MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-11-00351-CR
Bert Travis GARCIA, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 79th Judicial District Court, Brooks County, Texas Trial Court No. 10-09-10594-CR Honorable J. Manuel Banales, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: December 14, 2011
AFFIRMED
After the trial court denied appellant Bert Travis Garcia’s motion to suppress, Garcia pled
guilty to burglary of a habitation. The trial court sentenced Garcia to seven years’ imprisonment
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division. On appeal, Garcia
contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his written confession and
statements because they were obtained as a result of an illegal arrest. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment. 04-11-00351-CR
BACKGROUND
Sergeant Alberto Gonzalez testified at the suppression hearing. He testified that as he
was investigating a burglary, he received information that Garcia might have been involved.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified he then made contact with Garcia at Joe Morales’s home. Sergeant
Gonzalez told Garcia he needed to speak with him about a burglary Garcia may have been
involved in, and Sergeant Gonzalez asked Garcia if he would speak to him at the police station.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified he did not tell Garcia he was under arrest, and that Garcia went
voluntarily to the police station with him.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified that at the police station, he read Garcia his Miranda rights.
Sergeant Gonzalez stated Garcia understood these rights, agreed to waive them, and signed a
document to that effect. Sergeant Gonzalez did not believe Garcia was under the influence of
drugs or alcohol. While speaking to Garcia, Sergeant Gonzalez testified Garcia did not, at any
time, ask for a lawyer or ask to stop the interview. Sergeant Gonzalez also stated he did not
coerce or threaten Garcia, did not make promises to Garcia, and did not deny Garcia the right to
use the restroom or drink water.
Once Sergeant Gonzalez began questioning Garcia, Garcia verbally admitted he had
committed the burglary and agreed to provide a written statement. Garcia then asked Sergeant
Gonzalez to write the statement, and Garcia signed the statement after it was written. Once the
statement was completed, Sergeant Gonzalez obtained an arrest warrant and arrested Garcia.
Joe Morales testified he had given Sergeant Gonzalez permission to enter his home and
because he was outside at the time, he did not see what went on in the house between Garcia and
Sergeant Gonzalez.
-2- 04-11-00351-CR
Garcia also testified at the suppression hearing. Garcia testified Sergeant Gonzalez
approached him for the first time outside of Joe Morales’s home. Garcia told Sergeant Gonzalez
he would go to the police station in a couple of minutes with his mom. Garcia then testified that
Sergeant Gonzalez came back to Joe Morales’s home fifteen to twenty minutes after their initial
conversation. Garcia testified Sergeant Gonzalez, dressed in his uniform, entered the home,
grabbed Garcia’s arm, and took Garcia to the police station in his patrol car. Garcia testified he
felt as if he was in custody and was not free to leave. Garcia stated Sergeant Gonzalez told him
if he confessed to the burglary, he would be free to leave. On cross-examination, Garcia
admitted he had gone to the police station before to make voluntary statements to Sergeant
Gonzalez on other matters, and during those times, Sergeant Gonzalez was dressed as he was the
day in question, in his uniform. Garcia also admitted Sergeant Gonzalez did not handcuff him.
After hearing the above evidence, the trial court denied Garcia’s motion to suppress.
Garcia subsequently pled guilty and was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment. Garcia then
perfected this appeal.
ANALYSIS
Garcia contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his written
confession and statements because they were obtained as a result of an illegal arrest. Garcia
argues the arrest was illegal because Sergeant Gonzalez did not have a warrant or probable cause
to arrest Garcia. The State contends Garcia was not in custody at the time of questioning. We
agree.
We must review a ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of discretion under a
bifurcated standard. See Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 457-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). First,
we will give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts, and
-3- 04-11-00351-CR
second, the trial court’s application of the law to those facts is reviewed de novo. See id. at 458.
Because the trial court is the sole trier of fact, the trial court may believe or disbelieve any or all
of a witness’s testimony. Id. We must then examine the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s ruling. See id.
The voluntariness of Garcia’s confession only becomes an issue if his confession was
obtained while he was in custody at the time of the questioning. See Bradley v. State, 960
S.W.2d 791, 801 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, pet. ref’d). Therefore, Garcia’s contentions revolve
around one issue: whether he was in custody at the time he confessed to Sergeant Gonzalez. “A
person is in ‘custody’ only if, under the circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that
his freedom of movement was restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Dowthitt
v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S.
