Mr. Justice Van Orsdel
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The judgment below turned upon the single question of the right of plaintiff to maintain this action. It is unnecessary to consider the powers and functions of the variety of special administrators known to the common law. The Maryland act of 1798 superseded the common law in that State, and became the law of this District. Under its provisions, a collector was expressly /forbidden to bring suit to recover debts due the estate, and the act made no provision for suit against him by a creditor of the decedent. This act was modified by the act of Congress of June 18, 1898, in sec. 9 of which it was provided that justices of the supreme court of the District of Columbia “may authorize and direct collectors heretofore or hereafter appointed to discliarge. pendente lite all or any of the duties of an administrator.”
The Maryland act, as thus modified, was brought into the District Code, with an additional provision authorizing the court .to direct the collector to pay debts against the estate, and expressly providing that he might bring suit on behalf of the estate, but with a provision that “such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.” A collector in this District is a creature of statute. His' duties and powers are prescribed in the following sections of the Code:
“Sec. 306. Duties of Collector. — The collector shall collect the goods, chattels, and personal estate of the deceased, including the debts due him, and cause the same to be appraised and return an inventory thereof, as an administrator is required to do, and may, under the authority of the court, sell perishable articles and bring suits for debts or other property, as an administrator may do, and shall account for the money recovered. [113]*113Said collector may be allowed a commission on the property and debts actually collected, and afterwards delivered to the executor or administrator, not exceeding 3 per centum and said collector may be authorized and directed by the court to discharge, ■pendente lite, all or any of the duties of an administrator, including the payment of debts.
“Sec. 307. When Powers to Cease. — On the granting of letters testamentary or of administration the power of any such collector shall cease, and it shall be his duty to deliver, on demand, all the property and money of the decedent in his hands, except as before excepted, to the person obtaining such letters, and the executor or administrator may be permitted to prosecute any suit commenced by said collector as if the same had been begun by said executor or administrator.
“See. 308. If the said collector shall neglect or refuse to deliver over the property and estate to the executor or administrator, the court may, by citation and attachment, compel him to do so, and the executor or administrator may also proceed, by civil action, to recover the value of the assets from him and his sureties by action on his bond. Such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.” [31 Stat. at L. 1238, chap. 851. J
Analyzing these provisions of the Code, we find that sec. 306, prescribing the duties of a collector, authorizes him to “bring suits; ” but, were the converse also intended, the usual legislative expression, “sue and be sued,” would undoubtedly have been employed to express the legislative intent. In sec. 307, it is provided that, upon the appointment of an executor or administrator, “'the power” of the collector ceases, and the executor or administrator “may be permitted to prosecute any suit commenced by said collector,” Again, did the right of a creditor to sue the collector exist, Congress, to express its intention, would have used language similar to that used in the present Maryland statute, referring to administrators pendente lite, (art. 93, sec. 69, Md. Code), providing that “all suits pending by or against any such administrator may be prosecuted or de[114]*114fended by tbe executor or administrator appointed to succeed him.”
These limitations apply equally to the collector when performing the duties of an administrator pendente Hie. The statute is defining the duties of a collector in both his single and double capacities. If a distinction were intended, it must be assumed Congress would have used fitting words. If it had been intended to confer special power upon the collector as administrator pendente lite, that official designation would have been used; but, on the contrary, throughout the statute, he is referred to in his official capacity as collector.
It is urged in the brief of appellant that the prohibition against suit contained in the last sentence of sec. 308 ‘'is to prevent the retiring collector from being sued by creditors upon the theory that, having retained assets of the estate, he should continue liable for its debts, after his term of office has expired.” This contention leaves out of consideration the fact that sec. 308 contemplates the existence of a duly qualified executor or administrator, with the qualification of whom, under the preceding section, the power and functions of the collector ceased. The action of a creditor must be against the official representative of the decedent, the executor or administrator. D. C. Code, sec. 327 [31 Stat. at L. 1241, chap. 854]. This provision as to the right of action by a creditor against the executor or administrator supports the construction here placed upon the limitation in sec. 308. Therefore, the official existence of the collector having ended before the provisions of sec. 308 can be invoked, it logically follows that he could not be sued by a creditor for default under its provisions. To sustain appellant's contention that the sentence in question is to be limited to actions brought under the section of the Code in which it appears, Congress must be charged with doing a vain thing in attaching the limitation under consideration, since the collector's official authority had ceased, and he could not respond to an action by a creditor of tbe deceased.
