antonio School Dist. v. Rodriguez,
411 U.S. 1, 16, 93 S.Ct. 1278, 1287, 36 L.Ed.2d 16 (1973). We already have observed that no fundamental rights are implicated by this case in such a way as to require strict scrutiny. As the class of after-adopted children receiving public or other outside assistance is not a suspect class, we must examine the statutory distinctions in light of the rational-basis standard reiterated in
Salfi.
I-
Distinctions among after-adopted children themselves.
The Social Security Act distinguishes between two groups of after-adopted children — those who receive regular, substantial outside support and those who do not. Only the latter group qualifies for child’s insurance benefits under the Act. We find the classification is in direct relation to legitimate goals of Congress. It does not deprive after-adopted children who receive outside support either of due process or of equal protection, which is a component of the due process clause.
One of the principal purposes of the child’s insurance program is to replace the support the child loses upon the death of the wage earner. It is apparent that Congress intended to make eligible for social security benefits those after-adopted children actually supported by and dependent upon the deceased wage earner.
See, e. g.,
Report of the 1971 Advisory Council on Social Security, H. Doc. No. 92-80, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (April 5, 1971);
Jimenez v. Weinberger,
417 U.S. 628, 634, 94 S.Ct. 2496, 2500, 41 L.Ed.2d 363 (1974); Watts v.
Veneman,
476 F.2d 529 (D.C. Cir. 1973);
Davis v. Richardson,
342 F.Supp. 588, 593 (D. Conn.),
aff’d
409 U.S. 1069, 93 S.Ct. 678, 34 L.Ed.2d 659 (1972). This being so, different treatment to after-adopteds receiving regular and substantial outside support and, presumably, not dependent on the deceased wage earner, and after-adopteds who do not receive such outside benefits and who were most probably dependent on the wage earner with whom they lived is permissible.
Appellant does not seriously contend that dependency on the wage earner is an impermissible criterion for determining eligibility for benefits. Rather, she argues that the test of dependency incorporated into the statute — regular and substantial outside support as measured at the time of the wage earner’s death — is not rationally designed to advance the legitimate purposes of the statute and is an invalid irrebuttable presumption. We reject this contention. In
Weinberger v. Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975), the Supreme Court sustained a legislative presumption that marriages within nine months of a wage earner’s death were entered into “not to enjoy its traditional benefits, but instead to enable one spouse to claim benefits upon the anticipated early death of the wage earner.” 422 U.S. at 777, 95 S.Ct. at 2473. The Court concluded that with respect to noncontractual claims to Social Security benefits Con
gress may make such conclusive legislative presumptions that serve a rational purpose.
In the present scheme nondependency on the wage earner reasonably is presumed if the after-adopted child is receiving regular and substantial outside support at the time of the wage earner’s death. Claimants are entitled to challenge whether certain outside support is regular and substantial. This lends flexibility to the concept of dependency. Once the receipt of regular and substantial outside support is established, however, nondependency is conclusively presumed and benefits are denied. We do not think it irrational to believe that if a child is receiving regular and substantial outside support, the child does not rely to any great extent on the wage earner or the wage earner’s spouse for his support and, thus, is not dependent on the wage earner for social security purposes.
Appellant’s observation that there are standards other than regular, substantial outside support that may more accurately measure dependency does not invalidate the method chosen by Congress so long as the method chosen is rationally related to the purpose to be achieved. Although the standard adopted may prejudice some individuals who are actually dependent on the wage earner and yet are disqualified because they received regular and substantial outside support contributions for a short period corresponding to the wage earner’s death, this does not invalidate the statute. “Perfection in making the necessary classifications is neither possible nor necessary.”
Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia,
427 U.S. at 314, 96 S.Ct. at 2567. That Congress chooses not to determine dependency more precisely through individualized assessment of need and existing sources of support is not to say that the objective of assuring dependency is not rationally furthered by a substantial-outside-support limitation. It is only to say that, with regard to the interest of all concerned, Congress perhaps has not chosen the best means to accomplish this purpose. But in the area of economics and social welfare where rationality is the test, Congress “does not violate the Equal Protection Clause merely because the classifications made by its laws are imperfect.”
Dandridge v. Williams,
397 U.S. at 485, 90 S.Ct. at 1161.
Accord, Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia,
427 U.S. 307, 316, 96 S.Ct. 2562, 2568, 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976);
Weinberger v. Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 769-70, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2468-69, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975);
McGowan v. Maryland,
366 U.S. 420, 426, 81 S.Ct. 1101, 1105, 6 L.Ed.2d 393 (1961);
Metropolis Theatre Co.
v.