318, 322 (1994)). There are four situations in which a suspect may be in custody:
(1) when the suspect is physically deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, (2) when a law enforcement officer tells the suspect that he cannot leave, (3) when law enforcement officers create a situation that would lead a reasonable person to believe that his freedom of movement has been significantly restricted, and (4) when there is probable cause to arrest and law enforcement officers do not tell the suspect that he is free to leave.
Id. Because Sergeant Gonzalez never told Garcia he could not leave, and it was within the trial
court’s purview to believe one witness over another, the second situation may be dismissed.
As for the first situation, Garcia was never handcuffed, and while at the police station, he
was not refused the right to use the restroom and drink water. Again, Sergeant Gonzalez never
told him he could not leave. As for the third situation, although Garcia testified he thought he
was in custody, it is not a subjective belief, but an objective, reasonable belief. Although
Sergeant Gonzalez was in uniform at the time, Garcia voluntarily went to the police station.
-4- 04-11-00351-CR
Garcia was never handcuffed, told he could not leave, or denied the right to use the restroom.
There was also testimony that Garcia had voluntarily made statements at the police station
before, to Sergeant Gonzalez in uniform, and was always free to leave. We hold the foregoing
would lead a reasonable person to believe they were not in custody at the time of questioning.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-11-00351-CR
Bert Travis GARCIA, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 79th Judicial District Court, Brooks County, Texas Trial Court No. 10-09-10594-CR Honorable J. Manuel Banales, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: December 14, 2011
AFFIRMED
After the trial court denied appellant Bert Travis Garcia’s motion to suppress, Garcia pled
guilty to burglary of a habitation. The trial court sentenced Garcia to seven years’ imprisonment
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division. On appeal, Garcia
contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his written confession and
statements because they were obtained as a result of an illegal arrest. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment. 04-11-00351-CR
BACKGROUND
Sergeant Alberto Gonzalez testified at the suppression hearing. He testified that as he
was investigating a burglary, he received information that Garcia might have been involved.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified he then made contact with Garcia at Joe Morales’s home. Sergeant
Gonzalez told Garcia he needed to speak with him about a burglary Garcia may have been
involved in, and Sergeant Gonzalez asked Garcia if he would speak to him at the police station.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified he did not tell Garcia he was under arrest, and that Garcia went
voluntarily to the police station with him.
Sergeant Gonzalez testified that at the police station, he read Garcia his Miranda rights.
Sergeant Gonzalez stated Garcia understood these rights, agreed to waive them, and signed a
document to that effect. Sergeant Gonzalez did not believe Garcia was under the influence of
drugs or alcohol. While speaking to Garcia, Sergeant Gonzalez testified Garcia did not, at any
time, ask for a lawyer or ask to stop the interview. Sergeant Gonzalez also stated he did not
coerce or threaten Garcia, did not make promises to Garcia, and did not deny Garcia the right to
use the restroom or drink water.
Once Sergeant Gonzalez began questioning Garcia, Garcia verbally admitted he had
committed the burglary and agreed to provide a written statement. Garcia then asked Sergeant
Gonzalez to write the statement, and Garcia signed the statement after it was written. Once the
statement was completed, Sergeant Gonzalez obtained an arrest warrant and arrested Garcia.
Joe Morales testified he had given Sergeant Gonzalez permission to enter his home and
because he was outside at the time, he did not see what went on in the house between Garcia and
Sergeant Gonzalez.
-2- 04-11-00351-CR
Garcia also testified at the suppression hearing. Garcia testified Sergeant Gonzalez
approached him for the first time outside of Joe Morales’s home. Garcia told Sergeant Gonzalez
he would go to the police station in a couple of minutes with his mom. Garcia then testified that
Sergeant Gonzalez came back to Joe Morales’s home fifteen to twenty minutes after their initial
conversation. Garcia testified Sergeant Gonzalez, dressed in his uniform, entered the home,
grabbed Garcia’s arm, and took Garcia to the police station in his patrol car. Garcia testified he
felt as if he was in custody and was not free to leave. Garcia stated Sergeant Gonzalez told him
if he confessed to the burglary, he would be free to leave. On cross-examination, Garcia
admitted he had gone to the police station before to make voluntary statements to Sergeant
Gonzalez on other matters, and during those times, Sergeant Gonzalez was dressed as he was the
day in question, in his uniform. Garcia also admitted Sergeant Gonzalez did not handcuff him.
