TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00510-CV
Berry Contracting, L.P., Appellant
v.
Texas Workforce Commission, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. GN202914, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Berry Contracting, L.P. appeals the decision of the district court, which affirmed a
denial of an unemployment tax refund by the Texas Workforce Commission ("TWC"). The TWC
refused to grant the unemployment tax refund after rejecting appellant's application for partial
transfer of compensation experience under the labor code. See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.084
(West Supp. 2004). (1) We will affirm the judgment of the district court.
BACKGROUND
TWC collects unemployment-insurance taxes from employers to compensate those
who are unemployed. Id. § 204.002 (West 1996). An employer's unemployment tax rate is based
on the number of unemployment "chargebacks" attributable to that employer. Id. § 204.021 (West
1996). These chargebacks reflect the number of unemployed claimants who were previously
employed by that employer. New employers are assigned an entry-level rate of 2.7 percent until they
can establish a rate based on experience, unless an experience rate can be transferred from the
previous employer. Id. § 204.006 (West 1996). The labor code provides for an experience rate to
be transferred when all of an organization or business is acquired, or the rate can be partially
transferred when part of an organization or business is acquired. Id. § 204.083 (West 1996),
§ 204.084.
In the summer of 2000, appellant implemented a tax-savings strategy, attempting to
achieve a one-time tax benefit by transferring two employees with no unemployment chargebacks
to a new entity and then, after establishing a more favorable unemployment tax rate based on these
two employees, transferring three thousand other employees into the new entity.
To accomplish this strategy, in November 2000, Berry GP, Inc. formed appellant, a
new entity. On December 1, 2000, Berry GP, Inc. transferred to appellant its in-house legal
department, which consisted of one lawyer, a legal assistant, and the department's physical property.
Both before and after the transfer, the legal department acted as an in-house general counsel to Berry
GP, Inc. (2) Later that same month, Berry GP, Inc. and appellant submitted to TWC a joint application
for partial transfer of compensation experience from Berry GP, Inc. to appellant. See id.
§ 204.084(c)(3). TWC concluded that the labor-code requirements were not satisfied and denied the
application.
If TWC had approved the application, appellant would have been entitled to an
unemployment tax rate of 0.24 percent for 2001 due to the favorable compensation experience of
the two legal department employees. Because TWC denied the application, appellant received a rate
of 6.24 percent for 2001. This higher rate reflected the compensation experience of the three
thousand employees transferred into appellant.
In 2002, after paying $2,009,751.52 under the higher tax rate, appellant filed an
amended quarterly return for 2001 and requested a refund of $1,937,094.23. TWC denied the
requested refund because it found that the compensation experience of the legal department was not
"segregable" from Berry GP, Inc. See id. This lawsuit ensued, and after a bench trial on the merits,
the district court entered a take-nothing judgment against appellant and denied its post-trial motions.
The district court affirmed the TWC decision that the legal department's
compensation experience was not segregable. As an additional basis for its holding, the district court
concluded that, because Berry GP, Inc. indirectly owned and controlled appellant at the time the legal
department was transferred, appellant had not "acquired" Berry GP, Inc. See id. § 204.084(a)
(allowing employer to apply for transfer of compensation experience "[i]f an employing unit acquires
a part of the organization, trade, or business of an employer"). Appellant now challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the district court's conclusions that appellant was not
segregable and that there was no acquisition.
DISCUSSION
The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in concluding that:
No definitely identifiable and segregable part of the compensation experience in
question is attributable to the part of the organization, trade, or business acquired,
therefore the Application did not meet the requirements of [section] 204.084(c) of the
Texas Unemployment Compensation Act.
Appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support this
conclusion. When reviewing a no-evidence challenge, we consider all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the judgment, making every reasonable inference in its favor. Associated Indem. Corp.
v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 285-86 (Tex. 1998). When reviewing a
factual-sufficiency challenge, we consider all the evidence and uphold the judgment unless we find
that (1) the evidence is too weak to support the finding or (2) the finding is so against the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176
(Tex. 1986); Sunbeam Envtl. Servs. v. Texas Workers' Comp. Ins. Facility, 71 S.W.3d 846, 849-50
(Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.).
We apply a deferential standard of review in cases involving agency decisions. See
Nabisco, Inc. v. Rylander, 992 S.W.2d 678, 681-82 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, pet. denied). Because
the TWC is the agency that administers the Texas Unemployment Compensation Act, see Tex. Lab.