City of Chicago,
228 U.S. 61, 69-70, 33 S.Ct. 441, 443, 57 L.Ed. 730 (1913);
Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co.,
220 U.S. 61, 78, 31 S.Ct. 337, 340, 55 L.Ed. 369 (1911).
Accordingly, we believe that the difference in treatment of two classes of after-adopted children is based on a standard that reasonably reflects and implements a legitimate legislative concern.
2.
Distinction between after-adopted and natural or adopted children.
Appellant further contends that the Social Security Act sets up an invalid distinction between those children whose adoptions were not completed until after the wage earner’s death, and natural or adopted children. Specifically, under § 402(d)(3)(A), a natural or adopted child is presumed to be dependent on his parents without regard to actual dependency.
Under § 416(e), however, there is no such presumption for an after-adopted child who receives regular and sub
stantial outside contributions toward his support.
The reasonableness of the distinctions becomes apparent when viewed in light of principles regarding social security programs. Generally, social security benefits are intended to aid dependents with whom the disabled wage earner had a legal or blood relation. No such relation or duty is involved between an insured worker and a child living in his home who is not adopted until after the worker’s death. Despite this lack of a legal or family tie, Congress decided that such children should be beneficiaries of the insurance program if they are subsequently adopted and if they previously were being supported to a great extent by the wage earner and his spouse.
Under these circumstances, requiring after-adopteds to demonstrate that they were not receiving regular and substantial outside support contributions is reasonable. Congress could reasonably conclude that natural or prior adopted children, because of their legal or biological relationship to the wage earner, were more likely as a class to be dependent on the wage earner for their support. Accordingly, Congress was entitled to dispense with a particular inquiry regarding outside support or dependency as to that class of children.
See Weinberger v. Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 781-82, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2474-2475, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975). Conversely, Congress could reasonably conclude that children who had not been adopted at the time the wage earner died might be dependent for support on someone other than the wage earner and could adopt an administrative mechanism that utilizes this factor. The scheme comports with due process.
We acknowledge that some natural or adopted children, not actually dependent on their parents, are eligible nevertheless for benefits and will receive a windfall because, unlike after-adopteds, they need not actually prove dependency. Congress could reasonably determine, however, that the risks of making payments to a few nondependents was outweighed by the savings inherent in avoiding case-by-case dependency determinations. Bowing to administrative convenience does not result in one class being denied a benefit to which it could otherwise be entitled. Rather, it permits a small number in one class to receive a windfall, but preserves to the complaining class the right to establish its eligibility.
Appellant’s reliance on
Jimenez v. Weinberger,
417 U.S. 628, 94 S.Ct. 2496, 41 L.Ed.2d 363 (1974), is misplaced. In
Jimenez
the plaintiff successfully challenged the difference in treatment between illegitimates born after the onset of the wage earner’s disability who could inherit, or were legitimated under state laws, or who were illegitimate only because of some formal defect in their parents’ ceremonial marriage, all of whom could receive benefits under the Act, and other after-born illegitimates who were conclusively denied benefits. That holding turned on the observation that the latter class was as likely to be dependent for support on their parents as members of the former group, and the cri
teria for distinguishing the treatment received in no way served any legitimate purpose related to the Act.
In the present action, we have already observed that the criteria distinguishing the treatment of after-adopteds from other children are based on a standard that is reasonably related to dependency. Moreover, the classification in
Jimenez
involved legitimacy, which the Court has held is entitled to somewhat heightened review.
See United States v. Clark,
445 U.S. 23, 100 S.Ct. 895, 63 L.Ed.2d 171 (1980);
Mathews v. Lucas,
427 U.S. 495, 503-06, 96 S.Ct. 2755, 2761-2763, 49 L.Ed.2d 651 (1976);
Labine v. Vincent,
401 U.S. 532, 91 S.Ct. 1017, 28 L.Ed.2d 288 (1971). Finally, unlike the disadvantaged class in
Jimenez,
after-adopteds are not conclusively excluded from coverage by § 416(e), but may qualify for benefits if there is no substantially regular support from outside sources. Congress is not required to grant benefits to all after-adopted children merely because it granted benefits to some. So long as its classifications are free from irrational discrimination and reasonably related to the legitimate legislative goals, as they are here, it cannot be faulted for attacking part of a problem rather than the entire problem in deciding who will be eligible for survivor benefits.
See Geduldig v. Aiello,
417 U.S. 484, 496, 94 S.Ct. 2485, 2491, 41 L.Ed.2d 256 (1974);
Dandridge v. Williams,
397 U.S. 471, 486-87, 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1162-1163, 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970);
Williamson v. Lee Optical Co.,
348 U.S. 483, 489, 75 S.Ct. 461, 465, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955).
AFFIRMED.