After hearing the above evidence, the trial court denied Garcia’s motion to suppress.
Garcia subsequently pled guilty and was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment. Garcia then
perfected this appeal.
ANALYSIS
Garcia contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his written
confession and statements because they were obtained as a result of an illegal arrest. Garcia
argues the arrest was illegal because Sergeant Gonzalez did not have a warrant or probable cause
to arrest Garcia. The State contends Garcia was not in custody at the time of questioning. We
agree.
We must review a ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of discretion under a
bifurcated standard. See Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 457-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). First,
we will give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts, and
-3- 04-11-00351-CR
second, the trial court’s application of the law to those facts is reviewed de novo. See id. at 458.
Because the trial court is the sole trier of fact, the trial court may believe or disbelieve any or all
of a witness’s testimony. Id. We must then examine the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s ruling. See id.
The voluntariness of Garcia’s confession only becomes an issue if his confession was
obtained while he was in custody at the time of the questioning. See Bradley v. State, 960
S.W.2d 791, 801 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, pet. ref’d). Therefore, Garcia’s contentions revolve
around one issue: whether he was in custody at the time he confessed to Sergeant Gonzalez. “A
person is in ‘custody’ only if, under the circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that
his freedom of movement was restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Dowthitt
v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S.
318, 322 (1994)). There are four situations in which a suspect may be in custody:
(1) when the suspect is physically deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, (2) when a law enforcement officer tells the suspect that he cannot leave, (3) when law enforcement officers create a situation that would lead a reasonable person to believe that his freedom of movement has been significantly restricted, and (4) when there is probable cause to arrest and law enforcement officers do not tell the suspect that he is free to leave.
Id. Because Sergeant Gonzalez never told Garcia he could not leave, and it was within the trial
court’s purview to believe one witness over another, the second situation may be dismissed.
As for the first situation, Garcia was never handcuffed, and while at the police station, he
was not refused the right to use the restroom and drink water. Again, Sergeant Gonzalez never
told him he could not leave. As for the third situation, although Garcia testified he thought he
was in custody, it is not a subjective belief, but an objective, reasonable belief. Although
Sergeant Gonzalez was in uniform at the time, Garcia voluntarily went to the police station.
-4- 04-11-00351-CR
Garcia was never handcuffed, told he could not leave, or denied the right to use the restroom.
There was also testimony that Garcia had voluntarily made statements at the police station
before, to Sergeant Gonzalez in uniform, and was always free to leave. We hold the foregoing
would lead a reasonable person to believe they were not in custody at the time of questioning.
As for the fourth situation, we must consider whether Garcia voluntarily arrived at the
police station, the length of the interrogation, whether Garcia was forbidden from seeing family
or friends, how much control was exercised over Garcia, and whether a “pivotal admission
established custody.” Espinoza v. State, 185 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no
pet.) (quoting Xu v. State, 100 S.W.3d 408, 413 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d)).
Garcia voluntarily went to the police station. There was no testimony during the suppression
hearing to indicate that the length of the interview was improper. During Garcia’s testimony,
Garcia did not indicate that he asked to see his family at any time, or that he was forbidden from
seeing friends or family. Garcia was also never handcuffed or told he could not leave or use the
restroom. Finally, once Garcia made a pivotal admission that would establish probable cause for
an arrest, Sergeant Gonzalez immediately obtained an arrest warrant.
We hold the trial court did not err in denying Garcia’s motion to suppress because Garcia
was not in custody at the time of his confession. Because Garcia was not in custody at the time
of questioning, whether Sergeant Gonzalez had an arrest warrant or probable cause to arrest
Garcia is irrelevant. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Garcia’s
motion to suppress his confession.
-5- 04-11-00351-CR
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we overrule Garcia’s contentions, and therefore, affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
-6-