Code Ann. §§ 301.061-.062 (West 1996), we give serious consideration to the agency's construction
of its statutes, so long as the agency's interpretation is reasonable and does not contradict the
statute's plain language. See Stanford v. Butler, 181 S.W.2d 269, 273 (Tex. 1944); Texas Citrus
Exch. v. Sharp, 955 S.W.2d 164, 168 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, no writ). Moreover, in determining
the meaning of a statute, we consider the entire act, its nature and object, and the consequences that
would follow from each construction. Sharp v. House of Lloyd, 815 S.W.2d 245, 249 (Tex. 1991);
see also Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.023(6) (West 1998).
The parties agree that section 204.084 of the labor code governs this dispute. The
relevant part of the code states:
- The commission shall approve an application if:
. . .
- a definitely identifiable and segregable part of the predecessor
employer's compensation experience is attributable to the part of
the organization, trade, or business acquired[.]
Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.084(c)(3) (emphasis added). If this criteria, among others, is met, TWC
shall approve the transfer of an experience rating when part of an organization or business has been
acquired by a new employer. Id.
The heart of the dispute is whether the compensation experience of the legal
department is "identifiable and segregable," a phrase the labor code does not define. TWC admits
that the legal department is "identifiable" because each of the two employees within the department
could be identified with a name and social security number. Thus, the dispute between the parties
can be distilled into a single question: was the compensation experience of the legal department
"segregable?" (3)
Because "segregable" modifies "compensation experience," TWC requires that the
compensation experience of transferred employees can be separated from the predecessor business
so that a new business is truly formed. TWC insists that it is not enough for an applicant seeking
the benefit of a transferred compensation experience to merely select certain employees with no
chargebacks, transfer them into a new entity, and identify them by their names and wages. Rather,
TWC reads the statute to require that those identified employees, in order to carry their compensation
experience with them to a new entity, must be segregable from the predecessor business in the sense
that they are able to stand alone as a separate business entity and operate independently and
separately from the predecessor.
Appellant argues that a straightforward interpretation of the statute requires only that
the "compensation experience" be "identifiable and segregable." Thus, appellant reasons that,
because TWC can look to the two employees in the legal department, identify them by name and
social security number, and see that those two employees have no unemployment chargebacks,
appellant has satisfied this requirement. Put practically, appellant construes "segregable" to mean
that the compensation experience of certain employees can be parsed on paper and recalculated.
TWC counters that appellant's interpretation uses "identifiable" and "segregable"
interchangeably. Appellant's interpretation renders "segregable" surplusage, which contravenes a
basic principle of statutory construction. See Spradling v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578,
580 (Tex. 2000); Borden, Inc. v. Sharp, 888 S.W.2d 614, 620 (Tex. App.--Austin 1994, writ denied)
("We must give effect to all the words of a statute and may not treat any statutory language as
surplusage."). Thus, TWC's position is that appellant's definition of the phrase "identifiable and
segregable" merely satisfies the "identifiable" requirement. According to TWC, if it were enough
to merely identify the employees and identify the wages, there would be no purpose to section
204.084. (4)
Readings of section 204.084 that circumvent or manipulate the experience rating
system (5) are now explicitly foreclosed by the 2003 legislative amendments. (6) TWC concedes that the
discretion now available to the agency to deny applications that seek to circumvent the experience
rating system was not expressly available at the time appellant made its application. But even before
the amendment, the statute required TWC to approve an application only if the requirements of the
statute had been met. Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.084(c). The question before us then is whether
TWC's interpretation of "identifiable and segregable" is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
In construing a statute--whether it is ambiguous or not--we may consider the
administrative construction of the statute. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.023(6). TWC argued before
the district court that the agency has been interpreting "identifiable and segregable" within section
204.084(c)(3) to mean "that the successor employer acquires and continues to operate a distinct and
separate business, able to operate independently from the predecessor employer." Furthermore,
"because of the wording in the statute, which says definitely identifiable and segregable
compensation experience attributable to that part of the business . . . it's our interpretation that
definitely identifiable and segregable is more than just the compensation experience. It also had to
do with the business operation being able to operate independently and separately from the
predecessor." This long-standing construction placed on a statute by the agency charged with its
enforcement is entitled to "great weight." Southwest Airlines Co. v. Bullock, 784 S.W.2d 563, 568
(Tex. App.--Austin 1990, no writ) (citing Stanford, 181 S.W.2d at 700).