The case of Baldwin v. Mitchell, 86 Md. 379, 38 Atl. 775, has an important bearing upon the construction of the present [115]*115statute, inasmuch as our law was taken largely from that State, in Maryland, the statute provides for collectors and administrators pendente lite as independent officials under different sections of the act. The powers of the collector are defined (art. 93, sec. 64, Md. Code), while those of the administrator pendente lite are not. Md. Code, art. 93, sec. 69. Administrators pendente lite, in the absence of any statutory restriction, were held to possess all the powers of administrators, except to the extent of making distribution of the estate. But sec. 69, supra, provides that the appointment of an executor or administrator shall operate as a revocation of the letters of administration pendente lile, and then provides that “all suits pending by or against any such administrator may be prosecuted or defended by the executor or administrator appointed to succeed him.” Construing these provisions together, the Maryland court held that an administrator pendente Hie could be sued by a creditor of the decedent in the Maryland act, however, there is no express provision, as in sec. 308, supra, that “such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.”
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Mr. Justice Van Orsdel
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The judgment below turned upon the single question of the right of plaintiff to maintain this action. It is unnecessary to consider the powers and functions of the variety of special administrators known to the common law. The Maryland act of 1798 superseded the common law in that State, and became the law of this District. Under its provisions, a collector was expressly /forbidden to bring suit to recover debts due the estate, and the act made no provision for suit against him by a creditor of the decedent. This act was modified by the act of Congress of June 18, 1898, in sec. 9 of which it was provided that justices of the supreme court of the District of Columbia “may authorize and direct collectors heretofore or hereafter appointed to discliarge. pendente lite all or any of the duties of an administrator.”
The Maryland act, as thus modified, was brought into the District Code, with an additional provision authorizing the court .to direct the collector to pay debts against the estate, and expressly providing that he might bring suit on behalf of the estate, but with a provision that “such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.” A collector in this District is a creature of statute. His' duties and powers are prescribed in the following sections of the Code:
“Sec. 306. Duties of Collector. — The collector shall collect the goods, chattels, and personal estate of the deceased, including the debts due him, and cause the same to be appraised and return an inventory thereof, as an administrator is required to do, and may, under the authority of the court, sell perishable articles and bring suits for debts or other property, as an administrator may do, and shall account for the money recovered. [113]*113Said collector may be allowed a commission on the property and debts actually collected, and afterwards delivered to the executor or administrator, not exceeding 3 per centum and said collector may be authorized and directed by the court to discharge, ■pendente lite, all or any of the duties of an administrator, including the payment of debts.
“Sec. 307. When Powers to Cease. — On the granting of letters testamentary or of administration the power of any such collector shall cease, and it shall be his duty to deliver, on demand, all the property and money of the decedent in his hands, except as before excepted, to the person obtaining such letters, and the executor or administrator may be permitted to prosecute any suit commenced by said collector as if the same had been begun by said executor or administrator.
“See. 308. If the said collector shall neglect or refuse to deliver over the property and estate to the executor or administrator, the court may, by citation and attachment, compel him to do so, and the executor or administrator may also proceed, by civil action, to recover the value of the assets from him and his sureties by action on his bond. Such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.” [31 Stat. at L. 1238, chap. 851. J
Analyzing these provisions of the Code, we find that sec. 306, prescribing the duties of a collector, authorizes him to “bring suits; ” but, were the converse also intended, the usual legislative expression, “sue and be sued,” would undoubtedly have been employed to express the legislative intent. In sec. 307, it is provided that, upon the appointment of an executor or administrator, “'the power” of the collector ceases, and the executor or administrator “may be permitted to prosecute any suit commenced by said collector,” Again, did the right of a creditor to sue the collector exist, Congress, to express its intention, would have used language similar to that used in the present Maryland statute, referring to administrators pendente lite, (art. 93, sec. 69, Md. Code), providing that “all suits pending by or against any such administrator may be prosecuted or de[114]*114fended by tbe executor or administrator appointed to succeed him.”
These limitations apply equally to the collector when performing the duties of an administrator pendente Hie. The statute is defining the duties of a collector in both his single and double capacities. If a distinction were intended, it must be assumed Congress would have used fitting words. If it had been intended to confer special power upon the collector as administrator pendente lite, that official designation would have been used; but, on the contrary, throughout the statute, he is referred to in his official capacity as collector.
It is urged in the brief of appellant that the prohibition against suit contained in the last sentence of sec. 308 ‘'is to prevent the retiring collector from being sued by creditors upon the theory that, having retained assets of the estate, he should continue liable for its debts, after his term of office has expired.” This contention leaves out of consideration the fact that sec. 308 contemplates the existence of a duly qualified executor or administrator, with the qualification of whom, under the preceding section, the power and functions of the collector ceased. The action of a creditor must be against the official representative of the decedent, the executor or administrator. D. C. Code, sec. 327 [31 Stat. at L. 1241, chap. 854]. This provision as to the right of action by a creditor against the executor or administrator supports the construction here placed upon the limitation in sec. 308. Therefore, the official existence of the collector having ended before the provisions of sec. 308 can be invoked, it logically follows that he could not be sued by a creditor for default under its provisions. To sustain appellant's contention that the sentence in question is to be limited to actions brought under the section of the Code in which it appears, Congress must be charged with doing a vain thing in attaching the limitation under consideration, since the collector's official authority had ceased, and he could not respond to an action by a creditor of tbe deceased.
The case of Baldwin v. Mitchell, 86 Md. 379, 38 Atl. 775, has an important bearing upon the construction of the present [115]*115statute, inasmuch as our law was taken largely from that State, in Maryland, the statute provides for collectors and administrators pendente lite as independent officials under different sections of the act. The powers of the collector are defined (art. 93, sec. 64, Md. Code), while those of the administrator pendente lite are not. Md. Code, art. 93, sec. 69. Administrators pendente lite, in the absence of any statutory restriction, were held to possess all the powers of administrators, except to the extent of making distribution of the estate. But sec. 69, supra, provides that the appointment of an executor or administrator shall operate as a revocation of the letters of administration pendente lile, and then provides that “all suits pending by or against any such administrator may be prosecuted or defended by the executor or administrator appointed to succeed him.” Construing these provisions together, the Maryland court held that an administrator pendente Hie could be sued by a creditor of the decedent in the Maryland act, however, there is no express provision, as in sec. 308, supra, that “such collector shall not be liable to an action by any creditor of the deceased.”
It is urged in the brief of appellant that, by the grammatical construction of the language, “the relative ‘such’ should be referred to the nearest antecedent. That is, the collector referred to in the preceding part of the same section. It is a forced and unnatural construction of the language used to go outside of the section and attach it to the collector designated in sec. 306, when exercising the pow’ers of an administrator.” This rule of construction would have some application were there different collectors referred to in the statute, but the statute throughout treats of but one collector, and the restriction relates to the collector generally, and not to him in any single connection.
It is urged that, if the right to sue the collector is not upheld, appellant, by reason of the long delayed probate of the will in this case, is in jeopardy of being barred by sec. 1266 of the Code [31 Stat. at L. 1389, chap. 854, as amended, 32 Stat. at L. 542, chap. 1329], which provides as follows: “In suits against the estate of a deceased person, in computing the time of limitation the interval, not exceeding two years, between the [116]*116death, of the deceased and the granting of letters testamentary or of administration, shall not be counted as part of said time of limitation.”
There is nothing in the record to indicate what steps were taken by appellant to protect his rights prior to bringing this action. The record.is strangely silent as to when Stilson Hut-chins died; when the collector was appointed; what appellant has done in relation to this particular claim; whether the cause of action accrued before or after the death of Hutchins, and the present status of the probate proceedings; all of which are important in connection with the subject of limitations. Section 336 of the Code [31 Stat. at L. 1243, chap. 854] provides for the proving and presentation of accounts, which could be done with a collector acting as administrator pendente lite. If appellant availed itself of the right thus afforded the proving and presentation of the claim in accordance with the provisions of the statute would operate to suspend the running of the statute of limitations. In Robinson v. Robinson, 173 Mass. 233, 53 N. E. 854, Mr. Justice Holmes, delivering the opinion of the .court, said: “The two years from the filing of the administrator’s bond within which a suit must be begun in order not to be barred by the special statute of limitations, Pub. Stat. chap. 136, see. 9, expired on May 11, 1898. Statements of the appellant’s claim were left with the register, and indorsed by him as presented for allowance on May 7, 1898. We are of opinion that this was equivalent to beginning suit, and avoided the bar. See Pub. Stat. chap. 137, secs. 2-4, 10; Guild v. Hale, 15 Mass. 455, 458; Aiken v. Morse, 104 Mass. 277; Tarbell v. Parker, 106 Mass. 347, 349; Morrell v. Old Colony R. Co. 158 Mass. 69, 32 N. E. 1030.” To the same effect are Nicholls-Shepard Co. v. Donavon, 67 Mo. App. 286; Hinton v. Pritchard, 126 N. C. 8, 35 S. E. 127; Fort v. Blagg, 38 Ark. 471.
Without deciding the point, it would seem that, when a claim is filed, and the running of the general statute of limitations thereby stopped, the special statute (D. C. Code, sec. 348 [31 Stat. at L. 1245, chap. 854]) limiting the time for bringing" suits after disallowance of claim to nine months would not be[117]*117giu to run until an executor or administrator lias been appointed who is, in law, capable of being sued.
The judgment is affirmed with costs. Affirmed.
A motion for a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied March 8, 1915.