In light of TWC's longstanding interpretation of "segregable," several facts point to
why appellant was not able to operate independently and separately from the predecessor, and
therefore failed to satisfy the requirements of section 204.084. The general counsel of the legal
department testified that both before and after the transfer he had the same "boss." Berry GP, Inc.
never hired a replacement general counsel; instead, the same general counsel continued to serve the
same role--in the same physical space--although now technically employed by, and also serving
as general counsel of, a different entity. Moreover, the tax advisor who advocated this tax-savings
strategy, when testifying before the district court, referred to the transfer of employees as an "internal
reorganization." We are persuaded that this was indeed an internal reorganization, not the creation
of a new entity that was able to operate independently and separately from its predecessor.
Finally, TWC's interpretation of the statute is reasonable in light of the policy of the
Texas Unemployment Compensation Act. See Continental Cas. Co. v. Downs, 81 S.W.3d 803, 807
(Tex. 2002) (affording serious consideration to construction of statute by agency charged with its
enforcement where that construction is reasonable and does not contradict statute's plain language).
Taking the Act as a whole, it is clear that at least one purpose of the act is to prevent unemployment,
and it should be construed so as to reward and encourage employers providing stable employment.
Rowan Oil Co. v. Texas Employment Comm'n, 263 S.W.2d 140, 144 (Tex. 1953). The tax-rate table
rewards employers by providing lower tax rates to those employers with fewer claimants to the fund.
See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.042 (West 1996). When an employer with a favorable tax rate is
acquired or reorganizes into a new business, the labor code rewards such an employer by allowing
the transfer of compensation experience that the employer has earned. See id. § 204.084.
Appellant's reading of section 204.084 conflicts with this purpose. Berry GP, Inc.
sought to escape from a less than favorable compensation experience by forming appellant and then
transferring employees in two waves. First, Berry GP, Inc. transferred into appellant two employees
with no unemployment chargebacks; then--within a few weeks--it transferred into appellant the
remaining three thousand Berry GP, Inc. employees. To base appellant's compensation experience
rating on the two employees transferred first, rather than the three thousand employees transferred
second, would defeat the purpose of rewarding employers who have earned a favorable tax rate.
CONCLUSION
We conclude the district court had sufficient evidence to find that the compensation
experience of the legal department was not segregable from Berry GP, Inc. TWC had the authority
to interpret the statute, and its interpretation was reasonable. We conclude that the district court did
not err in deciding that appellant's compensation experience was not segregable. We therefore
affirm the final judgment of the district court. (7)
__________________________________________ Mack Kidd, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, B. A. Smith and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: May 20, 2004
1. The legislature amended portions of section 204.084 of the labor code in 2003. See Act
of June 20, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, §§ 7.01-.02, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2513, 2532-33
(codified at Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.084 (West Supp. 2004)). Because the specific portions of
section 204.084 at issue in this appeal remain unchanged, we will cite to the current version of the
statute.
2. Berry GP, Inc. was in the heavy construction industry. The in-house legal department
served a legal support role to the entire business. After the transfer, the legal department employees
and property continued to occupy the same physical space, and the employees continued to perform
the same support role.
3. Webster's dictionary defines segregable as "capable of being segregated." To segregate
is defined: "to separate or set apart from others or from the general mass or main body," or to
"isolate." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2056-57 (1986).
4. The supervisor of TWC's tax department status section testified:
- Can you explain why [identifiable and segregable] do not mean the same
thing?
- Well, just in the case that we're talking about, it was possible to identify the
individuals involved in the legal department. So sometimes we can--yes,
we can see who they are, but we can't always segregate those individuals
from the business as a whole. If they're integrated into the business in such
a way that it is a support function for the business or it's a part of the
business that does not--that's not clearly definitely able to be . . . pulled
away from that business to continue to function in the same manner that it
functioned before, then it wouldn't be considered to be segregable.
5. We note that appellant's interpretation would work with any combination of employees,
regardless of their role within a business, and would allow a business to select a few employees with
no chargebacks and restructure the corporation on paper each year, permitting the circumvention of
a significant portion of the unemployment tax.
6. In 2003, the legislature amended section 204.084 of the labor code to add subsection (d).
Act of June 20, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, §§ 7.01-.02, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2513, 2532-33
(codified at Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 204.084 (West Supp. 2004)). This new subsection expressly
provides TWC the discretion to refuse an employer's application to transfer a compensation
experience if TWC determines the taxpayer was seeking primarily to reduce its taxes by
"circumventing the experience rating system" or "manipulating the experience rating system by
minimizing the impact of chargebacks." Id.
7. Because this issue is dispositive of the appeal, we need not address appellant's remaining
issues.